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  • Integumentary System Reading

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    Integumentary System Reading

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    ry LOOK AHEAD mis lor RY ORGANS OF THE SKIN ‘aceous (Oil) Glands loriferous (Sweat) Glands uminous Glands TASIS OF BODY APERATURE. N DISORDERS TERMINOLOGY AND NDITIONS group of tissues that performs a specific function is an organ. The next higher level of organization is a system—a group of organs ‘operating together to perform specialized functions. ‘The skin and its accessory organs, such as hair, nai ized receptors, constitute the integumentary (it the body Of all the body's organs, none is more exposed to inspection, disease, and injury than the skin, Because of its visibility, skin is a reflection of emotions as evidenced by frowning, blushing, and perspiring. Diseases of internal organs may be revealed by changes in the skin such as color changes (paleness, redness, yellow coloration, or bluish coloration) or abnormal eruptions or rashes (chickenpox, cold sores, or measles). The skin is also subject to a number of disorders that involve just itself, such as warts, age spots, or pimples. The skin's exposure to the environment makes it susceptible to damage from trauma, sunlight, and mi- crobes. Many interrelated factors may affect both the appearance and health of the skin, including nutrition, hygiene, circulation, age, immunity, genetic factors, psychological state, and drugs. So important is the skin to body image that people spend a great deal of time and money, and may even undergo surgery, to restore skin to a more normal or youthful appearance. SKIN The skin is an organ because it consists of the cutaneous membrane and accessory organs such as sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, nails, nerve receptors, and blood vessels joined together to perform specific activities. It is one of the larger organs in terms of surface area. For the average adult, the skin occupies a surface area of approximately 2 square meters (3000 square inches). Dermatology (der'~ ma-TOL-6-j€; dermato = skin; logos = study of) is the medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders FUNCTIONS ‘The numerous functions of the skin are as follows: 1, Regulation of body temperature. Perspiration produced by sweat glands and changes in the flow of blood to the skin help regulate body temperature (described in detail later in the chapter). . Protection. The skin provides a physical barrier against abrasion, microbial invasion, dehydration, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Hair and nails are also protective, as described later. 3. Reception of stimuli. Numerous nerve endings and receptors detect stimuli related to temperature, touch, pressure, and pain (see Chapter 12). 4. Excretion. Small amounts of water, salts, and several organic compounds, ‘components of perspiration, are excreted by sweat glands. 5. Synthesis of vitamin D. Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation helps with the synthesis of vitamin D, a substance that aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Significant amounts of vitamin D are synthesized by the skin in spring, summer, and fall. In a city like Boston, for example, a 10- to 15-minute exposure of the hands, arms, and face per day for 3 days per week is sufficient to produce the body’s need for vitamin D. (However, the amount produced is insignificant, especially in temperate climates, and the risk of skin cancer outweighs the possible benefits.) 6. Immunity. As you will see in Chapter 17, certain cells of the skin assume a role in bolstering immunity, your ability to fight disease by producing antibodies. 85 a 86+ Chopter 5 The Integumentary System, STRUCTURE Garucurly the skin consists of two pica! pat Figs © rae inner portion, whichis composed of epithelium a he epidermis. Te iner, thicker, connective Tss¥e PAE sae ere Beneath the dermis is a subcutaneous (SC) layer, which ataches the skin to underlying structures EPIDERMIS “The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and ‘Rnwans four types of cells (Figure 5-2). The most numerous i ‘aus kerainocye,acell hat undergoes Kerainization (TS process willbe described sho.) Keratinocytes produce ke ih helps waterproof and protect the skin, and they participate wvramumty. The second type of cell is called a melanoeye, vMhich ean afso be found in the dermis. It produces melanin, one FIGURE 5-1 Skin. Structure ofthe skin and underlying subcvianeous What color, and absorbs ultraviol, pes of cells are both called i rocytes, but they are (WO distin magerhans’ cells and Gransten the immune Fesponse cell. Tese cel es of the epidermis organized into either ‘and soles, ims ‘of the body all other parts Slee fayers from the deepest 1, Stratum basale. This single I exposure (0 friction is greats, the epidermis has five layers. jn

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