Wireless Head Phone For TV

Wireless Headphone For TV
1. INTRODUCTION
It is a major problem to watch TV late at night ,without disturbing

other family members. This circuit is useful to get out of this kind of problem
using a wireless headphone instead of speakers.
Wireless communication means transfer of information without
using electrical conductors. So wireless communication
minimises the
problems which arises due to wired connections. This circuit can be achieved
using both radio frequency
,infrared , and bluetooth generated from a
transmitter placed near the sound source. Both infrared and bluetooth have
limited range problems. So it is efficient to use radio frequency because they
will give you much more flexibility to change how and where you listen. They
can be used effectively upto 20 feet(6 meters). The unit is basically a simple FM
transistor.T1 act as VHF oscillator and modulator, Transistor T2 works as RF
amplifier
in conjunction with other passive components. The transmitted
frequency must be in the range of 88-108MHz which comprises the FM band.

In these days people are willing to spend lots of money on their
home theatre systems and speakers. So, the cheaper option will be a wireless
TV headphone.
Govt.Engineering College Sreekrishnapuram
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
AUDIO
OUTPUT
FROM TV
VHF OSCILLATOR
AND FM
MODULATOR
RF
AMPLIFIER
MOBILE PHONE
(RECEIVER)
Fig 2.1 Block Diagram
Fig 2.2 Pictorial representation
TELESCOPIC
ANTENNA
Transmission
channel
3. HARDWARE DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.2 DESIGN
This FM Transmitter has 2 R.F stages. A variable frequency V.H.F

oscillator, a class C R.F Amplifier.
Oscillator stage
Within nearby every electronic instrument, it is essential to have an

oscillator or waveform operator of some sort, a device without an oscillator,
either doesnt do anything or expect to be driven by another device (which
probably contains an oscillator). Depending on the application, an oscillator
may be used as a source of regulatory spaced pulse or demand may be made on
its adjustability e.g. local oscillator in a transmitter or receiver which is
employed in this design or its ability to produce accurate waveforms.
. An oscillator has the following characteristics:

1. It is a circuit which converts d.c energy at very high frequency.
2. It is an electronic source of alternating current or voltage having size square,
saw tooth or pulse shape.
3. It is a circuit which generates an a.c output signal without requiring any
externally applied input signal.
4. It is an unstable amplifier.
Classification Of Oscillators
Electronic oscillator may be broadly divided into the following,
1 Sinusoidal(harmonic) oscillator: it produces an output having sine waveform.

2 Non-sinusoidal (relaxation) oscillator: they produce an output which has
square, rectangular or saw tooth waveform or is of pulse shape.
Sinusoidal oscillators are further subdivided into:

a. Tuned-circuits or LC feedback oscillator.
b. LC phase shift oscillator
c. Crystal oscillator
d. Heterodyne or beat frequency oscillator
Resonant Frequency of a Parallel LC Circuit
FM radio stations operate on frequencies between 88-108MHz.The

variable capacitor and self made inductor constitute a parallel LC circuit.Its also
called a tank circuit and will vibrate at a resonant frequency which will be
picked up by the FM receiver.In tank circuits the underlying physic is that a
capacitor stores electrical energy in the electric field between its plates and an
inductor stores energy in the magnetic field induced by the coil winding. The
mechanical equivalent is the energy balance in a flywheel; angular
momentum(kinetic energy) is balanced by the spring(potential energy). Another
example is a pendulum where there is a kinetic versus potential energy balance
that dictates the period (or frequency) of oscillations.
Inductor Coil
The inductor used in the circuit is a hand made coil using 22 SWG
(Standard WireGauge) enameled copper wire. The length, inner diameter,
number of turns etc are the important parameters to be considered while making
the inductor. Then only the inductor resonates in the 88-108 band FM
frequency. For this circuit, the coil radius was selected as 0.26 inches (outer
diameter) and 0.13 inner diameter. Coil can be wound around a screw driver
(with same diameter) to get a 4-6 turn coil of 0.2 inch long. Remove the coil
from the screw driver and use the 4 -6 turn Air core coil. Remove the enamel
from the tips and solder close to the transistor.
Inductance calculation:
Coil manufacturers in factories use the formula
L=
/(9 + 10 )
Where r = radius of the coil

N = number of turns
x = length of wire
The equation above is used for the computation of coil parameters and
preference is given to high frequency region of operation.
For N = 4 turns of 22 SWG wire
r = 0.06m = 0.6cm
x = 0.2m = 2cm
From the above equation,
L= 0.2H
Capacitance Calculation:
The transmitter is designed to operate at a frequency of within the FM

frequency range of 88-108MZ.
From F=1/2
Where C = capacitance, L= inductance
Let F = 100MHZ
Then C=1/4
C= 12pf
Thus C is variable between 2pf and 22pf hence 2- 22pf trimmer capacitor was
selected, which falls within the range.
The equivalent DC analysis for BC548

IC(max)=100 mA
= 200
VCC = 9V
The above were gotten from the data sheet
The value of VE was chosen to be 5V
From VB=VE + VBE
VB = 5 + 0.7 = 5.7V
The current flowing through the tank circuit is calculated taking 40% of IC
(max)
Then,
IC = 0.4100mA
= 0.4A
RE= VE/IE=125
But the value of RE(R5) was chosen to be 68
Also from IC= IB
IB= 0.5mA
Rth which is the resistance across the base of Q1 is given by

VCC=IBRth + VBE
Rth =VCC-VBE/IB
Where VBE=0.7V
Rth= 16k
Also from VCE= VCC/2 = 4.5V
But R2 and R4 were chosen to be 15k and 4.7k since they protect the transistor
from excessive current, RB (base resistor) must be high.
Use R1=10K,R2=15K,C1=2.2/25V,C2=10kPf
ANTENNA
The antenna is the circuit element responsible for converting the
output power from the transmitter amplifier into an electromagnetic wave
suitable for efficient radiation in free space. Antenna takes many different
physical forms determined by the frequency of operation and the radiation
pattern desired for broadcasting purposes, the antenna that radiates its power
uniformly to its listeners is desirable.
Antenna Characteristics
Antenna impedance - an antenna must be matched to the connecting
transmission line or waveguide for efficient radiation.
Radiated power - the amount of power radiated by a transmit antenna will limit
the separation distance between the transmitting and receiving antenna.
Directivity - the direction in which the antenna radiates the power will dictate
how the transmit and receive antenna should be positioned.
Efficiency (losses) - the amount of power dissipated by the antenna should be
small in
comparison to the amount of power radiated in order to minimize the source
power requirement.
Impedance - an antenna must be matched to the connecting transmission line or
wave
A plastic wire or Telescopic aerial can be used as antenna. The length of
the antenna is very important to transmit the signals in the suitable range. As a
rule, the length of the antenna should be of the FM wave length. To
determine the length of antenna, use the following equation.
By multiplying the Wave frequency and wave length will give the
speed of light.
Speed of light=Frequency of oscillaton wavelength=in Kms/sec

Wavelength=Speed of light/frequency=in meters
Antenna length=0.25wavelength=in meters
3.3 COMPONENTS LIST

1 .Resistors
R1 =10k
R2=15k
R3,R4=4.7K
R5=68
R6=2k2
R7= 10
2.Capacitors
C1=2.2/25v
C2,C4=10kpf
C3,C6=10pf
C5,C7=1kpf(102)
3.Trimmer capacitors = 2 to 22 pf (3)
4.Transistors
Q1 = BC 548
Q2 = C 2570
5 . Inductors
L1 ,L2= 4 turns 22 SWG
L3
= 6 turns 22 SWG
6. Power supply = 9v
10
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3.4 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
TRIMMER CAPACITOR
Fig 3.1 Trimmer capacitor
Same with fixed capacitors, there are two parallel conductive plates
clamp a dielectric in middle. For adjustment, one side electrode is movable
(rotation) Capacitance can be changed by adjusting the opposite area between
movable and fixed electrode. According below formula, capacitance will
become higher if opposite area become bigger. Depending on the rotation angle
of movable electrode, capacitance value will change. According the below
picture, there must be a 180 rotation to change the capacitance value from Min.
to Max. (One cycle is 360)
Fig 3.2
12
Internal Structure
Fig 3.3 Graph of capacitance variation according to rotation
Depending on the rotation angle of movable electrode, capacitance value

will change like above graph.The capacitance value changes continuously
because alomost trimmer capacitors don't have a stopper
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CERAMIC CAPACITORS
Fig 3.4 ceramic capacitors
A ceramic capacitor uses a ceramic material as the dielectric.

Ceramics were one of the first materials to be used in the producion of
capacitors, as it was a known insulator. Many geometries were used in ceramic
capacitors, of which some, likeceramic tubular capacitors and barrier layer
capacitors are obsolete today due to their size, parasitic effects or electrical
characteristics. The types of ceramic capacitors most often used in modern
electronics are the multi-layer ceramic capacitor, otherwise named ceramic
multi-layer chip capacitor (MLCC) and the ceramic disc capacitor. MLCCs are
the most produced capacitors with a quantity of approximately 1000 billion
devices per year. They are made in SMD (surface-mounted) technology and are
widely used due to their small size. Ceramic capacitors are usually made with
very small capacitance values, typically between 1nF and 1F, although values
up to 100F are possible. Ceramic capacitors are also very small in size and
have a low maximum rated voltage. They are not polarized, which means that
they may be safely connected to an AC source. Ceramic capacitors have a great
frequency response due to low parasitic effects such as resistance or inductance.
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Ceramic capacitor definition

A ceramic capacitor is a capacitor which uses a ceramic material as the
dielectric. The two most common types are multi-layer ceramic capacitors and
ceramic disc capacitors.
Characteristics :
Precision and tolerances
There are two classes of ceramic capacitors available today: class
1 and class 2. Class 1 ceramic capacitors are used where high stability and low
losses are required. They are very accurate and the capacitance value is stable in
regard to applied voltage, temperature and frequency. The NP0 series of
capacitors has a capacitance thermal stability of 0.54% within the total
temperature range of -55 to +125 C. Tolerances of the nominal capacitance
value can be as low as 1%.
Class 2 capacitors have a high capacitance per volume and are
used for less sensitive applications. Their thermal stability is typically 15% in
the operating temperature range, and the nominal value tolerances are around
20%.
Size advantages
When high component packing densities are required, as is the
case in most modern printed circuit boards (PCBs), MLCC devices offer a great
advantage compared to other capacitors. To illustrate this point, the 0402
multi-layer ceramic capacitor package measures just 0.4 mm x 0.2 mm. In such
15
a package, there are 500 or more ceramic and metal layers. The minimum
ceramic thickness as of 2010 is on the order of 0.5 microns.
High voltage and high power
Physically larger ceramic capacitors can be made to withstand much
higher voltages and these are called power ceramic capacitors. These are
physically much larger than those used on PCBs and have specialized terminals
for safe connection to a high voltage supply. Power ceramic capacitors can be
made to withstand voltages in the range of 2kV up to 100 kV, with a power
specified at much higher than 200 volt-amperes. Smaller MLCCs used in
printed circuit boards are rated to voltages from only a few volts up to several
hundreds of volts, depending on the application.
Construction and properties of ceramic capacitors
Ceramic disc capacitors
Fig 3.6 ceramic disc capacitors
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Ceramic disc capacitors are manufactured by coating a ceramic

disc with silver contacts on both sides. To achieve larger capacitances, these
devices can be made from multiple layers. Ceramic disc capacitors are usually
through-hole components and are falling out of favor due to their size. MLCCs
are used instead, if capacitance values allow. Ceramic disc capacitors have a
capacitance value of 10pF to 100F with a wide variety of voltage ratings,
between 16 volts to 15 kV and more.
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS
Fig 3.7 Electrolytic capacitors
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RESISTORS
Fig 3.8 Resistors
A resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component
that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce

current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits.
Resistors may have fixed resistances or variable resistances, such as those found
in thermisters, varisters, trimmers, photoresistors and potentiometers.
The current through a resistor is in direct propotion to the voltage across the
resistor terminals. This relationship is represented by ohms
law:
where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the

potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the
resistance of the conductor in units of ohms (symbol: ). The ratio of the
voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current in the
circuit is called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a constant
(independent of the voltage) for ordinary resistors working within their ratings.
Resistors
18
are
common
elements
of electrical
networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment.

Practical resistors can be composed of various compounds and films, as
well as resistance wires (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as
nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits,
particularly
analog
devices,
and
can
also
be
integrated
into hybrid and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its
resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of
more than nineorders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an
electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require
attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to
its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may
also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also
specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the
anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is
mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher
power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a highvoltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum
working voltage of the resistor. While there is no minimum working voltage
for a given resistor, failure to account for a resistor's maximum rating may
cause the resistor to incinerate when current is run through it.
Practical
resistors
have
series inductance and
small
parallel capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency

applications. In alow-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of
a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and
temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in
manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for
19
a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology.

A family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form
factor, that is, the size of the device and the position of its leads (or
terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits.
INDUCTORS
Figure 3.9 inductor coil
The single layer coil

A single layer coil has two advantages. Firstly, like all air core coils, it is free
from iron losses and the non linearity mentioned above. Secondly, single layer
coils have the additional advantage of low self-capacitance and thus high self
resonant frequency. These coils are mostly used above about 3 Mhz.
20
TRANSISTORS
Fig 3.10 Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch

electronic signals and electrical power. It is compose of semiconductor material
with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage
or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current
through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be
higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.
Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found
embedded in integrated circuits.
Fig3.11 schematic symbol of npn and pnp transistor
21
NPN-TRANSISTOR OPERATION
A forward-biased pn- junction is comparable to a low-resistance
circuit element because it passes a high current for a given voltage. In turn, a
reverse-biased pn- junction is comparable to a high-resistance circuit element.
By using the Ohm's law formula for power (P = I2R) and assuming current is
held constant, you can conclude that the power developed across a high
resistance is greater than that developed across a low resistance. Thus, if a
crystal were to contain two pn- junctions (one forward-biased and the other
reverse-biased), a low-power signal could be injected into the forward-biased
junction and produce a high-power signal at the reverse-biased junction. In
this manner, a power gain would be obtained across the crystal. This concept,
which is merely an extension of the material covered in the previous topics, is
the basic theory behind how the transistor amplifies. With this information
fresh in your mind, let's proceed directly to the transistor.
Just
as
in
the
case
of
the pn
junction diode,
the n-
material comprising the two end sections of the npn transistor contains a
number of free electrons, while the center p section contains an excess number
of holes. The action at each junction between these sections is the same as that
previously described .That is, depletion regions develop and the junction
barrier appears. To use the transistor as an amplifier, each of these junctions
must be modified by some external bias voltage. For the transistor to function
in this capacity, the first pn junction (emitter-base junction) is biased in the
forward, or low-resistance, direction. At the same time the second pn
junction (base-collector junction) is biased in the reverse, or high-resistance,
direction. The letters of these elements indicate what polarity voltage to use
for correct bias.
22
The emitter, which is the first letter in the npn sequence, is

connected to the negative side of the battery while the base, which is the
second letter npn, is connected to the positive side. However, since the
second -pn junction is required to be reverse biased for proper transistor
operation, the collector must be connected to an opposite polarity voltage
(positive) than that indicated by its letter designation npn. The voltage on the
collector must also be more positive than the base.
TELESCOPIC ANTENNA
Fig 3.12 Telescopic Antenna

An antenna whose receiving or radiating elements, such as the
arms of a dipole, are made in the form of an extensible system of metal tubes or
rods of approximately equal length. Such a design facilitates changing the
length of the antenna elements during tuning and permits the size of the antenna
to be reduced when it is not in operationfor example, during transport or
storage.
For each pair of telescoping tubes, the interior diameter of the outer
tube is approximately equal to the exterior diameter of the inner tube. The tubes
23
fit into one another with some friction, which is needed to provide electrical
contact and to maintain the required length of each element of the telescopic
antenna under operating conditionsthat is, under the action of gravity or
exposure to shaking or vibration. In some cases the required position of the
tubes may be fixed by additional means. For example, collet chucks or springs
may be employed.
Telescopic antennas are used principally in conjunction with radio
receivers, radio transmitter-receivers, portable television receivers, and
television receivers installed in moving objects, such as automotive vehicles;
such antennas are also used as indoor television antennas.
POWER SUPPLY
Fig 3.13 9V Transistor Battery

A battery is a device that converts stored chemical energy to
electrical energy. Batteries are commonly used as energy sources in many
household and industrial applications. There are two types of batteries: primary
batteries which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary
batteries which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries
come in many sizes, from miniature cells to room-size battery banks.
3.5 PCB LAYOUT
24
3.6 PRODUCT PHOTOGRAPH
Fig 3.14 Transmitter connected to audio out of a laptop and

reception using a FM receiver
25
26
Fig 3.15 Product Overview
Fig 3.16 Receiver

27
4. RESULT
We designed and constructed a wireless TV headphone. Test and

analysis carried out on the constructed wireless headphone reveals the overall
success of the project. The design can be employed for voice communication
.The testing focused on determining its operating frequency range, radius of
operation .
It was found that :

(i) The radius of operation is about 20 feet.
(ii) Its frequency of operation is 88-108 MHZ
28
5. APPLICATIONS
It can be used in any device with an audio output. But it is more

useful in those device which not portable like,
TELEVISIONS
CASSETTE PLAYERS
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
by connecting the transmitter to the audio out and using a mobile

phone or FM receiver for reception.
29
6. CONCLUSION
The project WIRELESS HEADPHONE FOR TV
was
completed successfully. The purpose of this circuit can be achieved using both
radio frequency or infrared waves from a transmitter place near the sound
source. But it is efficient to choose the radio frequencies because they will give
you much more flexibility to change how and where you listen. It is the best
process to watch the TV without disturbing other persons and it can be heard
upto 20 feet.
For better performance :
The number of amplifier stages can be increased; thereby improving on

the system radius of operation (coverage).
With regards to limitations, we therefore suggest that further studies be
conducted with both FM transmitter and receiver to form a complete wireless
headphone system.
Cost & Dimension :

As against imported stereo wireless TV headphones available in the market for
around Rs 1200 and more, our product costs Rs 150 or even less.
Product Dimension :1053 (in cm)
30
7.REFERENCES
1. Book Resources :
1.1 Simon Haykin,Communication Systems, Wiley India,New
Delhi, 4Ed,2008
1.2
Sanjay Sharma- Communication Systems
1.3 Dennis Roddy &John Coolen Electronic Communication

Systems
1.4 R.Boylestad & Nashelsky L, Elecronic Devices &Circuit
Theory,
2 . Web Resources :
2.1 http://www.qsl.net/hiarc/files/Oscillators- TheoryAndPractice_
_
EMesser 2009-10
2.2 http://lorien.die.upm.es/~macias/docencia/datasheets/osc-clock/circuits
2.3 www.mskrao.com
2.4 www.scholar.lib.vt.edu.com
2.5 www.technologystudent.com
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8.
APPENDIX
DATASHEET
TRANSISTOR BC548
32
TRANSISTOR C2570
33
34
35

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Wireless Headphone For TV

It is a major problem to watch TV late at night ,without disturbing

,infrared , and bluetooth generated from a

in conjunction with other passive components. The transmitted

frequency must be in the range of 88-108MHz which comprises the FM band.

Govt.Engineering College Sreekrishnapuram