48520 ELECTRONICS &

CIRCUITS
Revision Topic 2
Resistive Circuits
Nodal and Mesh Analysis

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48520 ELECTRONICS & CIRCUITS:

Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Resistors in series
Voltage Division Principle
Resistors in parallel
Current Division Principle

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48520 ELECTRONICS & CIRCUITS:

Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Resistors in Series
Equivalent resistance is equal to the sum
of resistances connected in series:

Req Rk
k

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48520 ELECTRONICS & CIRCUITS:

Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Resistors in Series
KCL: Currents in all resistors connected
in series must be identical
KVL:

Applying Ohms Law:

Req Rk
k

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48520 ELECTRONICS & CIRCUITS:

Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Voltage Division
For resistors connected in series, the
voltage appearing on any resistor Rn is
given by:

vn iRn

v
Rn
R
k
k

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Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Resistors in Parallel
Equivalent conductance equals the sum
of conductances connected in parallel:

Geq
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1
1
Gk
Req
k
k Rk

48520 ELECTRONICS & CIRCUITS:

Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Resistors in Parallel
KVL: Voltages across all
resistors connected
in parallel must be identical
KCL:
Applying Ohms Law:

Geq

1
1
Gk
Req
k
k Rk

Req

Gk
k

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1
1

R
k

48520 ELECTRONICS & CIRCUITS:

Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Current Division
For resistors connected in parallel, the
current flowing through any resistor
Rn=1/Gn:

in vGn

i
Gn
G
k
k

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48520 ELECTRONICS & CIRCUITS:

Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Node-Voltage Analysis
First, we will consider circuits with
resistors and Independent Current
Sources only
Select the Reference Node (Node 0)
Number all remaining nodes with
consecutive natural numbers
Consider currents flowing out of each
node
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48520 ELECTRONICS & CIRCUITS:

Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Node-Voltage Analysis
For each node (excluding the ref. node)
write the KCL in terms of node voltages vi
and resistances Rk
Re-arrange the KCL expressions to obtain
a set of linear algebraic equations with
variables vi ; the RHS should contain only
independent current sources
Solve for vi using Cramers Rule
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Node-Voltage Analysis
Example 1. Consider a circuit:

48520 ELECTRONICS & CIRCUITS:

Nodal and Mesh Analysis

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Node-Voltage Analysis
Write KCL in node 1:

v1 v3
R1

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v1 v3
R1

ia

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Nodal and Mesh Analysis

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Node-Voltage Analysis
Write KCL in node 2:

v2 v1
R2

v2 0
R3

v2 v3
R4

48520 ELECTRONICS & CIRCUITS:

Nodal and Mesh Analysis

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Node-Voltage Analysis
Write KCL in node 3:

v3 v1
R1

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v3 v2
R4

v3 0
ib 0
R5

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Node-Voltage Analysis
We ended up with three simultaneous
equations :
1:

v1 v3 v1 v2
ia 0

R1
R2

2:

v2 v1 v2 v2 v3

0
R2
R3
R4

3:

v3 v3 v2 v3 v1

ib 0
R5
R4
R1
48520 ELECTRONICS & CIRCUITS:
Nodal and Mesh Analysis

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Node-Voltage Analysis
Re-arrange KCL expressions:
1
1
1
1
v1 v2 v3 ia
R2
R1
R1 R2

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1
1
1
1
1
v1
v2 v3 0
R2
R4
R2 R3 R4

1
1
1
1
1
v1 v2
v3 ib
R1
R4
R1 R4 R5
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Nodal and Mesh Analysis

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Node-Voltage Analysis
Simplify further, using conductances,
Gk=1/Rk:

G1 G2 v1 G2v2 G1v3 ia
G2v1 G2 G3 G4 v2 G4v3 0
G1v1 G4v2 G1 G4 G5 v3 ib

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Node-Voltage Analysis
Re-write in the matrix form

G1 G2
G
2

G1

G2
G2 G3 G4
G4

G1

v1 ia
v 0
G4
2
G1 G4 G5 v3 ib

Gv i
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Node-Voltage Analysis
Matrix G is called the

Node Conductance Matrix

It can be formulated by inspection:

o Each diagonal element gii is the sum of
conductances connected (incident) to the
corresponding node i
o Each off-diagonal element gik is the
conductance between nodes i and k with
opposite sign
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Nodal and Mesh Analysis

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Node-Voltage Analysis

Circuits with voltage sources

If an independent voltage source Vx is
connected between node k and the
reference node, then simply vk Vx
There is no need to write KCL for that
node

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Node-Voltage Analysis

Circuits with voltage sources

Example 2:

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Node-Voltage Analysis

Circuits with voltage sources

Here, the voltage at one node is known
and equals 10 V
We can write KCL at two remaining
nodes:
1
1
1
1:
( v1 10) v1 ( v1 v2 ) 0
2
5
10
1
1
1
2:
( v2 10) ( v2 v1 ) v2 0
10
10
5
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Nodal and Mesh Analysis

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Node-Voltage Analysis

Circuits with voltage sources

The equations simplify to:

0.8 0.1 v1 5
0.1 0.7 v 1

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Node-Voltage Analysis

Circuits with voltage sources

When the independent voltage source is not
connected to the reference node a supernode
can be formed and the KCL written for the
supernode
A supernode is any closed surface containing
several nodes and any elements connected
between them
KCL: The net current flowing out of a supernode
equals zero
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Node-Voltage Analysis

Circuits with voltage sources

Example 3:

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Node-Voltage Analysis

Circuits with voltage sources

At node 3 we have: v3 = -15 V
KCL at a supernode around the 10 V
source:

G2v1 G1 (v1 v3 ) G4v2 G3 ( v2 v3 ) 0

(G1 G2 )v1 (G3 G4 )v2 15 (G1 G3 )
From the diagram: v2 - v1 = 10
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Node-Voltage Analysis

Circuits with voltage sources

So, finally, we can write a set of two
equations:

G1 G2
1

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G3 G4 v1 15 (G1 G3 )

1 v2
10

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Nodal and Mesh Analysis

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Node-Voltage Analysis

Circuits with controlled sources

Write the equations like for networks with
independents sources
Express the controlling variable(s) in
terms of the node voltages
Re-arrange the equations

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Mesh-Circuit Analysis
Consider planar circuits containing only
resistors and independent voltage sources
As variables, choose clockwise currents in
each cell or loop of a mesh
Write a KVL equation for each loop
(always ADD resistor voltages !)

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Mesh-Circuit Analysis
Example 4:

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Mesh-Circuit Analysis
KVL in Loop 1:
v A R2 (i1 i3 ) R3 (i1 i2 ) 0
( R2 R3 )i1 R3i2 R2i3 v A

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Mesh-Circuit Analysis
KVL in Loop 2:
R3 (i2 i1 ) vB R4i2 0
R3i1 ( R3 R4 )i2 vB

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Mesh-Circuit Analysis
KVL in Loop 3:
R2 (i3 i1 ) R1i3 vB 0
R2i1 ( R1 R2 )i3 vB

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Mesh-Circuit Analysis
Writing it all together:

1 : ( R2 R3 )i1 R3i2 R2i3 v A

2 : R3i1 ( R3 R4 )i2 vB
3 : R2i1 ( R1 R2 )i3 vB

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Mesh-Circuit Analysis
In the matrix notation:

R2 R3
R
3

R2

R3
R3 R4
0

R2 i1 v A
0 i2 vB

R1 R2 i3 vB

Solution: Carmers rule, Gaussian

elimination, etc.
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