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I N T E R NAT I O NA L
R E L AT I O N S
I N P O LI T I C A L
THOUGHT
Texts from the Ancient Greeks
to the First World War
This unique collection presents texts in international relations from
ancient Greece to the First World War. Major writers such as Thucydides,
Augustine, Aquinas, Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, and John Stuart Mill are
represented by extracts of their key works; less-well-known international
theorists such as John of Paris, Cornelius van Bynkershoek, and Friedrich
List are also included. Fifty writers are anthologized in what is the largest
such collection currently available. The texts, most of which are substantial extracts, are organized into broadly chronological chapters, each of
which is headed by an introduction that places the work in its historical
and philosophical context. Ideal for both students and scholars, the volume
also includes biographies and guides to further reading.
C H R I S B R OW N is Professor of International Relations at the London

School of Economics. His publications include International Relations

Theory: New Normative Approaches (1992), Understanding International Relations
(2nd edn., 2001), and Sovereignty Rights and Justice, (2002). He also edited
Political Restructuring in Europe: Ethical Perspectives (1994).
T E R RY NA R D I N is Professor of Political Science at the University of

Wisconsin-Milwaukee. He is the author of Law, Morality, and the Relations

of States (1983) and The Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott (2001), editor of The
Ethics of War and Peace (1996), and coeditor (with David Mapel) of Traditions
of International Ethics (1992) and International Society (1998).
N I C H O LA S R E N G G E R is Professor of Political Theory and Interna-

tional Relations at St. Andrews University. His publications include

International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order (1999), Retreat
from the Modern? (1996), and Political Theory, Modernity and Postmodernity:
Beyond Enlightenment and Critique (1995). He has edited Treaties and Alliances
of the World (6th edn., 1995) and Dilemmas of World Politics: International Issues
in a Changing World (with John Baylis, 1992).

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In t ernat i o na l
Re lat i o n s
i n political
Thoug h t

Texts from the Ancient Greeks

to the First World War
Edited by
C H R I S B R OW N

London School of Economics and Political Science

T E R RY NA R D I N

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
N I C H O LA S R E N G G E R

University of St. Andrews, Scotland

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to the First World War
Edited by Chris Brown, Terry Nardin and Nicholas Rengger
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University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.
It furthers the Universitys mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
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C Cambridge University Press 2002

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

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no reproduction of any part may take place without
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First published 2002
11th printing 2014
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A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Texts in international relations : from ancient Greece to the First World War / edited by
Chris Brown, Terry Nardin, Nicholas Rengger.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0 521 57330 0 (hardback) ISBN 0 521 57570 2 (pbk.)
1. International relations History Sources. 2. International relations Philosophy
History Sources. I. Brown, Chris, 1945 II. Nardin, Terry, 1942 III. Rengger,
N. J. (Nicholas J.)
JZ 1305. T45 2002
327 dc21 2001037928
ISBN
ISBN

978-0-521-57330-6 Hardback
978-0-521-57570-6 Paperback

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and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
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Contents

Acknowledgements

1 Introduction

.....................................................................................

page ix

..........................................................................................

2 Ancient thought (500 BCE312 CE)

...............................................

1
17

T H U CY D I D E S

From History of the Peloponnesian War

........................................

34

................................................................................

61

..................................................................................

83

A R I S TOT LE

From The Politics

CICERO

From On Duties

M A RC U S AU R E LI U S

From Meditations

..............................................................................

86

..............................................................................

90

P LATO

From The Epistles

3 Late antiquity and the early middle ages (3121000)

....

95

A N O N YM O U S

From The Teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles through

the Twelve Apostles or The Didache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
EUSEBIUS

From Tricennial Orations

..................................................................

115

AU G U S T I N E O F H I P P O

From The City of God against the Pagans

....................................

119

...................................................

136

.............................................................

148

C O N S TA N T I N E P O R P H Y R O G E N I T U S

From De Administrando Imperio

A L - FA RA B I

From The Political Regime

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vi

Contents
AV I C E N NA

From The Healing

.............................................................................

170

MOSES MAIMONIDES

From Logic

.........................................................................................

4 International relations in Christendom

174

..........................

177

...................................................

191

.................................................................................

198

J O H N O F PA R I S

From On Royal and Papal Power

DA N T E A LI G H I E R I

From Monarchy

M A RT I N LU T H E R

From On Secular Authority

204

............................................................

T H O M A S AQ U I NA S

From Summa Theologiae

.................................................................

213

D E S I D E R I U S E RA S M U S

From Dulce Bellum Inexpertis

.............................................

221

...........................................

231

F RA NC I S C O D E V I TO R I A

From On the American Indians

5 The modern European state and system of states

.....

243

` M AC H I AV E LLI
N I CC O L O

From The Prince . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

From The Discourses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
JEAN BODIN

From Six Books of the Commonwealth

........................................

270

`RES
F RA N C
O I S D E C A LLI E

From On the Manner of Negotiating with Princes

.....................

276

.................................................

281

C O R N E LI U S VA N BY N K E R S H O E K

From On Questions of Public Law

A LE XA N D E R H A M I LTO N

From Letters of Pacificus

286

...............................................................

EDMUND BURKE

From Letters on a Regicide Peace

..................................................

292

N E LO N
F RA N C
O I S D E S A LI G NAC D E LA M OT H E F E

From On the Necessity of Forming Alliances

...............

301

.......................

307

F R I E D R I C H VO N G E N T Z

The True Concept of a Balance of Power

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vii

6 The emergence of international law

...................................

311

...................................................

325

.................................................................................

335

H U G O G R OT I U S

From The Law of War and Peace

THOMAS HOBBES

From Leviathan

S A M U E L PU F E N D O R F

From On the Duties of Man and Citizen

......................................

341

................................................

349

S A M U E L RAC H E L

From On the Law of Nations

C H R I S T I A N VO N WO LF F

From The Law of Nations Treated According

to a Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
E M M E R I C H D E VAT T E L

From The Law of Nations or Principles of Natural Law

7 The Enlightenment

..........

370

......................................................................

379

D E S A I N T- P I E R R E
THE ABBE

From A Project for Settling an Everlasting Peace in Europe

....

394

...........................................................

399

MONTESQUIEU

From The Spirit of the Laws

DAV I D H U M E

From Of the Balance of Power

......................................................

407

..........................................................

410

A DA M S M I T H

From The Wealth of Nations

J E A N - JAC Q U E S R O U S S E AU

From The State of War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

From Abstract and Judgement of Saint-Pierres Project
for Perpetual Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
I M M A N U E L KA N T

From Essay on Theory and Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

From Perpetual Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
From The Metaphysical Elements of Right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
8 State and nation in nineteenth-century international

political theory

...............................................................................

457

G . W. F. H E G E L

From Elements of the Philosophy of Right

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..................................

470

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Contents
G. MAZZINI

From On the Duties of Man

476

..........................................................

J O H N S T UA RT M I LL

From A Few Words on Non-Intervention

......................

486

.....................................................................................

494

H. VO N T R E I T S C H K E

From Politics

B. B O S A N Q U ET

From Patriotism in the Perfect State

506

.................................

9 International relations and industrial society

..............

519

..........................................................

532

A DA M S M I T H

From The Wealth of Nations

DAV I D R I C A R D O

From On the Principles of Political Economy

and Taxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
RICHARD COBDEN

From The Political Writings of Richard Cobden

........................

538

......................

550

.......................................................................

561

F R I E D R I C H LI S T

From The National System of Political Economy

R U D O LF H I LF E R D I N G

From Finance Capital

KA R L M A RX A N D F R I E D R I C H E N G E LS

From The Communist Manifesto

......................................

572

J O S E P H S C H U M P ET E R

From The Sociology of Imperialisms

................................

575

.................................................................................................

585

....................................................................................................................

596

List of references
Index

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to John Haslam of Cambridge University Press for his
encouragement and advice, and to the many reviewers for the Press who have
commented anonymously and helpfully on our work. Chris Brown is grateful
for comments and advice from colleagues at the University of Southampton
and the London School of Economics, especially Russell Bentley and David
Owen at Southampton, and to Tim Dunne from the University of Wales,
Aberystwyth. Terry Nardin thanks Susan Rosa for translating Fenelon, Roger
Epp for help with Luther, Frederick Whelan for help with Burke, and Cecelia
Lynch and Jeff Holzgrefe for helpful criticism and advice generally. Nick
Rengger would like to thank Chris Smith, Tony Black, and Onora ONeill for
very helpful discussions.
The publishers and editors are grateful for permission to reproduce the extracts found in this book:
Thucydides, from History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. and ed. Rex Warner
(Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1954), Book 1, 213, pp. 479; Book 2, 3446,
pp. 14351, 504, pp. 1506; Book 3, 3649, pp. 21223; Book 5, 84116, pp. 4008.
Aristotle, from The Politics, ed. Steven Everson (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1988), Book 1, chapters 16, pp. 19; Book 3, chapters 612,
pp. 5973; Book 7, chapters 13, pp. 15661. Reprinted by permission of
Princeton University Press.
Cicero, from On Duties, ed. Miriam Griffin and Margaret Atkins (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1988), Book 1, sections 5360, pp. 225.
Marcus Aurelius, from Meditations, Book 2 (17), pp. 41 and 43; Book 6 (36),
pp. 149 and 151 and Book 6 (44), pp. 155 and 157; Book 9(1), pp. 231 and 233,
and (9), p. 239; Book 12 (36), pp. 341 and 343. Reprinted by permission of
the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Marcus
Aurelius, Loeb Classical Library Volume L058, trans. C. R. Haines (Cambridge,
ix

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Acknowledgements

Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1916, revised 1930). The Loeb Classical
Library
is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard
College.
Eusebius, from Tricennial Orations, ed. and trans. H. A. Drake (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1976), Part I, In Praise of Constantine, IX, 819,
pp. 99101.
Augustine of Hippo, from The City of God against the Pagans, ed. and trans.
Robert W. Dyson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), Book 4,
chapters 15, pp. 1439; Book 19, chapters 1114 and 17, pp. 93247.
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, from De Administrando Imperio, ed. G. Moravscik
and R. J. H. Jenkins (Dumbarton Oaks, 1949), proem and secs. 18, 13, 15,
pp. 4655, 6577. Reprinted by permission of Dumbarton Oaks.
Al-Farabi, The Political Regime, from Medieval Political Philosophy, ed. Ralph Lerner
and Mushin Mahdi (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963), pp. 3256.
John of Paris, from On Royal and Papal Power in Medieval Political Theory A
Reader, ed. Cary J. Nederman and Kate Langdon Forhan (London: Routledge,
1993), chapters 1, 5, and 7, pp. 1613 and 1647. Reprinted by permission of
Routledge.
Dante Alighieri, from Monarchy, ed. Prue Shaw (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), Book 1, sections 2, 3, 5, 10, and 16, pp. 48, 911, 1415, and 289.
Most editors notes have been omitted.
Martin Luther, from On Secular Authority, in Luther and Calvin on Secular Authority,
ed. and trans. Harro H
opfl (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996),
Book 1, pp. 612, 1314, 15, 17, 202.
Thomas Aquinas, from Summa Theologiae, in St. Thomas Aquinas, On Law,
Morality, and Politics, ed. William P. Baumgarth and Richard J. Regan, SJ
(Indianapolis: Hackett, 1988), IIII, Q. 40, a. 1 and Q. 64, a. 68, pp. 2208.
Reprinted by permission of Hackett.
Francisco de Vitoria, from On the American Indians, in Political Writings, ed.
Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1991), pp. 233, 23940, 24951, 2778, 27980, 2814, 2856, 2878, and 2902.
Niccol`
o Machiavelli, from The Prince, ed. Quentin Skinner and Russell Price
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), chapters 1, 2, 3 (parts), and 15,
pp. 510, 545.
Niccol`
o Machiavelli, from The Discourses, trans. Leslie J. Walker (London:
Routledge, 1950), Book 1, Chapters 6, 9, 26, and Book 3, Chapter 41 [reprinted

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xi

in The Discourses, ed. Bernard Crick, with revisions by Brian Richardson

(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), pp. 11824, 1314, 1767, and 51415].
Reprinted by permission of Routledge. Originally published by Routledge
and Kegan Paul.
Jean Bodin, from Six Books of the Commonwealth, in On Sovereignty, ed. Julian H.
Franklin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), Book 1, chapter 8
(parts), pp. 12, 45, 78, 11, 1314, and 15. Most editors notes have been omitted.
Cornelius van Bynkershoek, Quaestionum Juris Publici Libri Dui (1737), trans.
Tenney Frank (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930), Book II, Chapter 10 (parts),
pp. 1904. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press.
Friedrich von Gentz, from The True Concept of a Balance of Power (1806),
trans. Patricia M. Sherwood, in Theory and Practice of the Balance of Power,
ed. Moorhead Wright (London: J. M. Dent, 1975), pp. 948. Reprinted by
permission of J. M. Dent.
Thomas Hobbes, from Leviathan, ed. Richard Tuck (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996), chapters 13 and 14, pp. 8692. Hobbes spelling has been
modernized and his marginal headings omitted.
Samuel Pufendorf, from On the Duties of Man and Citizen, ed. James Tully
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), Book 2, chapters 1 and 16,
pp. 11519 and 16872.
Christian Wolff, from Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Petractatum (1748), trans.
Joseph H. Drake (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934), Prolegomena, pp. 919.
Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press. The translators notes
have been omitted.
The Abbe de Saint-Pierre, A Project for Settling an Everlasting Peace in Europe
(171213), from Basic Texts in International Relations, ed. Evan Luard (London:
Macmillan, 1992), pp. 41114. Reprinted by permission of Macmillan Ltd.
Montesquieu, from The Spirit of the Laws, ed. and trans. Anne M. Cohler, Basia
Carolyn Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1989), Part 1, Book 1, chapter 3, pp. 79; Part 2, Book 10, chapters 14,
pp. 1389; Part 5, Book 26, chapters 201, pp. 51415.
Jean Jacques Rousseau, Abstracts and Judgement of Saint-Pierres Project of Peace,
taken from A Lasting Peace through the Federation of Europe and the State of War,
trans. C. E. Vaughan. Reprinted with the permission of Constable & Robinson.
Copyright Constable & Co., London 1917. Reprinted in Rousseau on International Relations, ed. Stanley Hoffman and David P. Fidler (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1991).

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xii

Acknowledgements

Immanuel Kant, selections from Essay on Theory and Practice, Perpetual Peace
(removing all footnotes), and The Metaphysical Elements of Right, in Kants
Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1970), pp. 8992, 93109, 11230, 1645, 1689, 1725.
G. W. F. Hegel, from Elements of the Philosophy of Right, ed. Allen Wood
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 33040, pp. 36671.
John Stuart Mill, from A Few Words on Non-Intervention, in Collected Works of
John Stuart Mill, vol XXI: Essays on Equality, Law and Education (Toronto: University
of Toronto Press, 1984), pp. 37684. Reprinted by permission of Toronto
University Press.
H. von Treitschke, from Politics (Constable, 1916), vol. II, pp. 587620. Reprinted
by permission of Constable & Robinson.
David Ricardo, from On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, in
The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, vol. I, ed. Piero Sraffa (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1951), pp. 1337.
Friedrich List, from The National System of Political Economy (London: Frank
Cass & Co., 1966), pp. 11932. Reprinted by permission of Frank Cass & Co.,
Reprints of Economic Classics.
Rudolf Hilferding, from Finance Capital, ed. Tom Bottomore (London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981), pp. 307, 308, 310, 3215, 3268, 331, 332, 3346.
Reprinted by permission of Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, from The Communist Manifesto, in Marx:
Later Political Writings, ed. Terrell Carver (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1996), pp. 25 and 1718.
Joseph Schumpeter, Imperialism and Social Classes (New York: Augustus M. Kelly
Inc., 1951), pp. 979, 1047, 110, 111, and 12030. Reprinted by permission of
Augustus M. Kelly.
Every effort has been made to secure necessary permissions to reproduce
copyright material in this work, though in some cases it has proved impossible
to trace copyright holders. It would be appreciated if any errors or omissions
could be brought to the attention of the publisher; we will be happy to include
appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting.

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