Experiment No: - 1

Date:

Aim: - To simulate the generation of standard impulse voltage using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Theory:International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has specified that the insulation of
transmission line and other equipments should withstand standard lightning impulse voltage
of wave shape 1.2/50 us and for higher voltages (220 kV and above). It should withstand
standard switching impulse voltage of wave shape 250/2500 s.
In the design or use of impulse voltage generators for research or testing, it is required
to evaluate the time variation of output voltage. The nominal front and tail times and the
voltage efficiency can be varied by circuit parameters. Also, it needs to predict circuit
parameters for producing a given wave shape, with a given source and loading conditions.
The loading can be inductive or capacitive. The wave shapes to be produced may be standard
impulse, steep fronted impulse, short tailed impulse or steep front short tailed impulse.
Studies of transient disturbances on a transmission system have shown that lightning
and switching operations are followed by a travelling wave of a steep wave front. This type
of impulse may result in the breakdown of the insulation system in power equipment.
Generation of impulse voltages in a test laboratory becomes, therefore, one of the standard
techniques for testing the breakdown strength of electrical insulation. In high voltage
engineering, assembling the actual circuit might be very bulky, time consuming and costly,
while for the design, calculation technique could be complicated and may involve a lot of
simplifications.
The analysis, design and practical implementation of impulse voltage generator
without computer simulation is extremely laborious, time consuming and expensive.
Step-by-step modelling of an impulse voltage generator, used for the testing of high
voltage power transmission and distribution equipments, has been carried out and the
performance evaluated from the MATLAB package with its SIMULINK tool box suitable for
dynamic system simulation. The system is first represented by a set of mathematical
equations; the derived equations are modelled with standard blocks available in SIMULINK
and the complete system is then simulated.
Theory of Impulse voltage generator:An impulse generator essentially consists of a capacitor which is charged to the
required voltage and discharged through a circuit. The circuit parameters can be adjusted to
give an impulse voltage of the desired shape. Basic circuit of a single stage impulse generator
is shown in Fig. 1, where the capacitor Cs is charged from a dc source until the spark gap G
breaks down.
The voltage is then impressed upon the object under test of capacitance Cb. The wave
shaping resistors Rd and Re used control the front and tail of the impulse voltage available
across Cb respectively. Overall, the wave shape is determined by the values of the generator
capacitance (Cs) and the load capacitance (Cb), and the wave control resistances Rd and Re.
For a multistage generator, a group of capacitors are charged in parallel and discharged in
series.
The switch over of capacitors from a parallel connection to series connection occurs
automatically when the intermediate spark gap breaks down after the capacitors are charged
to the required potential Vo. The voltage at the generator terminal is v (t) and is equal to n Vo
where n is the number of stages.
Equation for the output voltage is given by


 

V
     

   

Fig 1. Basic circuit of single stage impulse generator

Where V (t) - instantaneous output voltage;
V0- DC charging voltage for the capacitor
, are roots of the characteristics equation, which depend on the parameters of the
generator.
Calculation of different parameters:-

C1:
C2:
R1:
R2:
Maximum Output Voltage:-

Observation:-

Conclusion:-

Problem: a.) An impulse generator has eight stages with each condenser rated for 0.16F and
125KV. The load capacitor available is 1000pF. Find the series and the damping
resistance needed to produce 1.2/50s impulse wave. What is the maximum output of
the generator, if the charging voltage is 120KV?
b.) Derive the expression for tail time and front time?

Experiment No: - 2

Date:

Aim: To simulate the generation of Re-striking Voltage Waveform using MATLABSIMULINK.

Theory:In alternating current circuit breaker, the current interruption takes place invariably at
zero current of the current wave.

Figure:-1 Re-striking Voltage and Recovery voltage Waveform

At a current zero,the arc gets extinguished if the rate of Re-striking voltage between the
contacts is less than the rate of gain of dielectric strength.The voltage appearing between the
breaker contacts at the moment of final current zero has a profound influence on the arc
extinction process.The voltage appearing across the contacts at the instant of current zero is a
transient voltage of higher natural frequency (Re-striking voltage) super imposed on power
frequency system voltage (Recovery voltage).The transient component vanishes after a short
time of the order of the less than a half cycle.After the disappearance of Re-striking
voltage,the normal system voltage is established,Figure 1 illustrates the recovery voltage and
Re-striking voltage.At current zero,the voltage appearing across the contacts is composed of
transient Re-striking voltage and power frequency recovery voltage.
Recovery Voltage and Re-striking voltage: Recovery Voltage is the voltage which appears across the terminals of a pole of a
circuit breaker after the breaking of current.
Re-striking voltage is the recovery voltage during the time in which it has a
significant transient character.
It is the transient voltage that appears across the contacts of the circuit breaker at or
near the zero current instant during arcing period. A high frequency transient voltage appears
across the contacts and is caused by the rapid distribution of energy between the magnetic &
electric field associated with the station & transmission lines of the system at the zero
current. This transient voltage is known as Re-striking voltage.
The recovery voltage pertains to the voltage across the pole immediately after final
arc extinction.Such voltage has a power frequency component plus oscillatory transient
component.oscillatory transient component is due to circuit inductance and capacitance of
the circuit.Power frequency component is due to the system voltage. The transient oscillatory
component subsides after a few micro-seconds and the power frequency component
continues.
Rate of Rise of Re-striking Voltage: -

It is the rate of increase of Re-striking voltage and is abbreviated by R.R.R.V. its unit is kV/m
sec. Consider the figure below showing the opening of circuit breaker under fault conditions.
Before current interruption, the capacitance C is short circuited by the fault and the short
circuit current through the breaker is limited by inductance L of the system.

Figure: -2 circuit diagram representation of circuit breaker under fault condition

The short circuit current will lag the voltage by 90 as shown in figure, where i
represent the short circuit current and ea represents the arc voltage. Under short circuit
condition the entire generator voltage appears across inductance L. When the contacts are
opened and the arc finally extinguishes at some current zero, the generator voltage e is
suddenly applied to the inductance and capacitance in series. This L-C combination forms an
oscillatory circuit produces a transient of frequency; fn= 1/ [2 (LC) 1/2], which appears
across the capacitor and hence across the contacts of the circuit breaker. This transient
voltage is known as Re-striking voltage and may reach an instantaneous peak value twice the
peak phase neutral voltage i.e. 2 Em.

Figure:-3 Re-striking Voltage Waveform

It is R.R.R.V, which decides whether the arc will re-strike. If R.R.R.V is greater than the rate
of rise of dielectric strength between the contacts, the arc will re-strike. The arc will fail to restrike if R.R.R.V is less than the rate of increase of dielectric strength between the contacts of
the breaker. The value of R.R.R.V depends on:
1. Recovery voltage
2. Natural frequency of oscillations

Calculation :-

Conclusion:-

Questions:a.) Compare the operation of a circuit breaker with an ideal switch.

b.) Simulate and observe the current in a circuit when same control signal is given
through
1. Ideal switch
2. Circuit breaker
c.) A 50 Hz,11 Kv,3 phase alternator with earthed neutral has a reactance of 5 Ohms per
phase and is connected to a bus bar through a circuit breaker.The distributed
capacitance upto circuit bearker between phase and neutral in 0.01 uf.Determine (1)
peak Re-striking voltage acroos the contacts of circuit breaker (2) frequency of
oscillations (3) Average rate of rise of Re-striking Voltage upto the first peak.
d.) Derive the expression for RRRV?
a.) In a system of 132 KV, the line to ground capacitance is 0.01 micro F and the
Inductance is 5 H.
Determine the voltage appearing across the pole of a C.B. if a
magnetizing current of 5 amps (instantaneous value) is interrupted.
Ans:

Ans:

Determine the value of resistance to be used across the contact to

eliminate the re-striking voltage.

b.) For a 132 KV system, the reactance and capacitance up to the location of the circuit
breaker is 3 ohms and 0.015 micro F, respectively. calculate the following:
The frequency of transient oscillation.
Ans:
The maximum value of re-striking voltage across the contact of the circuit
breaker.
Ans:

The maximum value of RRRV.

Ans:
c.) In a 220 KV system, the reactance and capacitance up to the location of circuit
breaker is 8 ohms and 0.025 micro F, respectively. A resistance of 600 ohms is
connected across the contacts of the circuit breaker. Determine the following:
Natural frequency of oscillation.
Ans:

Damped frequency of oscillation.

Ans:
Critical value of resistance which will give no transient oscillation
Ans:
The value of resistance which will give damped frequency of oscillation,
one fourth of the natural frequency of oscillation.
Ans:

Experiment No :- 3

Date:

Aim: - (a) To study magnetizing current waveform of a single phase transformer using
SIMULINK.
(b) To study magnetizing current waveform of a single phase transformer.
Apparatus:-

230/230 V (1 kVA) Transformer

Rheostat 50, 5A
Ammeter 0-1A
Voltmeter 0-300 V
Variac 1-

Circuit Diagram:-

Theory:When a transformer primary winding is supplied with an alternating voltage with the
secondary winding open circuited, the current flowing through the primary winding produces
an alternating magnetic field which in turn induces an emf in this winding approximately
equal and opposite to that of the applied voltage. For this emf to be sinusoidal, the flux must
vary sinusoid ally with time. The magnetic flux is produced by the magnetizing current
flowing through the primary. The curve showing the relation between magnetic flux and
magnetizing current is called magnetizing characteristic. The wave shape of the magnetizing
current would be sinusoidal if the magnetization curve for the core material was linear.
However due to non-linear characteristic of the magnetization curve of the wave shape of the
magnetizing current is non sinusoidal.
Procedure:(1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
(2) Apply the rated voltage at the primary.

(3) Note the no load current in ammeter and supply voltage in voltmeter.
(4) Observe and trace the shape of the magnetizing characteristics on the DSO.
Note that the shape of the no-load current is non-sinusoidal.
Observation:Transformer

Volts

Questions:(1) What do you mean by magnetizing inrush current?

(2) Explain the different methods to take care about inrush current?

Amps

Experiment No: -4

Date: -

Aim: - To study transient by applying sudden short circuit to the synchronous machine.
Apparatus: Ammeter 0-2A and 0-1A.
Voltmeter 0-300V
Rheostat 750, 1.5A, and 50, 2A
DPDT switch 2 Nos
TPST switch 2 Nos
Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:(1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

(2) Keep the armature resistance on maximum and field resistance on minimum position.
(3) Keep the generator field resistance on maximum position.
(4) Now switch on the motor supply and cut the motor armature resistance so that motor
will run on its rated speed.
(5) Switch on the generator field supply and reduce the generator field resistance so that
to increase the generator terminal Voltage (approximately 350V).
(6) Set the D.S.O.
(7) Now apply sudden short circuit and observe the waveform on D.S.O.

Observation: -

Conclusion:-

Questions: 1. Explain the transient phenomenon, when sudden short circuit on the terminal of
synchronous generator at no load condition.

Experiment No: - 5

Date:

Aim: To study numerical over-current relay

Apparatus: Kit of illustrating radial feeder
over current Relay
Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2) Enter the value of set current.
3) Enter the T.S.M.
4) If current is higher than set value relay will operate.
5) Note down the reading and repeat for different actual current and TMS.

Observation: A. IDMT
Time of operation =

Sr.
No


 

Set
Current (A)



Fault
Current
(A)

Calculated Relay
Tripping Time(Sec)

TMS=

TMS=

Actual Relay
Tripping Time(Sec)

TMS=

TMS=

B. DMT

Sr.
No

Set Current (A)

PSM=
TMS=
Fault Current (A)

Time(sec)

Graph: - Draw the graph of time of operation (X-axis) versus fault current (y-axis).
Conclusion:-

PSM
(Plug
setting =
)
P.S=

Experiment No: -6

Date: -

Aim: - To study micro controller based under/over voltage relay.

Apparatus: Microcontroller based under/over voltage relay kit.
1- variac.
Potentiometer, 350, 2A
Circuit Diagram: -

Procedure: A. Over Voltage Relay.

1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2) Set the actual value of voltage.
3) Set the value of voltage.
4) Set the value of T.S.M.
5) If actual voltage is higher than the set voltage Relay will trip.
6) Note down the reading and repeat for different actual voltage and TSM.

B. Under Voltage Relay.

1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Set
the actual value of voltage.
2) Set the value of voltage.
Set the value of T.S.M.
3) If actual voltage is lower than the set voltage Relay will trip.
4) Note down the reading and repeat for different actual voltage and TSM
Observation:A. Over Voltage relay
Type:-IDMT
Set Voltage=
Relay Tripping Time (sec)
Sr. No.

Voltage(volts)
TMS=

TMS=

Type:-DMT
Set Voltage=
Set Time=
Sr. No.

Voltage(volts)

Relay Tripping Time (sec)

B. Under Voltage Relay:Type: IDMT

Set Voltage=
Relay Tripping Time (sec)
Sr. No.

Voltage(volts)
TMS=

TMS=

Type:-DMT
Set Voltage=
Set Time=
Sr. No.

Voltage(volts)

Graph: - 1. Over voltage & Under Voltage:

Voltage Vs Time of operation (for IDMT)
Conclusion:-

Relay Tripping Time (sec)

Experiment: -7

Date: -

Aim: - To study numerical earth fault and negative phase sequence relay
Apparatus: Kit of Numerical Protection of Induction motor.
Computer
Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:(1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

(2) Enter the value of set voltage.
(3) Enter the T.S.M.
(4) If Earth faults current higher according to setting value, than set value relay
(5) will operate. Same also negative phase sequence protection.
(6) Note down the reading and repeat for different actual voltage and TSM.

Observation:
Time of operation =


 



A. Earth fault protection

Type:-IDMT
Set Value=
Sr. No.

Input Value

Time of Operation (sec)

TMS=
TMS=

B. Negative phase sequence:Type: DT

Set Value=
Sr. No.

Input Value

Conclusion:-

Time of Operation (sec)

TMS=