3.

Practical Applications of Contouring

i) The nature of the ground and its slope can be estimated
ii) Earth work can be estimated for civil engineering projects like road works,
railway, canals, dams etc.
iii) It is possible to identify suitable site for any project from the contour map
of the region.
iv) Inter-visibility of points can be ascertained using contour maps. This is
most useful for locating communication towers.
v) Military uses contour maps for strategic planning.

Analysis of Data and Results

Four points were established at different places to make a quadrilateral
with line AB as 10m and line CD as 20m. Using total station, the azimuth was
read from the first point (Point A) to get the respective angles that was made
by creating triangles inside the quadrilateral using triangulation system.
Same thing was done with the remaining stations. From station A, the
measured value of angle to station B, C and D were 494545, 745040
and 2752335 respectively. From station B, the measured vale of angle to
station A, C and D were 323534, 684146 and 2584240 respectively.
From station C, the angles that were measured point to station A, B and D
were 374725, 304705 and 2912530 respectively while the angles
that were measured from station D to station A, B and C were 430100,
292205 and 2873655 respectively. Since the total station was used in
the fieldwork, there is no correction that was observed during the
computation. The sum of the angles in the station was computed to be 360.
Check base was computed using the sine law with all the necessary
data that were observed during the fieldwork, acquiring a value of 17.02m.
The horizontal positions of points is a network developed to provide accurate
control for topographic mapping,
charting lakes, rivers and ocean coast lines, and for the surveys required for
the design and construction of

public and private works of large extent. The horizontal positions of the
points can be obtained in a number of
different ways in addition to traversing. These methods are triangulation,
trilateration, intersection, resection,
and satellite positioning.
The method of surveying called triangulation is based on the trigonometric
proposition that if one side
and two angles of a triangle are known, the remaining sides can be
computed. Furthermore, if the direction of
one side is known, the directions of the remaining sides
can be determined. A triangulation system consists of
a series of joined or overlapping triangles in which an
occasional side is measured and remaining sides are
calculated from angles measured at the vertices of the
triangles. The vertices of the triangles are known as
triangulation stations. The side of the triangle whose
length is predetermined, is called the base line. The
lines of triangulation system form a network that ties

together all the triangulation stations (Fig. 1.1).