AA S 283 Final Study Guide

Objective Section
Provisions of Immigration Act of 1965
o Also called 1965 Hart-Cellar Immigration Act
o Created a preference system for admitting new immigrants
Validated family reunification as a priority
Spouses and dependents of US citizens not limited by quotas
Tacitly eliminated gender discrimination
Provided support for refugees
Encouraged immigration of skilled laborers and professionals
Quota system of 170,000 for eastern hemisphere/120,000 western
Provisions of Refugee Act of 1980
o Creation of Office of Refugee Resettlement
o Two year extension for admission of aliens as nonimmigrants
o Terms for releasing federal funds for state and county refugee programs
o VOLAGS (voluntary agencies)
Provisions of Army War Relocation order Executive Order 9066: authorized forced
removal of Japanese
o Japanese Americans seen as security threat, enemy aliens
o Military necessity necessitated removal from designated zones
o Japanese Americans needed protection
o Japanese Americans as hostages in potential prison swap with Japan
Cold Wars impact on Asian Americans
causes and consequences of African American boycott of Korean stores in NY
differences of political approach of three anti-Marcos organizations
o Movement for a Free Philippines
Members: exiles, elites, political opposition
Ideology: reform, restoration of civil rights
o Union of Democratic Filipinos
Members: US born, students, working class origins
Ideology: Marxism, revolution, anti-imperialism, class struggle
o Friends of the Filipino People
Members: anti-war protesters, academics, middle class
Ideology: anti-imperialism; non-intervention in Filipino domestic political affairs
differences between first and second waves of Vietnamese refugees
o first wave: 1975 130,000 refugees in US
English speaking, urban, westernized, familes
o second wave 1977-1979 refugees escape reeducation camps, persecution of ethnic Chinese
40% ethnic, 7% of total population of Vietnam, caught in between China vs. Vietnam
conflict
difference between first asylum and second asylum destination for refugees
o first asylum: Vietnam flee to Thai refugee camps

o second asylum: Vietnam flee to US, France, Western countries

questions about map of Indochina
Fair Employment Practices Commission 1941
o was created in 1941 in the United States to implement Executive Order 8802 by
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, "banning discriminatory employment practices by
Federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war-related work."[1] This
was shortly before the United States entered World War II.
o was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the home
front industry during World War II
repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act 1943
o In 1943, Congress passed a measure to repeal the discriminatory exclusion laws
against Chinese immigrants and to establish an immigration quota for China of
around 105 visas per year. The repeal of this act was a decision almost wholly
grounded in the exigencies of World War II, as Japanese propaganda made repeated
reference to Chinese exclusion from the United States in order to weaken the ties
between the United States and its ally, the Republic of China.

True/False
liberal assimilationism
o Chains of Babylon
Ideology which argued that Japanese could prove their worthiness as Americans
through civic participation in the public sphere while retaining their cultural
particularities in the private sphere
black masculinity
o Red Guards of San Francisco Chinatown modeled their masculinity after the Black
Panthers of the African American community in Oakland.
urban renewal
o Part of the program that took down the I-Hotel. Many cites across the west had
similar problems.

humanitarianism
o moral of kindness, benevolence, and sympathy extended to all human being

cultural pluralism
o Smaller communities with their own sub-culture, so long as they follow the rules of
the greater society. (Chinatown)
model minority arguments for or against
o article pits Asians against blacks
o message to Asians not to get politically involved, contrary to ideal values of democracy
o selective memory of article: Asians had benefited from political protest especially those of
African Americans and civils rights during WWII and Cold War
educational philosophy of San Francisco State Strike leaders

o students walk out of class, Black Student Union leadership, teachers hold picket lines,
support students, Asian American students join BSUform Third World Liberation Front
o philosophy/demands
relevant education: meaningful to all racial groups (not just whites), experiences of
working people, poor people, masses
Self-determination and community control: control of institutions, sources of power,
freedom from police repression, prioritizing peoples needs as opposed to profits
Autonomous School of Ethnic Studies
Open admissions/ no hierarchies
Student decision-making on policy issues
Community participation
ethnic enclave or ethnic town
resettlement
martial law
o imposition of the highest-ranking military officer as the military governor or as the
head of the government, thus removing all power from the previous executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of government.
o President Marcos declares martial law, thousands arrested, jailed, tortured, salvaged,
exiled to USA
o President Marcos imposed martial law on the nation from 1972 to 1981 to suppress
increasing civil strife and the threat of a communist takeover following a series of
bombings in Manila.
family reunification
o under family reunification, spouses and dependents of U.S. citizens not limited by quotas
(non-quota immigrants)
anti-communism
o Vietnamese refugees issues: political killings (anti-communism)
transnational politics
lost nation idea

Fill-In/Matching
Yuri Kochiyama
o Kochiyama also became a mentor during the Asian American movement that grew
during and after the Vietnam War protests. Many young activists came to her for help
for several of the Asian American protests. Due to her experience and her ability to
interrelate African American and Asian American activist issues, Yuri and her
husband could secure reparations and government apologies for injustices toward
Asian Americans such as the Japanese American internment. President Ronald
Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act in 1988 which, among other things, awarded
$20,000 to each Japanese American internment survivor. The process of issuing
reparation checks is ongoing.
S. I. Hayakawa
o active opposition to strike
Melvyn Escueta

o Chains of Babylon
Argued that Asian Americans should oppose the Vietnam was as Anti-Asian
Honey Bucket play to tackle war and remains the only one written by veteran

Vincent Chin
o was a Chinese American man who was severely beaten in the Detroit suburb of
Highland Park, Michigan in June of 1982. The beating led to his death four days later
post-traumatic stress disorder
o most refugees had problems with PTSD post migration
Duon Trong Lam
o Vietnamese journalists to be murdered
o was known as a "left-wing" publisher of Cai Dinh Lang a Vietnamese-language
newspaper published out of San Francisco, California, and for his criticism of the
Vietnam War.
Benigno Aquino, Jr.
o Solitary confinement, 7 years
o exile
o formed leadership of the opposition towards Marcos, assassinated
Killing Fields / Cambodian genocide
o number of sites in Cambodia where collectively more than a million people were
killed and buried by the Communist Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the
country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Cambodian Civil War
(19701975). The mass killings are widely regarded as part of a broad statesponsored genocide (the Cambodian genocide).
Chris Iijima
o Asian American folksinger, educator and legal scholar. He, Joanne Nobuko
Miyamoto, and Charlie Chin, were the members of the group Yellow Pearl; their 1973
album, A Grain of Sand: Music for the Struggle by Asians in America
o founder of Asian Americans for Action, one of the first Asian American-focused civil
rights organizations of the 1960s
Dalip Singh Saund
o He was the first Asian American/Indian American elected as a voting member of the
United States Congress.
Corazon Aquino
o was a Filipino politician who served as the 11th President of the Philippines. Aquino
was the most prominent figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution, which toppled
the 20-year authoritarian rule of President Ferdinand E. Marcos and restored
democracy to the Philippines.
Young Oak Kim
o a highly decorated U.S. Army combat veteran of World War II and the Korean War
and a civic leader and humanitarian. He was a member of the U.S. 100th Infantry
Battalion and 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and a combat leader in Italy and
France during World War II

Essay
Trace the origins and development of the Asian American movement in the Cold War, Black Power,
and New Left movements in the United States.
Assess the political impact of the influx of new Asian migrants caused by the Immigration Act of
1965 and the various refugee migration laws upon the Asian American community.
o Created a preference system for admitting new immigrants
validated family reunification as a priority
tacitly eliminated gender discrimination
provided support for refugees
encouraged immigration of skilled laborers and professionals
o Quota system of 170,000 for the Eastern Hemisphere
had to go through the preference system
o Impacts:
From third generation community to first generation immigrant
Growth of Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Indochinese, and South Asian numbers and
ethnic-specific identification
Selective for middle class: model minority
Shift from bachelor societies to families, growth of population of women
o Quota of 120,000 for Western Hemisphere
o Refugee Act of 1980
creation of Office of Refugee Resettlement
two-year extension for admission of aliens as nonimmigrants
terms for releasing federal funds for state and county refugee programs
volunteer agencies
Orderly Departure Program (Vietnam)
program to permit immigration of Vietnamese
o Reaction to migration
Unfavorable opinion of SEA refugees in US: only 36% in favor of accepting
Vietnamese; prelude of hostile atmosphere
o Political impact of post-1965 immigration
Social service
Domestic politics
anti-discrimination legal challenges
voting & citizenship
1996 Democratic Party Donor gate scandal
o International politics
pro-democracy struggles
normalization of US-China & Vietnam relations
anti-nuclear proliferation
Examine the differences in the impact of World War II on Asian Americans. For which groups did
the war have a positive effect? For which groups did the war have a negative effect? Explain.
o Fair Employment Practice Committee: banning discriminatory employment practices by
Federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war-related work

o Japanese: wartime enemies axis power, Japanese Americans regarded as enemy aliens,
EO 9066: presidential order by FRD, authorizing the deportation of Japanese Americans to
internment camps
Reasons for incarceration:
Japanese Americans seen as security threat, enemy aliens
Military necessity necessitated removal from designated zones
Japanese Americans needed protection
Japanese Americans as hostages in potential prison swap with Japan
Hostility towards Asians
Racial: Japanese Americans as unassimilable
Political: Political leaders, business, & media used Japanese issue to
gain political advantage
Economic: Farm officials sought to take over Japanese farms
o US alliance with Philippines, India, and China
o Benefits to Filipinos, Chinese, Indians
India: India Welfare League goal was to get Indians to immigrant to US, was granted
by President Ford, bill signed granted natives of India an annual quota of a hundred,
made Indians eligible for citizenship, ending exclusion
China: Congress repeals Chinese Exclusion Act, to establish an immigration quota for
China of around 105 visas per year, gave jobs 15% San Francisco shipyards
Phillippines: Luce-Cellar Act, quota for 100 Filipinos to immigrate to US, barred
before, also gave Filipino Americans to naturalize and become US citizens, then
could own homes and farmlands, petition for family from their nation of birth, jobs at
California and Hawaii defense industries
EO allowed Filipinos/Chinese to fight in army