2005 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution

Conference & Exhibition: Asia and Pacific

Dalian, China
1

A Web-based Power Flow Calculation of

Large-Scale Power Systems Embedded with
VSC-based HVDC systems
Sheng-Huei Lee, Associate Member, IEEE, and Chia-Chi Chu, Member IEEE

Abstract-- This paper presents a power flow model of a

voltage-source
converter-based
(VSC-based)
HVDC
transmission system suitable for incorporation into the existing
Newton-Raphson algorithm. Mathematical descriptions for two
configurations, point-to-point HVDC and back-to-back HVDC
are derived. Different reactive compensation control modes at
AC terminals of HVDC are also considered in detail.
The proposed model is implemented by a C programming
language conformed to the standard of the common gateway
interface (CGI). Users enter the raw datas of a power system,
configurations, control objectives, parameters and reactive
compensation modes of HVDC via interactive Web pages. The
power flow calculation is performed in the information server
and the results are returned to the user by a Web page. A Javabased graphical user interface is also provided to demonstrate
the values of the maximal mismatch and control parameters at
each iteration. A power flow calculation was performed on a
small 9-bus test system to validate the proposed model and our
web-based power flow solver. A practical large-scale power
system was also simulated to demonstrate the performance of
our power flow solver in various reactive compensation modes.
Index TermsCommon gateway interface, High voltage
direct current, Newton Raphson method, Power flow analysis,
Voltage sourced converter.

I. INTRODUCTION

HE high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission

system was first applied in power systems compensation
in 1970s. The conventional HVDC system was based on the
use of thyristor rectifiers and inverters. As the appearance of
high switching frequency components with turn-of ability,
such as IGBTs and GTOs, building HVDC transmission
systems by voltage-source converters (VSCs) become a new
trend in a modern power system [1]. The advantages
associated with implementing VSC-based design for HVDC
This work was supported by the National Science Council, R.O.C., under
Grants NSC 89-2213-E-182-043.
The authors are with Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung
University, 259 Wen-Hwa First Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan,
R.O.C. (email: ccchu@mail.cgu.edu.tw).
Sheng-Huei Lee is also with Department of Electrical Engineering,
Ching Yun University, Jung-Li, Tao-Yuan 320, Taiwan, R.O.C. (email:
garylee@mail.cyu.edu.tw)

0-7803-9114-4/05/$20.00 2005 IEEE.

applications have been discussed in [2]. By utilizing

advanced digital PWM techniques, the VSC can be
represented as an ideal AC voltage source with controllable
magnitude and phase angle.
In an HVDC transmission system, the rectifier station
absorbs the active power from AC network and converts the
voltage from AC to DC. The active power is then transmitted
by a DC transmission line. The DC voltage is converted back
to AC and the transmitted active power is injected into the
AC network at the inverter station. Two categories of HVDC
systems have been investigated in this paper:
1) Back-to-back (BTB) HVDC: The rectifier and the
inverter are located in the same station and are normally
used to create an asynchronous interconnection between
two AC networks, which could have different
frequencies and voltage levels [3].
2) Point to point (PTP) HVDC: Two remote AC systems,
with a long distance separated, are linked together via a
DC transmission line. Most HVDC systems in the world
are point-to-point transmissions [3].
The development of a HVDC steady-state model for
power flow study is fundamentally important. Power system
planning engineers assess the influences of HVDCs on the
voltage profile of buses and the power flow of transmission
lines by the results of the power flow calculations. For the
conventional thyristor-based HVDC, two distinct approaches,
unified method and sequential method, have been presented
to incorporate the HVDC model into a fast decoupled power
flow algorithm [4]. With regard to the VSC-based HVDC
system, a voltage-source based (VSB) model has been
proposed in [5]. This model has been expressed in the form
of two shunt voltage sources in series with reactors to reflect
the fact that the two VSCs are connected to the AC network
through shunt coupling transformers. This VSB-based model
has been successfully incorporated into the conventional
Newton-Raphson (N-R) power flow algorithm [6]. The
voltage magnitude and the phase angle of the shunt voltage
source are selected as additional state variables in the N-R
iteration formula.
This work presents another steady-state model suitable for
incorporation into the existing Newton-Raphson power flow
algorithm for VSC-based HVDC system. Each station of the
HVDC is represented by a current with two orthogonal

transmission system is presented first. The main

characteristic of this circuit is to express each control
parameter of a VSC in the rectangular coordinate. That is, the
voltage phasor and the current phasor associated with VSCs
are decomposed into direct-axis (d-axis) components and
quadrature-axis (q-axis) components. For each VSC, the
voltage at the bus of its connection is chosen as a reference
phasor. The d-axis component is in-phase with the reference
phasor whereas the q-axis component is in quadrature with
the reference phasor. For instance, the d-q axis
decomposition of a VSCs current can be determined by
using the orthogonal projection as follows:
D
Q
I shk
+ jI shk
=| I shk | e j ( shk sk ) ,
(1)
where the superscripts "D" and "Q" represent the d-axis
component and the q-axis component of the specified
variable. The subscript "k" is the index of the VSC.
The proposed equivalent circuit is similar to that of the
VSB-based model [5]. However, rather than the voltage
magnitude and the phase angle, the d-q axis current
components of VSCs are treated as control parameters. As
shown in Fig. 2, each VSC is modeled as a current source.
D
Q
and I shk
.
This current source has two components I shk

components the direct-axis component and the quadratureaxis component. These currents are coupled by an active
power balance equation. One benefit of this orthogonal
decomposition is that the control of the active power and the
reactive power injected from VSCs is completely decoupled.
Therefore, fewer state variables are incorporated into the NR iteration formula.
II. REACTIVE COMPENSATION MODES OF HVDC SYSTEM
As depicted in Fig. 1, a VSC-based HVDC system
comprises two VSCs which are connected either back-toback or joined together by a DC network at their DC terminal.
The AC side of each converter is coupled to an AC network
through a coupling transformer [7]. Each VSC is able to
provide independent reactive power compensation through
the DC capacitor and the active power can be exchanged
between converters through the common DC link [5].
Rectifier Station

VS

Ish1

High Voltage DC
Transmission Lines

Inverter Station

Ish2

Rdc

+
Vsh1
-

VSC1

VSC2

Vs2
+
Vsh2
-

D
I shk
is a resistive current to express the effect of the active
power exchanged between converters and the active power
Q
is a capacitive current
losses of coupling transformers. I shk
which can represent the ability of independent reactive
power compensation.

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of a VSC-based HVDC transmission system

The DC capacitor of the VSC facilitates the capability of

the independent reactive power compensations at each
station. Two reactive control modes of the VSC can be
recognized [8]:
1) VAR control mode: The reference input is an inductive
or capacitive VAR request.
2) Automatic voltage control mode: The shunt converter
reactive current is automatically regulated to maintain
the voltage magnitude to a reference value at the point of
connection.
Both the rectifier station and the inverter station can be
operated in either the VAR control mode or the automatic
voltage control mode. Thus, four control modes of the VSCbased HVDC are considered:
1) Mode 1: Both the rectifier station and the inverter station
are operated in the automatic voltage control mode.
2) Mode 2: The rectifier station is operated in the automatic
voltage control mode and the inverter station is operated
in the VAR control mode.
3) Mode 3: The rectifier station is operated in the VAR
control mode and the inverter station is operated in the
automatic voltage control mode.
4) Mode 4: Both the rectifier station and the inverter station
are operated in the VAR control mode.

Vs1

Vs2
Ish1D+jIsh1Q

Ish2D+jIsh2Q

Rsh1+jXsh1
Vsh1D+j Vsh1Q

Rsh2+jXsh2
Active power balance constraint
( dc )
Psh1 ( Psh 2 + Ploss
)=0

Vsh2D+j Vsh2Q

Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit of a VSC-based HVDC transmission system

These VSCs can not be operated independently. An active

power balance constraint must be satisfied. Assuming that all
converters are lossless, the active power absorbed at the
rectifier station is equal to the total active power injected to
the AC system at inverter stations plus the transmission
losses in the DC links. Therefore, the active power balance
equation becomes:
(dc )
Pdc = Psh1 ( Psh 2 + Ploss
) = 0,
(2)
dc
is
where Psh 2 is the active power injected by VSC2 , and Ploss
the active power loss of the DC link between bus s1 and bus

III. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE HVDC SYSTEM

dc
will be
s2 . Mathematical expressions of Psh1 , Psh 2 and Ploss
derived in Section IV. B. .

In order to derive the power flow equations, the

corresponding equivalent circuit of the VSC-based HVDC

For inverter stations, the current direction is defined in the

reverse direction in comparison with that of the rectifier
station. The active power injected by VSC2 is:

IV. POWER FLOW MODELING

In the proposed approach, each station of the VSC-based
HVDC is replaced by an equivalent nonlinear load. The
equivalent load, which can be determined by control
objectives and their terminal bus voltage, will be updated at
each N-R iteration.

Based on the definition of the complex power, the load

demand at the rectifier station can be related to I shD1 and I shQ1
as follows:

0 I shD1
| Vs1 |
Ps1

=
(3)
0
Q
| Vs1 | I shQ1
s1

where Rdc is the resistance of the DC link between the VSC1

and the VSC2 . The detail expression of the active power
balance equation can be obtained by substituting (8), (9) and
(10) into (2).

where I shD1 is a state variable. It is adjusted by the N-R

iteration formula to meet the active power flow balance
equation. I shQ1 is also treated as a state variable when VSC1 is
operated in the automatic voltage control mode. It will be
adjusted automatically to maintain the voltage magnitude of
the bus s1 at the desired level. Conversely, if VSC1 is

C. Incorporation into the Newton-Raphson Power Flow

Algorithm
When the N-R method is applied to solve power flow
equations, the solutions are updated using the following
iterative formula:
x ( k +1) = x ( k ) J 1 f ( x ( k ) ),
(11)
where x is an unknown vector, which is composed of bus
voltage magnitudes, phase angles and independent control
parameters of the HVDC system. f ( x) is the mismatch
vector which describes the active power and the reactive
power mismatch at each bus and the control constraints
added by the HVDC system. J is the corresponding
Jacobian matrix. Because the HVDC stations are replaced by
nonlinear equivalent load demands, relevant elements of the
mismatch vector will be modified accordingly. Besides, the
active power balance equation (2) is appended to the
mismatch vector,
f = f + f HVDC ,
(12)
where
f HVDC [f Bus # fControl ]T = [ Ps1 Ps 2 Qs1 Qs 2 # Pdc ]T
Notation f denotes the mismatch vector with considering

operated in the VAR control mode, I shQ1 can be set explicitly

by using
Q ref
I shQ1 = s1 ,
(4)
| Vs1 |
where Qsref1 is the desired reactive power injected at the bus

s1 . Analogously, the equivalent load demand at the inverter

station can be expressed as:

0 I shD 2
| Vs 2 |
Ps 2

=
(5)

Q
| Vs 2 | I shQ 2
0
s 2
Since the main function of the HVDC is to transmit
constant active power with high controllability. I shD 2 can be
determined by the following control objective:
P ref
I shD 2 = s 2 ,
(6)
| Vs 2 |
where Psref
is the desired active power reaching the bus s2 .
2

HVDC equivalent demands. f HVDC has two parts: f Bus is

related to the corresponding mismatches at the HVDCs
terminal bus and f Control is the control constraint introduced
by the HVDC.
The unknown vector of the N-R iteration formula must
also be modified. The d-axis current component of the
rectifier station is considered to be a state variable, which is
incorporated into the unknown vector. However, the q-axis
current component is used to replace the voltage magnitude
in the unknown vector only if the VSC is operated in the
automatic voltage control mode. For different control modes,
the state variables related with HVDC system can be set as
following:
Mode 1:

I shQ 2 is treated as a state variable when VSC2 is operated in

the automatic voltage control mode, or calculated by an
explicit formula when VSC2 is operated in the VAR control
mode.
Q ref
I shQ 2 = s 2 ,
(7)
| Vs 2 |
where Qsref2 is the desired reactive power injected at the bus
s2 .

B. Active Power Compensations of Converters

In the rectifier station, the active power entering the VSC
equals to the active power sink at the bus s1 minus the power
loss of the coupling transformer. Mathematically, it can be
expressed as follows:
2

(9)

In a steady state, the voltage of the DC link is kept

constant, which is assume to be 1.0 p.u., by the operation of
the VSC1 . Under the lossless assumption among all VSCs,
the active power losses at the DC links can be expressed as:
2
(dc )
Ploss
= Psh 2 Rdc ,
(10)

A. Equivalent Load Demands

Psh1 = I shD1 | Vs1 | ( I shD1 + I shQ1 ) Rsh1 .

Psh 2 = I shD 2 | Vs 2 | +( I shD 2 + I shQ 2 ) Rsh 2 .

xHVDC = s1 s 2 # I shD1

Mode 2:

(8)

I shQ1

I shQ 2

xHVDC = s1 s 2 |Vs 2 | # I shD1

I shQ1

I shQ 2

classes designed to facilitate plotting data using Java applets

[11].
Fig. 3 shows the graphical user interface of executing
power flow calculation via web pages. User enters the power
flow raw data in the text area. The power flow raw data must
conform to the IEEE common format [12]. Users can also
directly click the buttons of the sample test systems to verify
the simulation results of Section VI. As the user clicks the
"submit" button, the power flow solution is returned to user
by a new web page, as shown in Fig. 4. In the power flow
solution web page, three actions can be taken: 1) Clicking
"Maximal mismatch" button will show the convergence
curve of the maximal mismatch at each iteration, as shown in
Fig. 5 2)Clicking "HVDC control parameter" button will
exhibit the d-axis and the q-axis current components of each
HVDC system, as shown in Fig. 6. 3)Clicking "Add HVDC
data" will open a new web page to add a HVDC system into
the test system, as shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8. The
configuration, PTP HVDC or BTB HVDC, can be selected
by a pull down menu. The reactive compensation control
modes for the rectifier station and the inverter station are
selected by clicking radio buttons. The control objectives and
parameters of HVDC can be entered in text boxes. When the
HVDC datas are submitted, this form will invoke a program
to replace the selected transmission line by a PTP HVDV
system or to insert a BTB HVDC system into the selected
transmission line. After that, a power flow calculation will be
executed automatically. New HVDC systems can be added
repeatedly once the previous power flow solution is obtained.

Mode 3:
xHVDC = s1 s 2 |Vs1| # I shD1

Mode 4:

xHVDC = s1 s 2 |Vs1| | Vs 2 | # I shD1

Elements of the Jacobin matrix associated with the VSCbased HVDC also need to be modified as follows:
J ' = J + J HVDC ,
(13)
where J HVDC is the first order partial derivative of f HVDC .

D. Equivalent Voltage Phasors of Converters

Once the power flow solution is converged, the shunt current
source can be transformed into an ideal voltage source in
series with an appropriate impedance. After simple
manipulations, the d-q components of the equivalent shunt
voltages can be obtained:
D
| Vs1 | Rsh1 X sh1 I shD1
Vsh1

(14)
0 X
Q
Q
V

sh1 Rsh1 Ish1

sh1
where Rsh 2 and X sh 2 are the resistance and the reactance of
the coupling transformer.
The polar representation for the equivalent shunt voltage
phasor becomes:
VQ
D 2
Q 2
| Vshk | shk = Vshk
+ Vshk
(tan 1 shk
+ sk ),
(15)
D
Vshk

V. WEB-BASED POWER FLOW SOLVER

An online power flow calculation website has been
established. The kernel of the power flow calculation is
modified from UWPFLOW. UWPFLOW is a research tool
that has been designed to calculate local bifurcations related
to system limits or singularities in the system Jacobian [9].
The program has been developed in C and C++ and runs
under WINDOWS and UNIX environments. We have
implemented the VSC-based HVDC model developed in this
paper into UWPFLOW power flow solver. In addition, the
program is modified to conform to the standard of the
common gateway interface (CGI). CGI is a standard for
interfacing external program with web servers. A CGI
program can be written in any language that allows it to be
executed on the server. When the URL points to a CGI script
file, instead of simply sending the contents of the file to the
browser, the server executes the script and then returns the
program output to the browser.
The raw data of a power system, reference input of
control objectives, parameters of HVDC, system
configurations and reactive compensation modes of HVDC
are entered via interactive web pages. The form datas of the
web page are passed into the power flow solver by using cgic
library [10]. Cgic is an ANSI C-language library which can
be used for parsing form data of web pages. The
convergence pattern of the power flow solution is visualized
by using Java 2D Graph Package which is a package of Java

VI. CASE STUDY

Four cases were simulated to validate and to demonstrate
the performance of the proposed model and the web-based
power flow solver.
1) Case 1: A 9-bus system was modified to embed one PTP
HVDC system. The line 6--5 was substituted by a PTP
HVDC operated in Mode 1. The rectifier station was
connected to the bus 6 and the inverter station was
connected to the bus 5. The voltage magnitude at the
buses 6,5 were controlled at 1.0 p.u..
2) Case 2: A 9-bus system was modified to embed one
BTB HVDC system. The rectifier station was connected
to the bus 6 and the sending-end of the line 6-5 was
reconnected to the inverter station, referred as bus 6.
The voltage magnitude at the buses 6, 6 were controlled
at 1.0 p.u..
3) Case 3: An IEEE 300-bus system [13] was modified to
embed four PTP HVDC systems. The PTP HVDC
systems substituted the line 3--150 (PTP 1), line 7--131
(PTP 2), line 211--79 (PTP 3) and line 204--201 (PTP 4).
The PTP HVDC systems were all operated in the Mode
1. That is, the voltage magnitude at the buses 3, 150, 7,
131, 211, 79, 204, 201 were controlled at 1.0 p.u..
4) Case 4: This case was the same as Case 3 except for the
control modes. The four PTP HVDC systems were
operated in the Mode 1 Mode 4, respectively. The

VII. CONCLUSIONS

voltage magnitudes at the buses 3, 150, 7, 79 were

controlled at 1.0 p.u., and the reactive powers injected
into buses 131, 211, 204, 201 were all zero.
The active power flows reaching the inverter stations were
all controlled at 150% of their corresponding base case flows.
The resistances of the DC links in the PTP HVDC systems
were set to the same as the resistances of the original AC
transmission lines. All coupling transformers were assumed
to have the same impedance: Rshk = 0.01 p.u. and

An innovative steady-state model of the VSC-based

HVDC transmission system suitable for large-scale power
flow studies is presented. The proposed model has been
successfully integrated into the conventional N-R algorithm.
An online power flow calculation website has been
established to demonstrate the performance of the proposed
model. The advantage of the proposed model includes:
1) The proposed model is applicable for both the PTP
HVDC and the BTB HVDC transmission system.
2) Different reactive compensation control modes at each
station are considered and successful integrated into the
N-R power flow algorithm.
3) Fewer control parameters of the HVDC are incorporated
into the iteration formula. The length of the mismatch
vector and the unknown vector of the N-R iteration
formula are only increased by one regardless the control
modes and system configurations. Only a few Jacobian
elements need to be modified. Therefore, the quadratic
convergence of the N-R algorithm is still preserved.

X shk = 0.1 p.u. . The maximum allowable mismatch tolerance

was set to 1.0 108 p.u. With regard to the initial values of
state variables, the flat start voltage profile was applied for
the bus voltage. The d-axis and the q-axis current
components of each converter were initially both set to zero.
Iter.
0
1

TABLE 1. MAXIMAL MISMATCHES IN TEST CASES

Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4

1.63 100

1.63 100

1.51 10

1.41 10

1.51 10

1.33 10

1.48 10

5.01 1015

4.06 10

3.47 1014

1.05 101

1.05 101

2.33 10

2.33 100

3.23 102

7.48 105

3.33 1010

5.13 108

3.39 10

9.20 10

VIII. REFERENCES
[1]

8.93 1010

[2]

Iterations required to reach the tight mismatch tolerance

were listed in Table 1. Despite the configurations and the
reactive compensation modes, power flow solutions were
converged rapidly. Table 2 and Table 3 detailed the power
flow solutions regarding the HVDC systems. The control
objectives are listed in the second column and are all
achieved. The bold type number in the third column denotes
the state variables which are incorporated into the unknown
vector of the iteration formula. The other q-axis current
components of VSCs are calculated explicitly by (4) or (7).
When the desired reactive power injected from VSC is zero,
the corresponding q-axis current component is zero. This
demonstrates that the active power and the reactive power
control of the VSC are completely decoupled by using the dq axis decomposition. In the last column, the DC links loss
in the BTB HVDC system is zero since the DC transmission
line appears only in the applications of the PTP HVDC
transmission systems. The active power balance constraint
shown in (2) can be easily checked from the last two
columns.
Infinity norm versus the iteration number for Case 1 is
depicted in Fig. 5. It reveals that the quadratic convergence
property is preserved when the proposed HVDC model is
incorporated into the N-R algorithm. Fig. 6 indicates that
control parameters of Case 3 are started from zeros and
converge rapidly to their target values for different reactive
control modes.
The test cases are demonstrated in our online power flow
calculation website:
http://210.70.101.136/~garylee/hvdc/online_pflow.htm

[3]

[4]
[5]
[6]

[7]

[8]
[9]

[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]

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newton-raphson power flow algorithm, IEE ProceedingsGeneration, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 150, no. 6, pp. 691
696, 2003.
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converter in multiterminal voltage-source converter-based HVDC
(M-VSC-HVDC), IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 18,
no. 3, pp. 915920, 2003.
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systems(FACTS), ser. IEE Power and Energy Series. London, United
Kingdom: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1999, vol. 30.
C. A. Canizares and F. L. Alvarado. (1999) UWPFLOW:
Continuation and direct methods to locate fold bifurcations in
AC/DC/FACTS
power
systems.
[Online].
Available:
http://thunderbox.uwaterloo.ca/ claudio/software/pflow.html
T. Boutell. (2004) cgic: an ANSI C library for CGI programming.
[Online]. Available: http://www.boutell.com/cgic/
L. Brookshaw. (1996) Java 2D graph package version 2.4. [Online].
Available: http://www.sci.usq.edu.au/staff/leighb/graph/
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[Online]. Available: http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/

Device
PTP 1
(Case 1)

TABLE 2 POWER FLOW SOLUTIONS OF CASE 1 AND CASE 2 FOR HVDC SYSTEMS
Equivalent voltage
Control objectives
Converter current
Converter power
( p.u. )
(MW)
( p.u.deg )
V6ref = 1 p.u.

D
I sh1
= 0.9613

Vsh1 = 1.0046 12.49

Psh1 = 95.19

P5ref = 91 MW

Q
I sh1
= 0.0953

Vsh 2 = 1.03952.40

Psh 2 = 91.90

= 1 p.u.

ref
5

I
I

BTB 1
(Case 2)

= 1 p.u.

ref
6

ref
6

= 91 MW

= 1 p.u.

ref
6

Device
PTP 1
(Mode 1)

( dc )
Ploss
= 3.29

= 0.9100

D
sh 2

Q
sh2

DC loss
(MW)

= -0.2669

D
sh1

= 0.9272

Vsh1 = 1.0051 11.59

Psh1 = 91.85

Q
sh1

= 0.0996

Vsh 2 = 0.999611.92

Psh 2 = 91.85

D
sh 2

= 0.9100

Q
sh2

= 0.1379

TABLE 3 POWER FLOW SOLUTIONS OF CASE 4 FOR HVDC SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT CONTROL MODES
Equivalent voltage
Converter power
Control objectives
Converter current
( p.u. )
(MW)
( p.u.deg )
V3ref = 1 p.u.

D
I sh1
= 1.5414

Vsh1 = 0.7667 5.67

Psh1 = 146.51

ref
P150
= 139 MW

Q
I sh1
= -2.2916

Vsh 2 = 1.250923.44

Psh 2 = 146.29

ref
V150
= 1 p.u.

I shD 2 = 1.3900

( dc )
Ploss
=0

DC loss
(MW)
( dc )
Ploss
= 0.21

Q
I sh2
= -2.3158

PTP 2
(Mode 2)

V7ref = 1 p.u.

D
I sh1
= 0.7075

Vsh1 = 1.0791 0.48

Psh1 = 69.56

ref
P131
= 69 MW

Q
I sh1
= 0.8327

Vsh 2 = 0.977421.92

Psh 2 = 69.51

ref
131

PTP 3
(Mode 3)

= 0 MVAR

ref
211

= 0 MVAR

ref
79

= 13 MW

ref
79

= 1 p.u.

D
sh 2

= 0.7130

Q
sh 2

= 0.0000

D
sh1

= 0.1374

Vsh1 = 1.0020 24.62

Psh1 = 13.77

Q
sh1

= 0.0000

Vsh 2 = 1.0769 25.03

Psh 2 = 13.59

D
sh 2

= 0.1300

PTP 4
(Mode 4)

Q
sh2

( dc )
Ploss
= 0.05

( dc )
Ploss
= 0.18

= -0.7554

ref
Q204
= 0 MVAR

D
I sh1
= 0.1819

Vsh1 = 0.9562 27.82

Psh1 = 17.39

ref
P201
= 17 MW

I shQ1 = 0.0000

Vsh 2 = 0.9999 26.27

Psh 2 = 17.03

ref
Q201
= 0 MVAR

I shD 2 = 0.1703
I shQ 2 = 0.0000

( dc )
Ploss
= 0.36

Fig. 3. Graphical user interface of executing power flow calculation

Fig. 4 Relevant part of power flow solution of Case 1 for HVDC system.

Fig. 5 Convergence curve of the infinity norm of the mismatch vector in Case 1

Fig. 6 Convergence curve of HVDC control parameters in Case 3

Fig. 7 Graphical user interface for adding a PTP HVDC system

Fig. 8 Graphical user interface for adding a BTB HVDC system