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ISSN: 2319-4413
ABSTRACT
The fact that the signature is widely used as a means of
personal identification tool for humans require that the
need for an automatic verification system. Verifwication
can be performed either Offline or Online based on the
application. However human signatures can be handled
as an image and recognized using computer vision and
neural network techniques. With modern computers,
there is need to develop fast algorithms for signature
recognition. There are various approaches to signature
recognition with a lot of scope of research. In this
paper, off-line signature recognition & verification
using back propagation neural network is proposed,
where the signature is captured and presented to the
user in an image format. Signatures are verified based
on features extracted from the signature using Invariant
Central Moment and Modified Zernike moment for its
invariant feature extraction because the signatures are
Hampered by the large amount of variation in size,
translation and rotation and shearing parameter.
Before extracting the features, preprocessing of a
scanned image is necessary to isolate the signature part
and to remove any spurious noise present. The system is
initially trained using a database of 56 persons
signatures obtained from those 56 individuals whose
signatures have to be authenticated by the system. For
each subject a mean signature is obtained integrating
the above features derived from a set of his/her genuine
sample signatures .This signature recognition&
verification system is designed using MATLAB. This
work has been tested and found suitable for its purpose.
INTRODUCTION
Handwritten signature is one of the most widely
accepted personal attributes for identity verification of
the person. The written signature is regarded as the
primary means of identifying the signer of a written
document based on the implicit assumption that a
persons normal signature changes slowly and is very
difficult to erase, alter or forge without detection. The
handwritten signature is one of the ways to authorize
transactions and authenticate the human identity
compared with other electronic identification methods
such as fingerprints scanning and retinal vascular
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1. SIGNATURE DATABASE
For training and testing of the signature recognition and
verification system 675 signatures are used. The
signatures were taken from 56 persons. The templates
of the signature as shown in Fig 2
For training the system 56 persons signatures are used.
Each of these persons signed 8 original signature and
ISSN: 2319-4413
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ISSN: 2319-4413
2. PREPROCESSING
Preprocessing algorithms is nothing but data
conditioning algorithm which provide data for feature
extraction process. It establishes the link between real
world data and recognition & verification system. The
preprocessing of the trajectory of input signature pattern
directly facilitates pattern description and affects the
quality of description. Any image-processing
application suffers from noise like touching line
segments, isolated pixels and smeared images. This
noise may cause severe distortions in the digital image
and hence result in ambiguous features and a
correspondingly poor recognition and verification rate.
The preprocessing step is applied both in training and
testing phases. Background elimination, noise
reduction, width normalization and skeletonization are
the sub steps
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ISSN: 2319-4413
In these equations:
, - pixel coordinates for the normalized signature,
, - pixel coordinates for the original signature,
M- one of the dimensions (width or height) for the
normalized signature
3. FEATURE EXTRACTION
Feature extraction, as defined by Devijver and Kittle
[20] is Extracting the information from the raw data
which is most relevant for classification stage. This
data can be minimized within-class pattern variation
and increases the inter-class variations. Therefore,
achieving a high recognition performance in signature
recognition system is highly influenced by the selection
of efficient feature extraction methods, taking into
consideration the domain of the application and the type
of classifier used [21]. An efficient feature extraction
algorithm should require two characteristics: Invariance
and reconstruct-ability Features [21] that are invariant
to certain transformations on the signature which would
be able to recognize many variations of these
signatures. Such transformations include translation,
scaling, rotation, stretching, skewing and mirroring.
(3)
(5)
The bodys area A and the images center of
i s found from eq. 6.
mass
(4)
(6)
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ISSN: 2319-4413
(8)
Where
K=1+ (u+ v)/2 for u+v2
(10)
Where
is the Length of the vector from the origin to the point
(x, y), is the angle between this vector and the x axis
in the Counterclockwise direction and the radial
is
polynomial
(11)
Where, * is the complex conjugate operator and
x2+y21.
To calculate the Zernike moments for a given image, its
pixels are mapped to the unit circle x2+y21. This is
done by taking the geometrical center of the image as
the origin and then scaling its bounding rectangle into
the unit circle, as shown in Figure 7. Due to the
orthogonality of the Zernike basis, the part of the
original image inside the unit circle can be
approximated using its Zernike moments Anm up to a
given order nmax using
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ISSN: 2319-4413
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ISSN: 2319-4413
REFERENCES
[1] A. Pacut, A Czajka, Recognition of Human
Signatures, pp. 1560-1564, 2001.
[2] Ronny Martens, Luc Claesen, On- Line
Signature Verification by Dynamic TimeWarping, IEEE Proceedings of ICPR'96
1996.
[3] Quen-Zong Wu, I-Chang Jou, and Suh-Yin
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and
CyberneticsPart B: Cybernetics, 27(1):148153, 1997.
[4] Pave1 Mautner, OndrejRohlik, Vaclav
Matousek,
JuergenKempp, Signature
Verification Using ART-2 Neural Network,
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[5] A. Jain, F. Griess, S. Connell, On-line
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2002
[6] W. Nelson, W. Turin, T. Hastie, Statistical
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1994
[7] R. Kashi, J. Hu, W.L. Nelson, W.Turin, A
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[8] E. J. R. Justino, F. Bortolozzi and R.
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[9] B. Zhang, M. Fu and H. Yan (1998 ),
Handwritten Signature Verification based on
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