SIGMAXendless talk time

ABSTRACT:

demodulated carrier signal. In this paper,

The Cellular revolution has spread to every

we present the technique for implementing

nook and Corner of the world and

the same.

connected distant parts of the globe.

Whether it is for business purpose or for

INTRODUCTION:

personal use, one needs an efficient way of

Cellular telephone technology became

charging the cell phone battery. But most

commercially available in the 1980s.

people probably dont like being tethered

Since then, it has been like a snowball

to the wall, as the battery charge is a prime

rolling downhill, ever increasing in the

constraint

uninterrupted

number of users and the speed at which the

Communication device. Try Thinking of a

technology advances. When the cellular

system where your Cell phone battery

phone was first implemented, it was

being charged while u talk. No more

enormous in size by todays standards.

Worrying about forgetting to charge the

This reason is twofold; the battery had to

battery. Sound Impossible?

be large, and the circuits themselves were

The present discussion is to charge the

large. The circuits of that time used in

mobile while talking over it. This task can

electronic devices were made from off the

be implemented by making use of the

self integrated circuits (IC), meaning that

carrier

the

usually every part of the circuit had its own

demodulation of the received modulating

package. These packages were also very

signal of the mobile to recharge the cellular

large. These large circuit boards required

phone battery without wires.

large amounts of power, which meant

This

in

signal

concept

the

obtained

basically

after

needs

the

bigger batteries.

conversion of AC signal into DC to

This reliance on power was a major

facilitate the battery charging along with

contributor to the reason these phones were

circuitry to raise the voltage level of

so big. Through the years, technology has

allowed the cellular phone to shrink not

CONCEPT OF SELF-CHARGING:

only the size of the ICs, but also the

batteries. New combinations of materials
have made possible the ability to produce
batteries that not only are smaller and last
longer, but also can be recharged easily.
However, as technology has advanced and
made our phones smaller and easier to use,
we still have one of the original problems:
we must plug the phone into the wall in
order to recharge the battery. Most people
accept this as something that will never
change, so they might as well accept it and
carry around either extra batteries with
them, or a charger. You may identify the
significance of the problem from the fact
why

Indian

charging

railways

socket

in

introduced
railway

compartments.
We are being bombarded with energy
waves every second of the day. Radio and
television towers, satellites orbiting earth,
and even the cellular phone antennas are
constantly transmitting energy. In the case
of the cellular phone, this power could be
used to recharge a battery that is constantly
being depleted and enable to user to truly
stay mobile all through.

Basically

mobile

receives

modulating

signal while talking. In receiver part of

mobile, it receives this modulating signal
and

this

will

be

demodulated.

In

demodulation the information signal and

carrier signal will be separated so that we
can use energy of demodulated carrier
signal for charging of battery in mobile.
The basic idea behind this wireless
charging is

that we are using the

demodulated carrier for charging the

battery in cell phone. But actually the
power of the signal is very less in order of
0.75 to 1 watt, as the power is low the
voltage generated by the carrier also very
low. So for charging the mobile it needs
that to be increased and the fact is that the
carrier what we are getting is an ac signal,
we have to convert the ac signal to dc
signal. Then the output energy should be
given to the battery to recharge.

IMPLEMENTATION OF CONCEPT:

the negative half of the wave, the diode is

The

off such that no current is flowing in either

implementation

of

this

concept

consists of two things

direction. Now, the capacitor has voltage

1. Converting AC to DC

built up which is equal to the peak of the

2. Increasing the voltage

AC signal, hence the name. Without the

AC to DC converter rectifies the AC signal

load on the circuit, the voltage would hold

and also elevates the DC level. It is the

indefinitely on the capacitor and look like

foundation of power converters such as the

a DC signal, assuming ideal components.

ones that are used for many electronic

devices today. However, such a low power
level is being used that a circuit this
complex would require more power than is
available, and it would therefore be very
inefficient and possibly not function. In
that case, it is necessary to use a simple
design. The simplest design that can be
used is a peak detector or half wave peak

Figure 2: Output Waveform

rectifier. This circuit requires only a

With the load, however, the output voltage

capacitor and a diode to function. The

decreases during the negative cycle of the

schematic is shown in Figure 1. The

AC input, shown in Figure 2. This figure

explanation of how this circuit works is

shows the voltage decreases exponentially.

quite simple. The AC wave has two halves,

This is due to the RC time constant. The

one positive and one negative.

voltage decreases in relation to the inverse

of the resistance of the load, R, multiplied
by the capacitance C. This circuit produces
a lot of ripple, or noise, on the output DC
of the signal. With more circuitry, that
ripple can be reduced

Figure 1: Peak Detector

On the positive half, the diode turns on and
current flows, charging the capacitor. On

Figure 3: Full Wave Rectifier

There are other topologies for charging the

The next topology presented in Figure 3 is

battery but they will not be covered here.

a full wave rectifier. The previous circuit

The others are more complex and all

only captures the positive cycle of the

involve transformers, like the full-wave

signal; here both halves of the input are

rectifier, and therefore take up more room

than there is real estate for in this
discussion. Instead, the circuit that was
chosen to be used will now be presented.
The charging circuit is made of stages of
voltage doublers. This circuit is called a

Figure 4: Output Waveform

voltage doubler because in theory, the

Captured in the capacitor. From this figure,

voltage that is received on the output is

we see that in the positive half of the cycle,

twice that at the input. The schematic in

D1 is on, D2 is off and charge is stored on

Figure 5 represents one stage of the circuit.

the capacitor. But, during the negative half,

The RF wave is rectified by D2 and C2 in

the diodes are reversed, D2 is on and D1 is

the positive half of the cycle, and then by

off. The capacitor doesnt discharge nearly

D1 and C1 in the negative cycle.

as much as in the previous circuit, so the

But, during the positive half-cycle, the

output has much less noise, as shown in

voltage stored on C1 from the negative

Figure 4. It produces a cleaner DC signal

half-cycle is transferred to C2.

than the half-wave rectifier, but the circuit

itself is much more complicated with the
introduction

of

transformer.

This

essentially rules this topology out for this

research because of the space needed to
implement it.

Figure 5: Voltage Doubler Circuit

Thus, the voltage on C2 is roughly two

connected to a load of RL, the output

times the peak voltage of the RF source

voltage will be given by this equation.

minus the turn-on voltage of the diode,

hence the name voltage doubler. The most
interesting feature of this circuit is that by
connecting these stages in series, we can
essentially

stack

them,

like

stacking

From the above equation, we know that the

batteries to get more voltage at the output.

output voltage Vout is determined by the

One might ask, after the first stage, how

addition of R0/RL and 1/n if V0 is fixed.

can this circuit get more voltage with more

With VO, RO, and RL all constants, we

stages because the output of the stage is

can see from the equation that as n

DC? Well, the answer is that the output is

increases, the increase in output voltage

not exactly DC. It is essentially an AC

will be less each time. At some point, the

voltage gained will be negligible.

FIGURE 6: OUTPUT WAVEFORM

The way to charge the cell phone is to

Signal with a DC offset. This is equivalent

power the phone through its DC input

to saying the DC signal contains noise.

circuitry, and let it charge the battery. The

This can be seen in Figure 6. This is where

power the circuit was able to get from the

the other stages come in. If a second stage

system was enough to charge the battery at

is added on top of the first, the only wave

a rate of 2mV per second.

that the second stage sees is the noise of

This amount of voltage will be developed

the first stage. This noise is then doubled

from the carrier signal by cascading no of

and added to the DC of the first stage.

voltage doubler stages, by this way the

Therefore, the more stages that are added,

input of one stage will be fed to the other

theoretically, more voltage will come from

stage and the final value of voltage will be

the system irregardless of the input.

a multiple of input voltage. So that the

Each independent stage, with its dedicated

sufficient number of voltage doubler stages

voltage doubler circuit, can be seen as a

will be cascaded to get the sufficient

battery with open circuit output voltage

voltage for the charging.

VO and internal resistance RO. When n of

these circuits are put in series and

3. Actual Setup for Wireless Charging:

low it adds as an advantage. Because

slow charging at low current is advisable
for increasing the life of battery.
The diodes used in the multiplier circuit
Figure 7: Block Diagram for Wireless

are not ordinary pn junction diodes.

Charging

Instead we use here schottky diodes

because of its low forward voltage and

4. Sample Circuit with Two Stages:

efficient

high

frequency

switching

characteristics.
Use of amplifiers to enhance the voltage
level is ruled out because of additional
bias voltage requirements.
The output voltage obtained according to
the

above

expression

considering

following input conditions is, input voltage

appx. .75 to 1 v. consider the least case of .
75 v. Output Voltage of First Doubler, VO
=1.5 V Input Power, Po=0.8 W V OUT=
1.5 (1/{R0/RL+1/2}) =1.5 X2 (APPX.) =3
V Because internal resistance R0 will
reduce as number of stages increases .So,
with suitable number of stages this can

5.1 Advantages:
Forget about being tethered to a charging
point.
Get relieved from tension of forgetting
uncharged or extra battery.
Lifetime of battery will increases, as the
number of times we charge the battery
thru electric socket reduces. This also
prevents the blowing of batteries due to
excess charging.

brought to the required level.

5.2 Disadvantages
5. Important Points:
SIGMAXendless talk time

In order to charge the battery mobile user

has to talk. While talking only the required
energy to charge the battery (received

Most mobile phone batteries have a

rating of 3.6v, 650 mAh. So, though the
obtained current from the above circuit is

signal) is obtained. It will not be a best

method for those who are not using the
mobile frequently.

6. Conclusion:
Hereby we elucidate on the concept
strengthening our goal that would have

discussed about being able to charge the

profound ramifications on the cellular

battery while a person talking over his

phone industry and the portable electronic

phone.

device industry as a whole. We have

circuitry in the charging path will allow

Circumventing

the

proprietary

future adaptation of the wireless charging

of mobile.

Submitted by:
V.Amulya,

M.N.Padmini,

09MH1A04A5,

09MH1A0489,

Sri Aditya Engineering College.

Sri Aditya Engineering College.

e-mail: amulya.velagala@gmail.com,

e-mail: padduece2@gmail.com,

ph.no:8019236286.

ph.no:9490890208.