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114
0.61
TR
186.88
Size of Can
From Kents Mechanical Engineers Handbook, p. 11-50:
Size of can = 11 x 22 x 44 in
No. 16
No. 16
Temperature of Brine
From Kents Mechanical Engineers Handbook, p. 11-50, Table 1:
For 11 x 22x 44 in. ice can:
T = 15 F
Time of Freezing
From Kents Mechanical Engineers Handbook, p. 11-50:
Time of freezing may be calculated using the following formula:
2
7a
x=
32t
where:
x = time of freezing, hr
a = thickness of cake, in
t = temperature of brine, F
x=
7(11)2
3215
WH
24 C
where:
N = no. of cans
W = weight of ice, lb
H = freezing time, hr
C = weight of one ice block of ice, lb
N=
(114 x 2000)(50)
24 (300)
Length of Tank
Width of Tank
W = 2Cs + Ncw+ Ci(Nc -1)
Cs = 8
w = 22
W = 2(8) + 16(22) 3(16-1)
W = 413 inches
H = 60.972 in
61 inches
1 hr
3600 s
BTU
hrblock
(50 hours)
x 1600 blocks x
24 hrs
50 hrs
1 TR
x 3.516 kW
Qice = 75.85 TR
Side Walls
Material
Thickne
ss
(inches)
Thermal
Conductivity,
k
BTU
( hrft 2F
Capacitance,
c
BTU
(
)
hrft 2F
Corkboard
Cement mortar
Gypsum lightweight
3
2
-
0.27
5.0
-
3.12
Cover
Flooring
Still air
0.75
5.0
-
1.15
5.0
-
U=
ft 2
1
1 x 1 x2 1
+ + +
fo k 1 k 2 c
1
U=
1
3
2 1
+
+ +
1.65 0.27 5 3.12
U = 0.080401
Qsw = (0.080401
BTU
hrft 2F
BTU
2
hrft F ) (1924
Qfloor = UAt
Af = L x W x 2 tanks
Af = 723 x 413 x 2
Af = 4147.208
ft 2
ft 2 ) (80.6 15)F
1.65
U=
k
x
U=
5
8
U = 0.6
BTU
2
hrft F
BTU
hrft 2F ) (4147.208
Qfloor = (0.6
ft 2
(80.6 15)F
Qcover = UAt
Acover = Afloor = 4147.208
ft 2
1
U=
1 x
+
fo k
1
U=
1 0.75
+
1.65 1.15
U = 0.7948
Qcover = (0.7948
BTU
hrft 2F
BTU
hrft 2F
) (4147.208
ft
)(80.6 15)F
BTU
hr
1.055 kJ
1 BTU
1 hr
3600 s
1 TR
3.516 kW
Qinsulation = 32.474 TR
For other heat loads and non-computable loads, add 15% of total
load.
Qtotal = 1.15(108.324 TR)
Qtotal = 124.5726 TR
130 TR
(satisfied)
Product
Beef
Hams
and Loins
Lamb
Poultry
(fresh)
30 32
84%
27
98
Specifc
Heat
Above
Freezing
,
(BTU/lbhr-F)
0.75
28 30
80%
27
86.5
0.68
0.38
28 30
85%
29
83.5
0.67
0.30
28 30
84%
27
106
0.79
0.37
Temperatu
re Range,
F
Optimu
m
Freezing
Relative Temperatur
Humidit
e, F
y
Latent
Heat of
Fusion,
BTU/lbhr
Specifc
Heat
Below
Freezing
,
(BTU/lbhr-F)
0.40
Beef:
m = 4000 lb
QB = m [ cpAFt + LHF + cpBF ]
QB = 4000 [ 0.75(59 27) + 98 + 0.4(27 0) ]
QB = 531200 BTU/hr
Lamb:
m = 4000 lb
QL = m [ cpAFt + LHF + cpBF ]
QL = 4000 [ 0.67(59 29) + 83.5 + 0.3(29 0) ]
QL = 449200 BTU/hr
Poultry (Fresh):
m = 4000 lb
QP = m [ cpAFt + LHF + cpBF ]
QP = 4000 [ 0.79(59 -27) + 106 + 0.37(27 0) ]
QP = 565080 BTU/hr
Product Load
Qproduct = QB + QHL + QL + QP
Qproduct = 531200 + 474080 + 449200 + 565080
Qproduct = 2019560 BTU/hr
108 ft
700 lb
9 ft 2
700 lb
For easy handling of storing meat products, the height of pile of meat
is halved and the floor space is doubled (same volume of space
required).
Therefore:
Height of pile of meat = 6 ft
Floor space = 411.43 ft2
1500
Designed insulations:
From Kents Mechanical Engineers Handbook:
Material
Side Walls
Flooring
Brick (common)
Corkboard
Concrete
(cinder
aggregate)
Gypsum plaster
Concrete
(cinder
aggregate)
Thickne
ss,
(inches)
Thermal
Conductivity, k
BTU
( hrft 2F
Capacitance, c
BTU
(
)
hrft 2F
8
4
4.8
0.32
1.5
4.9
4.9
4.4
-
Ceiling
Still air
Outside air
Corkboard
Concrete
(cinder
aggregate)
Corkboard
Still air
Outside air
0.32
4.9
6
-
0.32
-
1.65
6.0
U=
1
1 x 1 x2 1 1
+ + + +
fo k 1 k 2 c fi
1
U=
1 8
4
1
1
+
+
+
+
6 4.8 0.32 4.4 1.65
U = 0.06463
BTU
2
hrft F
BTU
2
hrft 2F ) (1920 ft ) ( 94.1 0)F
Qfloor = UAt
Afloor = L x W
Afloor = 50 x 30
Afloor = 1500 ft2
U=
1
x1 x 2 1
+ +
k 1 k 2 fi
U=
1
3
5
1
+
+
4.9 0.32 1.65
U = 0.05937
Qfloor = (0.05937
BTU
hrft 2F
BTU
2
hrft 2F ) (1500 ft ) (94.1 0)F
Qceiling = UAt
Aceiling = Afloor = 1500 ft2
U=
1
1 x 1 x2 1
+ + +
fo k 1 k 2 fi
1
U=
1
6
4
1
+
+
+
6 0.32 4.9 1.65
U = 0.049166
BTU
hrft 2F
Qceiling = (0.049166
BTU
2
2
hrft F ) (1500 ft ) (94.1 0)F
(PtPvm)( DB WB)
1546.6221.44(WB )
Pv = 3.8046 -
(101.3253.8046)(34.528.1)
1546.6221.44(28.1)
Pv = 3.3902 kPa
wo =
0.622 Pv
Pt Pv
wo =
0.622(3.3902)
101.3253.3902
wo = 0.02153 kg/kg
ho = 1.0062t + whfg
ho = 1.0062 (34.5) + 0.02153(2564.4)
ho = 89.925 kJ/kg = 38.656 BTU/lb
Pv
Psat
RH =
0.80 =
Pv
0.12807
Pv = 0.10245 kPa
For W:
From Kents Mechanical Engineers Handbook, p. 11-48:
1
(
W = V v)
V = volume of air per hour of ventilated air
V = volume of room x air change rate
For warehouses:
ACR = 2 to 3 hr-1
(ASHRAE)
v = specifc volume of air specifed either outside space or as
supplied space
v=
0.287085(17.778+ 273)
101.3250.10245
1 BTU
1.055 kJ
[assumed]
3600 s
1 hr
Heat Load
12000
24 hr
x hr
x = hours of operation
x = 16 for a system operating above 32 F
x = 20 for a system operating below 32 F
Tons =
2407920.324
12000
Tons = 240.729 TR
Refrigerating Unit
24 hr
20 hr
245 TR
Condenser
40 C
Evaporator 2
130 TR
5 F
Evaporator 1
245 TR
-10 F
h2 = 1480 kJ/kg
h3 = hg @ -15 C
h3 = 1443.9 kJ/kg
h4 = h @ 1557 kPa and s3 = s4
h4 = 1742 kJ/kg
h5 = h6 = hf @ 40 C
h5 = h6 = 390.587 kJ/kg
h7 = h8 = hf @ -15 C
h7 = h8 = 131.2745 kJ/kg
245 x 3.516
h 1h 8
m1 =
245 x 3.516
1432.58131.2745
m1 = m2 = m7 = m8 = 0.662 kg/s
m6 =
130 x 3.516
h 3h 6
m6 =
130 x 3.516
1443.9390.587
m6 = 0.4339 kg/s
mh6
m2h2
m7h7
mh6 + m2h2 = mh3 + m7h7
m(390.587) + 0.662(1480) = m(1443.9) + 0.622(131.2745)
m = 0.8477 kg/s
Compressor Power
For Low Stage Power
P = m1 (h2 h1)
P = 0.662(1480 1437.23)
P = 31.39 kW
3.3 to 22 m/s
Suction Lines:
38 to 250 m/s
Discharge Lines:
55 to 275 m/s
Suction Lines
At point 1
V1 = m1v1
m1 = 0.662 kg/s
v1 = vg @ -23.33 C
v1 = 0.7168 m3/kg
V1 = 0.662(0.7168)
V1 = 0.4745 m3/s
For d = 3 in.:
V = Av
0.4745 =
v = 104 m/s
(3 x
1
39.37
)2 (v)
At point 3
V3 = m3v3
m3 = 1.2816 kg/s
v3 = vg @ -15 C
v3 = 0.508013 m3/kg
V3 = 1.2816(0.508013)
V3 = 0.651 m3/s
For d = 3 in.:
V = Av
0.651 =
(3 x
1
39.37
v = 142.75 m/s
)2 (v)
Discharge Lines
At point 2
V2 = m2v2
m2 = 0.662 kg/s
v2 = v @ 237.09 kPa and s1 = s2
v2 = 0.56 m3/kg
V2 = 0.662(0.56)
V2 = 0.3707 m3/s
For d = 2 in:
V = Av
0.3707 =
v = 117 m/s
(2 x
1
39.37
)2 (v)
At point 4
V4 = m4v4
m4 = 1.2816 kg/s
v4 = v @ 1557 kPa and s3 = s4
v4 = 0.13 m3/kg
V4 = 1.2816(0.13)
V4 = 0.165 m3/s
For d = 1 in:
V = Av
0.165 =
(1 x
v = 144.72 m/s
1
39.37
)2 (v)
Liquid Lines
At point 5
V5 = m5v5
m5 = 1.2816 kg/s
v5 = vf @ 40 C
v5 = 0.0017257 m3/kg
V5 = 1.2816(0.0017257)
V5 = 0.002212 m3/s
For d = in:
V = Av
0.002212 =
v = 17.46 m/s
( x
1
39.37
At point 7
V7 = m7v7
m7 = 0.662 kg/s
v7 = vf @ -15 C
v7 = 0.0015185 m3/kg
V7 = 0.662(0.0015185)
V7 = 0.0009445 m3/s
For d = 3/8 in:
V = Av
)2 (v)
0.0009445 =
(3/8 x
v = 13.26 m/s
1
39.37
)2 (v)
Condenser
Based from Stoecker and Jones Refrigeration and Air Conditioning:
Designed Values for Condenser
Temperature at condenser = 40 C
Common temperature of water in and out the cooling
tower:
Temperature entering the condenser = 85 F
or 29.44 C
Temperature leaving the condenser = 95 F or
35 C
Nominal Size of Pipe = 1 in. Schedule 40
Outside Diameter = 1.9 in or 0.04826 m
Inside Diameter = 1.61 in or 0.040894
Thickness = 0.145 in or 0.003683
Tubes per pass = 14
No. of Tubes = 112 tubes
Condensing Coefficient
hcond = 0.725 (
g 2 hfg k 3
tND
)1/4
For Ammonia at 40 C
1
1.7257
= 0.000122 Pa-s
k = 0.447 W/m-K
Average number of tubes in a vertical row, N
N=
384
48
N=8
hcond = 0.725 (
Resistance of Metal
R=
x Ao
kA m
x = 0.003683
ksteel = 50 W/m-K
x Ao
kA m
x Ao
kA m
(0.00383)(0.04826)
(50)(0.044577)
Fouling Factor
1
hff
= 0.000176 m2-K/W
0.023(
VD
)
0.8
cp
0.4
k )
Qr
Cp t
)1/4
1731.97
4.187(3529.444)
mw =
mw = 74.458 kg/s
V=
74.458
1000
V = 0.07446 m3/s
Water velocity
v=
Volume
( no .of tubes per pass ) ( Area)
v=
0.07446
2
96[ ( 0.040894 ) ]
4
v = 0.5905 m/s
= 995 kg/m3
cp = 4190 J/kg-K
= 0.000773 Pa-s
k = 0.617 W/m-K
hw =
0.8
(4190)(0.000773)
]0.4
0.617
hw = 2644.97 W/m2-K
1
ho
x Ao
kA m
Ao
hff A i
A0
hi A i
1
Uo
1
764.5443
+ (8.6335 x10-5) +
(0.000176)(1.9)
1.61
1.9
2644.97 (1.61)
Uo = 461.688 W/m2-K
LMTD =
t max
t min
ln
t max t min
LMTD =
4029.44
4035
ln
( 4029.44 )(4035)
LMTD = 7.437 C
Qr
U o LMTD
Ao =
1731.97 x 1000
461.688(7.437)
Ao = 504.421 m2
Length of Tube
Ao = DLN
L=
504.421
(0.04826)(384)
L = 8.66 m
Fans
Fan Capacity
Based from Macintires Handbook of Mechanical Refrigeration,
p. 535
Fan capacity ranges from 6 to 10 times the volume of the
refrigerated space per hour.
For 10 times the volume of cold storage:
Fan Capacity = 10 (30 x 50 x 12)
Fan Capacity = 180000 ft3/hr or 1.42 m3/s
Power Required
P = QTDH
For a supply air temperature of -10 C:
Since at very low temperatures, the value of Pv is
relatively small,
v=
0.287085(10+ 273)
101.325
v = 0.745 m3/kg
Then,
=
g
v
9.81
0.745
= 13.165 N/m3
P = 13.165(1.42)(15)
P = 280.15 W
Assume 50% efficiency of fan.
Power = 560.3 W
Brine Pumps
Designed Temperature of Brine
From Macintires Handbook of Mechanical Refrigeration, a 5
degree temperature difference between the evaporator
temperature and the brine temperature is needed.
Evaporator Temperature = 5 F
Temperature at tank entrance = 10 F
Temperature at tank exit = 15 F
Mass Flow of Brine
From Kents Mechanical Engineers Handbook, p.11-52
Mass Flow of Brine = 242.4 lb/min per F rise of brine
temperature
mb = 242.4 (15 10)
mb = 1212 lb/min