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AHMED MANSOR
Ahmed Mansor
Supervision
Dr.Samar Mohamed
Eng.Ahmed Fathey
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
Thank Everyone add to me something positive in my life
Thank you :
Dr.Samar Mohamed
Eng. Ahmed Fathey
Ahmed Mansor
AHMED MANSOR
ABSTRACT:
This study was competent studied earth dams and species and its history
and the factors influencing them and the other part of a study of the most
important risks that affect earth dams (seepage through earth dams) and
how to calculate the leak and methods of their account and types the
seepage and forms of cost and what are the ways process is treated with
filters.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABSTRACT
NOMENCLATURE
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION TO SEEPAGE THROGH EARTH DAM
1.4 History
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CHAPTER 2
2.METHODS CALCULATION SEEPAGE THROGH EARTH
DAM
2.1 Calculation of seepage through an earth dam
resting on an impervious base
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11
Dupuit`s Solutions
11
12
13
CHAPTER 3
3. ENTRANCE, DISCHARGE, AND TRANSFARE
CONDITIONSOF LINE OF SEEPAGE
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15
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AHMED MANSOR
CHAPTER 4
4.SIMULATE THE PRESSURE ON THE EARTH DAM USING SAP 2000 PROGRAM 17 18
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22
CAHPTER 5
5.DESIGN FILTER TO CONTROLED THE SPAAGE IN EARTH DAM
5.1 Use filter
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25
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7.REFERENCES
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Nomenclature:
Quantity
Units
Name unit
q ( flow )
m\s
Distances
Meter
F (force )
Ton
Moment
t.m
Ton*meter
Grain size
m.m
Mile meter
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO SEEPAGE THROUGH EARTH DAMS
1.1 What the earth dams?
The earthworks to order water and store it or to protect the site during the
implementation of the foundations work. Earth dams made of earth and
therefore different levels of water in front of and behind the dam is causing
leakage of water from the dam through the dam.
AHMED MANSOR
1-4 History
Levees or dikes have protected lands since primitive times and earth
dam have been used for the storage water for human need and
protection for more than 2000 years. In the year 500 B.C (1). An earth
dam containing nearly 20 million cu(2). Yd (3) . Of earth was completed in
Ceylon (Now Sri lanka).
Early dams and levees were constructed simply by heaping earthen
materials across an area to be blocked, human traffic often producing all
the compacting effort. Many of the early efforts were washed out by
overtopping , under seepage , or other destructive forces , but eventually
standards of practice emerged that can be called " rules of thumb "
These practices often had no real basis , except that something had
worked at a number of locations ; hence it might work elsewhere.
Even into the twentieth century dams and levees were being designed
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AHMED MANSOR
The design of such work (earth dam) should not be based upon
mathematical calculations of equilibrium and safe pressure. As in the
case of masonry dam, but upon results found experience. Most of earth
dams constructed within the last century have had a large margin of
safety in resisting the water pressure , both as regards overturning and
sliding , and yet frightful disasters , such as the rapture of the Dale Dyke
and the Johnstown dam . Have resulted from the faults in designing
some details or from neglect in the construction of the work.
From about 1930 to the present time 1988, analytical and experimental
methods have had an increasingly important part in the design and
construction of earthwork. They will continue to play an important role in
the design of dams, but experience will also have a dominant place. As the
weaknesses of modern practices come to light in occasional failures new
standard will emerge. These standards will continue to improve because
they will be based on fundamental principles and broad experience.
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AHMED MANSOR
CHAPTER 2
METHODS TO CALCULATION SPEEPAGE TROUGHT
EARTH DAMS
Dupuit`s Solutions
In figure (2-1) Earth dam in it a, b is phreatic surface or the uppermost
line, Amount of leakage through a unit of length is given Darc law:
Hence;
q=k
(y) (1) = k
(y)
=
qL =
q=
. (2- 1)
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Phreatic line
(2-2)
(2-3)
Where:
H or h1: high upstream water.
He or h2: high downstream water.
L: length the x- axis under phreatic line.
X: length the x- axis.
K: coefficient of permeability.
Shcafferank`s Solutions for 30
In this way is a Phreatic line and a father who goes back tilt at a distance
of 1 and leakage per unit length appointed by using the triangle D C B
As in figure (2-2):
Shcafferank`s Solutions ( a , q ) :
q = Kh
= K (a sin ) (tan )
(2-4)
Where:
q: flow rate.
K: coefficient of permeability.
a: downstream slope distance.
h : high upstream .
a=
( 2-5 )
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AHMED MANSOR
where :
a : downstream slope distance .
L : Horizontal distance on the X axis .
H : high upstream .
Gasagrande`s Solutions for 30
Explain that in practice the curve A B must start from the point A` As
in figure ( 2 -3 ) :
Gasagrande`s Solutions ( a , q )
q = kh
= k a
(2-6)
where:
q : flow rate .
k : Anisotropic .
h : high upstream .
a : downstream slope distance .
a = S0 - S
H2
(2-7)
sin2
where :
a : downstream slope distance .
H : high upstream .
S0 : is length the curve A`CB .
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AHMED MANSOR
CHAPTER 3
ENTRANCE, DISCHARGE, AND TRANSFARE
CONDITIONS OF LINE OF SEEPAGE
3-1 Type of Discharge and Transfer:
When the leakage from the center of a free disposition (high
permeability coefficient) to the center of impermeability few labs called
this Entrance cond.
When the leakage from the center of a few permeability to the center of
great permeability are called this discharge cond.
When the leakage from the center of a few permeability to permeability
less is called transfer.
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h =
(3-1)
(3-2)
But If they permeability coefficient between the X-axis and Y-axis flow
is calculated by the following law:
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AHMED MANSOR
q=h
Where:
h: high of pressure of flow channel.
h: total high of pressure of flow channel.
q: flow through earth dam.
Kx: permeability coefficient for X-axis.
Ky: permeability coefficient for Y-axis.
Fig (3-4) Steps the drawing the Net flow for Earth Dam
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(3-3)
CHAPTER 4
SIMULATE THE PRESSURE ON THE EARTH DAM
USING SAP 2000 PROGRAM
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AHMED MANSOR
Simulate the force that affects the water from upstream the dam to one
ton per meter.
Fig (4-5) Simulate the force that affects the water from upstream the dam to
one ton per meter.
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Fig (4-6) The Bending Moment Diagram from Force one Ton on the Dam
Fig (4-7) The Shear Force Diagram from Force one Ton on the Dam
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AHMED MANSOR
Simulate the force that affects the water from upstream the dam to one
ton per meter in (2\3) of length the Dam Body and from downstream one
ton per meter in (1\3) of length the Dam Body.
Fig (4-8) Simulate the force that affects the water from upstream the dam to one ton
per meter in (2\3) of length the Dam Body and from downstream one ton per meter in
(1\3) of length the Dam Body.
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Case 1
Max B.M.D
17.62
Case 2
Max S.F.D
8.08
Max B.M.D
17.28
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Max S.F.D
7.77
AHMED MANSOR
CHAPTER 5
DESIGN FILTER TO CONTROLED THE SPAAGE IN
EARTH DAM
(5-1) Use of Filter:
Filter uses a process to control the leakage through the earth dam. And
when the flow of water from the soil into the soil soft coarse, it causes
dangerous where the soil is soft soil is coarse. Over time, this process
hinders the blanks in coarse soils. In such a case you must use the filter to
prevent the soils.
4 to 5
(5-1)
5 F
4 to 5
(5-2)
85 S
5 S
Where:
D15 (F): diameter through which 15% of Filter materials will pass.
D15 (S): diameter through which 15% of soil to be protector will pass.
The equations (5-1) and (5-2) Select the size distribution of the soil used
as a Filter.
For example the dam in fig (5-1) Where the size distribution of the
granules is arranged a curve in fig (5-2) then determined the 5D85(s) ,
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AHMED MANSOR
20
(5-3)
25
(5-4)
(5-5)
5 S
5
F
S
5 F
85 S
5 S
(5-6)
85 F
1.2 to 1.4
1.0 to 1.2
25
(5-7)
(5-7)
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AHMED MANSOR
References
R.F Craig (1974) , "Craig`s Soil Mechanics" , Formerly Department of
civil Engineering , University of Dundee UK .
Cedergren, H.R. (1989) Seepage, Drainage and Flow Nets, 3rd end, John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
Harr, M.E. (1962 ) Groundwater and Seepage, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Bishop, A.W. , Alpan , I., Bilght, G.E. and Donald , I.B. (1960) Factors
Controlling the strength of partly saturated cohesive soils, in proceedings
of the ASCE conference on shear strength of cohesive soils, Boulder, CO,
USA, ASCE , New York , pp 503-32 .
Bishop, A.W Green, G.E., Garga, V.K., Andersen, A. and Brown J.D.
(1971) A new ring shear apparatus and its application to the measurement
of residual strength, Geotechnique, 21, 273-328
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