Name:

EML 4140 Exam 1

Spring 2015

EML 4140 Heat Transfer

Exam 1 Fall 2014
NOTES
If you are using Table 5.1, round up Bi to the nearest number listed in the table do not
interpolate; e.g., if Bi = 0.016 then use values for Bi = 0.02.
In all problems, write down the equations used. Show and explain your work. You will be
graded on that. Write the final solution in terms of the known parameters, and replace them
by their numerical values only at the end.

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Name:

EML 4140 Exam 1

Spring 2015

Problem 1 (15 points)

Consider a plane wall of thickness L and thermal conductivity k, with wall surface temperatures T1
and T2, where T1>T2.
Determine the temperature gradient dT/dx and heat flux q, for the three coordinate systems
shown. Express your answer as a function of the known parameters (L, k, T1, and T2), and indicate the
sense of direction of the heat flux. Assume steady state conditions.
a)

dT T2 T1
=
dx
L
qx" = k

T T
dT
= k 2 1 > 0
dx
L

qx"

b)

dT T1 T2
=
dx
L
qx" = k

T T
dT
= k 1 2 < 0
dx
L

qx"

c)

dT T2 T1
=
dx
L
qx" = k
qx"

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T T
dT
= k 2 1 > 0
dx
L

Name:

EML 4140 Exam 1

Spring 2015

Problem 2 (25 points)

A plane wall of thickness L = 0.1m and thermal conductivity k = 25W/m.K having uniform
volumetric heat generation of g = 3x105 W/m3 is insulated on one side, while the other side is exposed
to a fluid at T = 92oC. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the wall and the fluid is h =
500 W/m2.K. Assume steady state conditions and 1-D heat transfer.
Determine the maximum temperature in the wall.

Solution
Steady State Solution: T (r) =

g 2
x + C1 x + C2
2k

dT
g
= x + C1
dx
k
The maximum temperature occurs at x = 0. Therefore, C1 = 0;

dT
g
= x
dx
k

Also, lets call the temperatures on the insulated and convective surfaces as To and Ts, respectively.
Then,

g 2
L + C2
To = C2 and Ts =
2k
g 2
L
or To = Ts +
2k
Conservation of energy on the convective side of plate gives:

k
dT

but dx

=
x=L

Therefore,
and

g
L
k so

dT
dx

= h(Ts T )
x=L

= h(Ts T )
gL

gL
5
o
h = 92 + 3x10 x 0.1 / 500 = 152 C
2
gL
To = Ts +
= 152 + 3x105 x (0.1)2 / (2x25)
2k
o
To = 212 C

Ts = T +

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Name:

EML 4140 Exam 1

Spring 2015

Problem 3 (30 points)

Consider a long hollow cylinder, as shown in the figure below. The cylinder is at steady-state, and
the temperature profile may be considered 1-D, hence T = f(r). The outer surface (r = r2) is
characterized by uniform convection heat transfer with convection coefficient h and fluid temperature
Too = 550 K, while the inner surface (r = r1) is maintained at a constant temperature. In addition, the
cylinder is subjected to uniform internal energy generation g (W/m3). The cylinder has uniform
thermal conductivity, and radiation heat transfer may be neglected.
The properties of the cylinder are: Inner radius r1 = 0.1 m; Outer radius r2 = 0.25 m; Thermal
conductivity = 25 W/m K; Internal generation g = 60,000 W/m3.
For these conditions, the temperature profile is: T(r) = 188.27ln(r) + 789.5 600r
where r is in meters and T in Kelvin.
Calculate the value of the convection coefficient, h.

Solution
The convective coefficient, h, can be determined from a surface energy balance at r = r2:

dT
dr

= h(Ts T )
r=r2

or from an overall energy balance:

g (r22 r12 )L = h(2 r2 L)(Ts T )

Since the temperature distribution is provided, we will use the surface energy balance.

dT
dr

=
r=r2

188.27
1200r2 = 453.08K / m
r2

at r = r2; Ts = 188.27 ln(0.25)+ 789.5 600 (0.25)2 = 491K

k
Therefore,

h=

dT
dr

r=r2

(Ts T )

= 191.98W / m 2 .K

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Name:

EML 4140 Exam 1

Spring 2015

Problem 4 (30 points)

A steel plate, of thickness 10 cm, needs a specific heat-treatment process during manufacturing. To
accomplish this, the plate, which is initially at a uniform temperature of Ti = 200 oC, is passed through a
furnace such that the two outer surfaces are exposed to uniform convection heat transfer with convection
coefficient h = 250 W/m2 K and with air temperature Too = 800 oC. Assume 1-D heat transfer and that
radiation heat transfer can be neglected.
The properties of the plate are: Density = 7830 kg/m3, Specific Heat = 550 J/kg K,
Thermal Conductivity = 48 W/m K; Thermal Diffusivity = 1.115E-5 m2/s; Thickness = 10 cm.
How long should the plate be left in the furnace so that the minimum temperature anywhere in
the plate is 550 oC?

Here Lc = L/2 = 0.05m, and Bi = hLc/k = 0.26 > 0.1 - Cannot lump.

Assume Fo = t = L2 > 0.2 and use the first term approximation solution:
c
*

* = C1 cos(1 x * )exp( 12t * )

The lowest temperature occurs along the mid-plane, i.e., x* = 0. Therefore, the minimum temperature is
To = 550oC.

o* = C1 exp( 12t * )
Bi = 0.26 (take Bi = 0.25) in Table 5.1 gives: C1 = 1.0382 and 1 = 0.4801

To T 550 800
=
= 0.417
Ti T 200 800
0.417
t
ln(
) = 12t * = 12 2
C1
Lc

*
By definition: o =

So

gives t = 887s
Need to check that the approximated 1-term solution is valid.

Fo = t * =

t
= 3.96 > 0.2 so analysis is ok.
L2c

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