Physiology of Respiration

During inspiration, the thoracic volume increases because the diaphragm down and costa
lifted due to contraction. M. sternocleidomastoideus lift the sternum and m. serratus, m.
scalenus and m. intercostalis eksternus raised costa.
Because these muscles contract, volume of thoracic enlarged in three directions
anteroposterior, lateral and vertical. Increasing in volume causes a intrapleura pressure drop
(756 mmHg) of about -4 mmHg (relative to atmospheric pressure) to about -8 mmHg when
the lung expands during inspiration. At the same time intrapulmonary pressure drops to -2
mmHg (relative to the atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg) from 0 mmHg at the start of
inspiration. The difference in pressure between intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure
causes air to flow into the lungs until the end of inspiration intrapulmonary pressure is equal
to atmospheric pressure.
air moving in and out of the lungs because there is difference in pressure between the
atmosphere and the alveoli because of mechanical work of the muscles. Thoracic order to
function as a pump. (Gases travel from areas of high pressure to an area of low pressure)
At rest, an adult consumes about 250 ml of oxygen / minute, which could be increased to
more than 4000 mL / min during exercise if he is very healthy.
Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the alveoli until equilibrium is reached hem O 2
pulmonary capillary pressure equivalent to the pressure of alveolar O2.
Each gram of hemoglobin join to 13.4 mL of oxygen, so the hemoglobin concentration of 15
g / dL, the blood contains a maximum of 20 mL / dL oxygen bound to hemoglobin. The
actual number of oxygen bonds also depend on O2 pressure.
Through the aorta - the artery - arterioles (oxygenated blood) and capilaries, O 2 distributed to
tissues in our body. Oxygen enter the tissue through several ways. Some oxygen from the
plasma directly enter the interstitial fluid in the tissues and tissues using O 2 to produce energy
and Most of oxygen through red blood cells (hemoglobin):
HbO2 - disassociated into Hb + O2 and then the oxygen enter the interstitial fluid and the
oxygen can be used for tissue
After using oxygen, The tissue formed CO2 as product and was taken in the blood to the lungs
for expiratory. Approximately 60% of CO 2 in the blood is brought in the form of bicarbonate.
There are some way the tissue transport CO2 to the blood:
- Some of CO2 can just enter the blood (plasma)
- Some of it can react with water (H2O):
ca
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H + + HCO3CA carbonate anhydrase is found in the blood and acts as a catalyst.

Ionization of carbonic acid to bicarbonate and H +

because the red blood cell membrane is not permeable to H + ions so that the ions settled
within the cell. To maintain electrical neutrality, Cl- ions diffuse into the cells to replace
bicarbonate
after CO2 in the blood, the blood that is rich in CO2 taken through venules - veins - vena cava
inferior / superior to the heart and from the heart will be taken by the pulmonary artery to the
lungs and then remove and pass expiration.
expiration is passive movements due to the elasticity of the thoracic wall and the lung. At the
time of the intercostalis externus muscle relaxation, costa down and diaphragm up into the
thoracic cavity which causes the volume decreases. Intercostalis internus muscle can press
down the costa.
abdominal muscles contract so that intra-abdominal pressure enlarges and presses the
diaphragm upwards. Reduction of volume, increases the pressure intrapleura and
intrapulmonary pressure. Intrapulmonary pressure increases to approximately 1-2 mmHg
above atmospheric pressure. Difference between the intrapulmonary pressure and the
atmosphere becomes inverted, so that the air flows out of the lungs until intrapulmonary
pressure and atmospheric pressure to be the same back at the end of expiration.
Intrapleural pressure always under atmospheric pressure during the respiratory cycle.

In-text: (Ward, Ward and Leach, 2011)

Referensi:
Ward, J., Ward, J. and Leach, R. (2011). The Respiratory System at a Glance. Hoboken: John
Wiley & Sons.