1.

Introduction

2.0

WORLD TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS

2.1

Rail Transport

Definition of Rail Transport :

Rail transport is a movement of passengers and freights using wheeled vehicles
running on railway tracks.
Definition of Accidents in Rail Transport :
A train wreck or train crash is a type of disaster involving one or more trains.
Train wrecks often occur as a result of miscommunication, as when a moving
train meets another train on the same track; or an accident, such as when a train
wheel jumps off a track in a derailment; or when a boiler explosion occurs.

2.1.1 ACCIDENTS IN RAIL TRANSPORT

Here are some cases or incidents involving in Rail Transport :
Germany train crash: Death toll rises to 10, several injured
At least one person is dead after a train carrying toxic chemicals derailed in
Belgium and burst into flames.
27,581 Indians died in railway accidents in 2014
Italy train crash: At least 23 dead, dozens injured in head-on collision
Train crash in South Korea kills one and injures eight

2.1.2 STATISTICS INVOLVING IN RAIL TRANSPORT

1. No of Persons Killed in Railway Accidents from 2013-2014

Poland got the highest ranking as in 2013 the country got 229 cases of
Train derailed and 207 cases in 2014.
Denmark got the second highest as it possessed about 131 cases in 2013,
meanwhile in 2014 the country got about 170 cases.

 However, the least cases of no of persons killed in railway was in

Liechtenstein which is 0 cased recorded in 2013.
2. Number of persons killed and injured by type of accident and category of
persons in EU-28 2014 final

As from the statistics above, we can see that accidents to persons caused
by rolling stock in motion was the highest contribution in train accidents
which is 1196 cases. Then highest was contributes by others which is in
total of 1060 persons.

Secondly, followed accidents involving level-crossing which was the

highest contribution by others and no of people killed was 294 persons in
total and number of persons seriously injured was in total about 344
persons.

 Meanwhile, the least case are caused by derailments which is the total no
of people killed are only about 1 persons with the total cases throughout
the year was only 9 cases were recorded.
3. Fatalities by type of accident in 2014

Types of Accidents in 2014 in Europe continent

1. Collisions
2. Derailments

3. Accidents involving level-crossing or grade crossing, is an intersection

where a railway line crosses a road or path at the same level, as opposed
to the railway line crossing over or under using a bridge or tunnel.
4. Accidents to person caused by rolling stock in motion is accidents to one
or more persons that are either hit by a railway vehicle or part of it or hit by
an object attached to or that has become detached from the vehicle.
Persons that fall from railway vehicles are included, as well as persons that
fall or are hit by loose objects when travelling on-board vehicles.
5. Fires in rolling stock
6. Others

2.1.3 APPENDIX

PICTURES OF ACCIDENTS OCCURRED IN RAIL TRANSPORT

Belgium Train Crashed in 2015

At least one person is dead after a train carrying toxic chemicals derailed in Belgium
and burst into flames

South Korea Train Crashed in 2016

Train crash in South Korea kills one and injures eight.

Germany Train Crashed in 2016

Germany train crash: Death toll rises to 10, several injured.
2.2

Air Transport
Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370/MAS370)[b] was a scheduled international

passenger flight operated by Malaysia Airlines that disappeared on 8 March 2014 while
flying from Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia, to Beijing Capital International
Airport in China.
Malaysia Airlines released the names and nationalities of the 227 passengers
and 12 crew members, based on the flight manifest, later modified to include two Iranian
passengers travelling on stolen passports.

People on board by
nationality
Nationality

No.

Australia

Canada

People on board by
nationality
Nationality

No.

China

152

France

Hong Kong[d]

India[22]

Indonesia

Iran[e]

Malaysia[f]

50

Netherlands

New Zealand

Russia

Taiwan

Ukraine

United States

Total

239

2.2.1 CAUSES/FACTORS:
The Most Common Reasons for Plane Accidents

Pilot Error.

Half of all plane crashes are caused by pilot error. That may seem like a very high
statistic, but it makes perfect sense when you think about everything that a pilot must
do. Pilots must navigate through dangerous weather, respond to mechanical issues and
execute a safe takeoff and landing. Some plane accidents are caused when pilots
misread equipment, misjudge weather conditions or fail to recognize mechanical errors
until its too late.
Sometimes too, plane crashes happen when pilots become incapacitated during
critical points of a flight. In 2005, a Helios Airways flight to Greece crashed because
the flight cabin depressurized, incapacitating the entire flight crew. In 1976, a South
African AW flight crashed when the captain suffered a heart attack and his first officer
couldnt control the plane in time. Some pilot errors can even be the result of mental
problems. A flight to Tokyo crashed in 1987 because a pilot who was known to have
serious psychological problems put the planes engines into reverse mid-flight.

Mechanical Error.

The second most common cause of plane crashes is mechanical error, which
accounts for about 22% of all aviation accidents. Mechanical error differs from pilot
error, because when a critical system fails, the pilot may be at the mercy of the plane.
Some mechanical errors occur because of a flaw in the planes design. For example, in
1974 a Turkish Airlines flight to France crashed because of a design flaw in the latch of
the cargo door. A West African Airways flight to Nigeria crashed in 1955 because a
flawed wing design led to metal fatigue cracks and wing failure.
Sometimes, mechanical failure occurs when outside circumstances damage the
plane. The causes of these failures can be pretty bizarre. For example, in 1962 a United
Airlines flight crashed because it was struck by a single swan that tore off the planes
left horizontal stabilizer. Birds have caused at least seven plane crashes to date.

Weather.

Around 12% of all plane crashes are caused by weather conditions. Although flights
are often grounded when weather conditions are deemed hazardous, storms, heavy

winds and even fog can sneak up on pilots and air traffic controllers. Lightning
strikes can be especially dangerous. When lightning hits a plane, it can disable it in
many ways. Aviation accidents have happened because lightning caused electrical
failure, because it ignited fuel tanks and pipes, and even because the flash itself caused
temporary blindness.
But even milder weather conditions can cause plane crashes. During a flight to
Lebanon in 1977, the pilot encountered a thick fog as he prepared to land. Circling
back, he retried the landing several more times before fuel ran out and the plane could
no longer stay aloft. In 2010, an Indonesian plane carrying 103 passengers crashed
when inclement weather conditions caused the pilot to overshoot the runway. The plane
skidded into a pool of water at the end of the runway and crashed into a nearby hillside.
The impact of the crash caused the jet to break in half.

Sabotage.

Plane crashes that are caused by sabotage draw the most media attention, but they
only account for about 9% of total plane crashes. Some sabotaged flights crash
because of hijackers, and of course the most notable examples are the three flights that
were hijacked on September 11th. But despite increasingly strict TSA regulations, some
passengers still manage to smuggle bombs or firearms onto planes. When theyre
successful, a single passenger can bring down a jet, killing hundreds of people.
Although terrorists, extremists or militia groups are usually responsible for attacks
like these, thats not always the case. Mentally ill passengers have been known to
attack both pilots and passengers, and some have even detonated bombs in an attempt
to commit suicide while in flight.

Other Human Error.

The bulk of the remaining plane crashes, about 7%, are caused by other kinds of
human errors. Some plane crashes are inadvertently caused by air traffic controllers. Air
traffic control mistakes have caused planes to crash into mountains, to land on occupied

runways and even to collide in midair. When a plane is loaded, fueled or maintained
incorrectly, thats human error too.
One of the more common fatal mistakes caused by humans is something called fuel
starvation but this isnt always the result of an improperly filled fuel tank. A Coastal
Airlines flight in 1948 crashed because the fuel valves were positioned incorrectly,
causing both engines to pull fuel from a single tank. An Air Mali flight crashed in 1974
when a diversion and navigation error caused it to circle the wrong city until it ran out of
fuel.
Aviation accident analysis is performed to determine the cause of errors once an
accident has happened. In the modern aviation industry, it is also used to analyze a
database of past accidents in order to prevent an accident from happening. Many
models have been used not only for the accident investigation but also for educational
purpose.
How common is it for a plane to crash?
Last year, while more than 3 billion people flew safely on 36.4 million flights,
there were 81 aviation accidents, according to the International Air Transport
Association (IATA). That was below the five-year average of 86 accidents per year, and
the equivalent of one accident per 2.4 million flights.
What is the human factor?
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the
profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to
optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
Percentage
In fact, pilot error is the leading cause of commercial airline accidents, with close
to 80% percent of accidents caused by pilot error, according to Boeing. The other 20%

are mainly due to faulty equipment and unsafe, weather-related flying

conditions.May 22, 2013

2.2.2 OVERCOME
Afraid to fly? Follow these 8 steps from Dr. Martin N. Seif's Freedom to Fly Now
Workshop to help conquer your fears.

Latch on to triggers that set you off.

Figure out what frightens you and examine how your anxiety reaction is triggered.
Your goal is to identify your particular triggers, so you can manage your fear when
anxiety levels are low. Learning what sets you off makes it easier to turn it off.

Step onto the airplane with knowledge.

Anxiety thrives on ignorance, and feeds off what if? catastrophic thoughts. But
once you become knowledgeable, your what if? thoughts are limited by the facts.
Become familiar with the facts. They will not eliminate your anxiety, but they will help
you manage it.

Anticipate your anxiety.

Anticipatory anxiety is what we experience in anticipation of a fear. It is often the

most intense anxiety you will experience during your flight, but it is not an accurate
predictor of how you will feel on the flight. It is frequently far greater than what you
actually experience.

Separate fear from danger.

It is often difficult to separate anxiety from danger because your body reacts in
exactly the same way to both. Be sure to label your fear as anxiety. Tell yourself that
anxiety makes your frightening thoughts feel more likely to occur, and remind yourself
that feeling anxious doesnt mean you are in danger. You are safe even when feeling
intense anxiety.

Recognize that common sense makes no sense.

Part A: Anxiety tricks common sense.

Anxiety will trick you into thinking you are in danger when you are perfectly safe.
Your gut feelings in these instances will always tell you to avoid, but if you follow these
feelings, you will always be reinforcing your anxiety.
Part B: You can outsmart anxiety.
As a rule, do the opposite of what anxious feelings are telling you to do. Fight what
the anxiety is telling you to do, but embrace the discomfort that anxiety brings.

Smooth over things that go bump in the flight.

To manage anxiety when turbulence hits, learn about airplanes and how they are
designed to handle turbulence. Focus on managing your anxiety, rather than when the
turbulence will end or how severe it might get. Remind yourself that you are safe.

Educate fellow fliers how to help you.

Other fliers need to know what frightens you, along with what helps you most to
cope with anxiety during a flight. Your task is to be clear about your triggers and ask
specifically for what you find most useful.

Value each flight.

Exposure is the active ingredient in overcoming your phobia. Every flight provides
you with the opportunity to make the next one easier. Your goal is to retrain your brain to
become less sensitized to the triggers that set you off

2.3

Road Transport
Every year, road accident in Malaysia are becoming more and more common in

todays society and contributes to a significant number of deaths as the result. Although
the police already take the action to prevent the accidents but it is still raising day by
day. Based on the statistic, usually the road accidents mostly occur during the festive
day such as, Hari Raya, Chinese New Year, Deepavali and so on. They are travelling in
long distance for purpose to go back their hometown to celebrate with relatives.

2.3.1 Causes/Factors

Distracted Driving
There are a few reasons why accidents happen in Malaysia. Firstly, road

accidents happen because of distracted driving. For example, it becomes habit for us
while we are driving, we like to eat or chatting with another passengers. It can reduce
our focus on the road also can cause of accident because of the lack of alert.

Drunk Conditions

Second, it cause by drunks condition. No matters what kind of vehicles that you are
riding such as motorcycle, car or others vehicle, this action will endanger you and also

endanger the lives of other road users. In the condition of drunk, the driver do not give
full attention while driving and lose the ability to focus also the driver cannot drive
properly because they are under the influence of alcohol. It is very dangerous action
and the top cause of accidents in Malaysia.

Speeding
Besides that, another cause of road accident is speeding, especially when we

are rushing to go somewhere such as work place. Other than that, many teenagers in
Malaysia like to speed and ignore the speed limit, even though our government has put
up signboard about speed limit on the road.

Illegal Racing
Lastly, the road accidents can cause by illegal racing not among motorcycle but

also among car. The youth are the most people involved in illegal racing in Malaysia.
Illegal racing involves two or more competitors who drive in a straight line for a specific
distance, because of their attitudes, the number of accident increasing day by day. For
example, when their friends call them to do something new and dangerous action while
ride the motorcycle, they will easily accept it. This example made it clear that friends
have big influence in teenager life.

2.3.2 How to Overcome

Snack Smart
Firstly, do not let anything distract your attention such as snack smart. Eat meal

or snack before or after your trip and not while driving. On the road, avoid messy foods
that can be difficult to manage. If you have passengers, enlist their help so you can
focus safely on driving. If another activity demands your attention, instead of trying to
attempt it while driving, pull of your road and stop your vehicle in a safe place.

Set Clear Rules Against Drinking

Secondly, you can set clear rules against drinking especially among parents
towards their teens. For a government roles, do a campaign to spread massage about
physical dangers and legal consequences of drunk driving. Campaign are the most
effective when supporting other impaired driving prevention strategies.

Speeding
Thirdly, speeding not only against the law, but also wastes gas and is a risky

activity. The way that you can do to overcome speeding is leave earlier so you dont feel
rushed. Dont put yourself in a situation when you feel pressured to get to work or an
appointment on time. Who knows, you may enjoy the drive.

Illegal Racing
Lastly, one of a step to prevent illegal racing is education in school. A good

education is very important among students and this can make student become
discipline and good behavior. Teachers in school roles a important character to be a
good example to the student and advise student avoid from illegal racing. Other than
that, communication between parent and teenagers is important to stay close to each
other and understand teenagers feeling.

2.3.3 Statistics

2.3.4 Appendix

Tapah bus crash claims 8 lives

The accident happened after the bus driver tried to avoid hitting a tyre on the
road, causing the bus to crash into a ditch on the left and caught fire.

Three killed, three injured in Melaka road accident (Published on

September 12, 2016)

2.4

Sea Transport
Sea transport is a movement of goods and/or passengers using seagoing

vessels on voyages which are undertaken wholly or partly at sea. Sea transport has
been the largest carrier of freight throughout recorded history. Although the importance
of sea travel for passengers has decreased due to aviation, it is effective for short trips
and pleasure crisis. Transport by water is cheaper than transport by air, despite
fluctuating exchange rates and CAF charges to account for such. Ship transport can be
realized over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or barge, over oceans and lakes,
through canals or along rivers.
Shipping may be for commerce, recreation or the military purpose; while
extensive inland shipping is less critical today, the major waterways of the world,
including many canals are still very important and integral parts of worldwide
economies. Virtually any material can be moved by water; however, water transport
becomes impractical when material delivery is highly time-critical such as various types
of perishable produce. However, Water transport is highly cost effective with a regular
pipeline of schedulable cargoes, such as trans-oceanic shipping of consumer products
and especially for heavy loads or bulk cargos, such as coal, coke, ores or grains.

Arguably, the industrial revolution took place best where cheap water transport by canal,
navigations, or shipping by all types of water craft on natural waterways supported cost
effective bulk transport. Containerization revolutionized ship transport starting in the
1970s. "General cargo" includes goods packaged in boxes, cases, pallets, and barrels.
When a cargo is carried in more than one mode, it is intermodal or co-modal.

2.4.1 Factors of accidents in sea transport

Rough sea

Rough sea occurred when the weather are bad on the sea. When this phenomena
happens, any ships must beware and started to firm their worker to be more carefully.
This is because rough sea impact will sink the ship if not take a safe step.

Human factors

Human factors are the biggest factor that includes the following: Lack of carelessness
in carrying out the crew the ability to master a variety of problems that may arise in the
operation of ships, boats aware of the excessive burden.

Technical factors

Technical factors are usually related to the lack of accuracy in ship design, ship
maintenance neglect resulting in damage to parts of the ship or vessel that caused the
ship crashed, burning the ship as the ship experienced.

Natural factors

Natural factors, invoice bad weather is a problem that is often regarded as the
cause major in

accidents. This problem usually experience storms, high waves is

influenced by season/hurricane, a large current, the resulting fog limited visibility

2.4.2 Overcome

Weather Hazards
Some of the most dangerous weather-related threats to shipping by sea are

hurricanes, squalls, typhoons and tropical cyclones. All of these types of storms can
cause serious harm to, or even completely sink, cargo vessels. While hurricanes,
typhoons, and tropical cyclones tend to occur in different parts of the world, they all
feature violent wind, torrential rain and surging waves. Hurricane winds can be so
powerful that they reach 160 miles per hour. Use the strongest and most seaworthy
ships possible. Modern container ships are designed to withstand most storms. In fact,
materials engineers now use computers to model the stresses on ship hulls. Once they
get the information, they create steel able to withstand the measured stresses. This
technique of generating extremely strong reinforced steel, along with using older
engineering strategies, such as watertight doors, help to make modern ships safe.
However, they are not completely invulnerable to storms. Modern day container ships
are also very large, which can help them ride out the intense waves during storms. Size
can definitely be a factor when it comes to safety. Dodge major storms wherever

possible. Advances in weather detection and meteorology have made it possible to

anticipate storms much better than in the past. Shipping companies often make use of
this information to help steer their ships out of harms way.

There remnants of the Costa Concordia after its 2012 crash

Geographic Hazards

Geographic hazards include anything on the seascape that can harm vessels, aside
from the weather. Examples include coral reefs, icebergs, sandbars and other spots that
are risky to navigate. Most people have heard the famous story of the Titanic, the
gigantic passenger ship that sank in the North Atlantic after striking an iceberg. In
addition to coral reefs, sandbars, and icebergs, canals such as the Suez and Panama
can be a problem. These canals are very narrow and not very deep, which can cause
problems. If a ship is too large, it could strike the bottom or the sides of the canals and
cause untold damage. Plan and navigate with extreme caution. Most of the time, if
something goes wrong in terms of geographic hazards, it is due to a lack of planning or
flawed navigating. For example, the Panama Canal can only support container ships
with 4,600 containers or less. So if your ship contains 4,800 containers, youre going to
need to find an alternate route.

Two ships colliding on the Suez Canal, 2014.

Technological Hazards

Technological hazards are anything that can go wrong with the ships, or their
equipment. This can mean structural problems, engine issues, navigational equipment
failures. Through inspection of equipment before ships set sail is key. In addition to
complying with federal regulations and inspections for safety, shipping companies can
also use the services of companies that specialize in inspecting, testing and certifying
cargo ships such as Intertek and Bureau Veritas to make sure all is well before they set
sail. Keep equipment up-to-date. Just as its important to inspect ships before they
depart, its also critical to keep all equipment up-to-date. If you can see theres damage
somewhere on the hull of the ship, or if any of the machinery on board isnt working
properly, its important to get the fixes made before the ship sails, even if it requires a
delay in departure. While its obviously best to always be on time, its better to delay
slightly than to risk your safety to make a deadline.

Ship bring container sinks in mexico 2012

2.4.3 Appendix
The Greece-based Louis Cruise Lines ship was heading east to Genoa, Italy
when waves struck the vessel and smashed windows in public areas, killing two
passengers and injuring fourteen others. The two killing passenger dead because of
they are so panic and started to blew the window glass and plunged into the sea. The
two passengers disappear and assumed to be dead. The "Louis Majesty" used to be
NCL's "Norwegian Majesty" and, before that, the "Royal Majesty" operated by Majesty
Cruise Lines from 1992 - 1997. A real tragedy, which could have been avoided if the
officers aboard had instructed the passengers to remain in their cabins.

January, 13, 2012, the Italian cruise ship Costa Concordia struck a sandbar off
the coast of Tuscany, Italy and keeled over on its side. Part of the ship was submerged.
Several people died, many were injured and millions of dollars of damages to the
company were accrued. The ship, carrying 4,252 people, was on the first leg of a cruise
around the Mediterranean Sea, starting from Civitavecchia in Lazio, Italy, when she
deviated from her planned route at the Isola del Giglio, coming closer to that island, and
struck a rock formation on the sea floor.The impact could be heard by passengers on
board and caused a temporary power blackout when water flooded the engine room.
The captain, Francesco Schettino, ordered evacuation after an hour of drifting, during
which the ship had started to list. Meanwhile, the harbour authorities were alerted by
worried passengers, and vessels were sent to the rescue. During a six-hour evacuation,
most passengers were brought ashore.

The replica tall ship sank off the coast of Hatteras, N.C., at 8:45 a.m., Monday,
according to the Coast Guard. With its location approximately 160 miles away from the
eye of Hurricane Sandy, the ship began to take on water and lost power Sunday
evening, forcing its crew to abandon ship into the 18-foot waves and 40-mile-per-hour
winds. The Coast Guards Jayhawk crew reached the stranded crew about 90 minutes
after they abandoned ship. The initial rescue by a HC-130 Hercules aircraft saved five
people at 9:15 a.m., while a second helicopter rescued another nine. Reports indicate
that 14 of the ships crew members have been rescued.There are currently conflicting
reports as to how many people were on board the ship. Original reports sent to the
Coast Guard indicated 17 crew members, while only 16 heat signatures were detected.

2.4.4 STATISTICS THE NUMBER OF SHIPPING ACCIDENTS IN MALAYSIA FROM

YEAR 2011 TO 2015

STATISTICS INVOLVING IN SEA TRANSPORT

3.1

Conclusion

This report attempts to contribute to the body of knowledge on world transport

accidents. In order to combat the problem, though, there needs to be close coordination
and collaboration, using a holistic and integrated approach, across many sectors and
many disciplines. Accidents will always happen whether we care or not as it may occur
due to other users. We must remain vigilant and aware of their surroundings. Take the
steps necessary to prevent accidents occur for example, air transport for passengers,
not allowed to them on the phone when a plane taking off. No matter what vehicle we
ride either from air, road, rail or sea, it must have advantages and disadvantages. We
have to always be careful.

4.0 Refferences
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/airplane
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-05/one-dead-after-belgian-train-carryingtoxic-chemicals-derails/4670150
http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/germany-train-collisiondeath-toll-injuries-latest-updates/
http://english.astroawani.com
www.ibtimes.com
www.tradeready.com