Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
J.N. Schulze: "Management is the force which leads, guides and directs an
organisation in the accomplishment of a pre-determined object".
Ordway Tead: "Management is the process and agency which directs and guides
the operations of an organisation in realising of established aims".
Keith and Gubellini: "Management is the force that integrates men and physical
plant into an effective operating unit".
b)
Selection deals with a wide pool of candidates while Recruitment deals with only
applicants
c)
Both can be used interchangeably
d)
Recruitment means acquiring talent while Selection means sourcing talent
e)
Recruitment is more of Art while selection is more of Science
Recruitment means sourcing talent from all available sources while Selection means
acquiring talent from applicants.
2.A good leader plays a key role in defining organizational culture which in
turn highly depends on values of diverse workforce. Managing diversity
becomes a key challenge for any organization. Which one amongst below
options is not important for diversity management?
a)
Acknowledging and recognizing people's differences
b)
Preventing discrimination by being inclusive
c)
Providing a platform which takes care of individual needs of employees
d)
Applying one size fits all principle while recruiting employees
e)
Self-awareness in understanding own culture
Solution : d
3. Managing diversity in recruitment requires a customized approach based on the
needs and behavior of the person to be hired. One size fits all approach doesn't apply
here.
Which of the following situation is not apt for Oral communication?
a)
Illiterate audience
b)
Large gathering
c)
Immediate Feedback
d)
Motivating audience
e)
All are apt
Correct Choice : e
Solution :All the situations given are actually apt for Oral communication and written
communication obviously becomes problematic with illiterate audience. Even
feedback requires time if carried out via written method. Audience can be motivated
in a better way through speeches than written communication.
Correct Choice : d
Solution : Semantic is related to the language. Premature evaluation is more related to
human psycology and falls under psychological or emotional barrier.
Human Resource
describe managing cross functional, cross business group and other forms of working
that cross the traditional vertical business units.
In matrix organization structure the complexity increases because of dual authority.
Inefficiency and miscommunication leads to slower processes and prolonged decisionmaking.
4. Low Hygiene + Low Motivation: This is the worst situation where employees are not
motivated and have many complaints.
COMMUNICATION
High context and Low context culture
Culture has no value in itself, rather it is used as a measuring rod for other articles
(not for itself). Only a part of first statement is true. Rest all statements are true about
culture
1.What is not true with regards to High context cultures?
a)
Groups are preferred for working and learning
b)
More popular in eastern countries than western countries
c)
Focus less on rules and structures
d)
Flat organizational structures and decentralized control
e)
All of the above are true
Correct Choice : d
Solution : High context culture follows hierarchical and centralized structure because it
follows traditional line of command (generally prevalent in eastern countries). Groups
are preferred for working and learning and there's less focus on rules and structures. It
is more popular in eastern countries than western countries.
2. When you are doing business with low-context cultures, like Germany and
US, you should keep in mind
A. Clear messaging
B. Tight Schedules
C. Using intuition in making decisions
D. Using limited sources to gain knowledge
a)
A, B
b)
A, B, D
c)
B, C, D
d)
C, D
e)
A, C, D
Correct Choice : b
Solution : In low context culture, there is lesser emphasis on intuition and feelings and
more on logic-based decision making. Rest all is true for low-context culture.
Identify the true statement
a)
Bureaucratic procedures for hiring and promotion in low context culture
b)
Employee loyalty is more in high-context cultures
c)
Stable organizations and lower employee turnover in low context culture
d)
Recent performances are basis of pay in high context culture
e)
Lower investment in training and development in high context culture
Correct Choice : b
Solution : Low context is performance driven and gender-neutral culture. Hence,
power and position is determined majorly by performance. In low-context culture,
flexibility is more and the culture is very dynamic, thereby falsifying options a and c.
In high-context cultures, Overall performance, stability, employee loyalty and focus on
employee's personal development is more.
Shannon and Weaver model was around telephones. It involved a sender,
channel and receiver. They identified three levels of problems with
communication. Which of the following is not among the three?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Correct Choice : c
Solution : The Shannon - Weaver model of communication refers to an integrated
model of the concepts of information source, message, transmitter, signal, channel,
noise, receiver, information destination, probability of error, encoding, decoding,
information rate, channel capacity, etc.
The Shannon and Weaver model was one of the first models of communication. The
accuracy and precision were essential for the model. It never factored in unequal
power relations.
Cross-cultural communication
Hofstede developed a framework for cross-cultural communication and how
culture effects the workplace. His study focuses on 6 major dimensions.
Individualism versus collectivism, Power Distance, Masculinity versus
femininity, Long-term versus short-term orientation and Uncertainty
avoidance and indulgence versus restraint. This theory gives an understanding
of different cultures and how to behave with people of different cultures.
Individualism relates to interpersonal connections among people and how much they
share the responsibility and credits with others. High individualistic countries focus on
individual credentials and performance and not on group performance.
Power distance relates to hierarchy in equality in society. Low power distance
cultures focus on formalized structures for employee selection so that everyone gets a
fair chance
Long-term orientation relates to pragmatism and sustenance. It focuses on future,
stability and strong company culture, frequent pay adjustments cannot be expected in
such a culture.
of Performance Management,
what is
a)
Gap between mean performance and actual performance
b)
Gap between ideal output level and mean output level
c)
Gap between actual performance and desired performance
d)
Gap between top performance and mean performance
e)
Gap between the boss and his subordinates
Correct Choice : c
Solution : Performance management is a process by which managers and employees
work together to plan, monitor and review an employee's work objectives and overall
contribution to the organization. A performance gap is the measurement of the
difference between the present status in a business operation and its ultimate goal of
performance. With the eventual goal of eliminating the gap, analyzers often compare
productive employees with unproductive ones and the business as a whole with other
similar businesses. The goal of the Organizational Development is to reduce the gap
between the actuals and the desired.
2. The management process involves setting of goals, planning and controlling and
leading the execution of processes/projects. The following are the steps in
Management Process in correct order.
a)
Planning, Staffing and Organizing
b)
Planning, Organizing and Staffing
c)
Organizing, Staffing and Planning
d)
Organizing, Planning and Staffing
e)
Staffing, Planning and Organizing
Correct Choice : b
Solution : Different experts have classified functions of management. According to
George & Jerry, "There are four fundamental functions of management i.e. planning,
organizing, actuating and controlling".
According to Henry Fayol, "To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to
command, & to control". Whereas Luther Gullick has given a keyword 'POSDCORB'
where P stands for Planning, O for Organizing, S for Staffing, D for Directing, Co for Coordination, R for reporting & B for Budgeting. But the most widely accepted are
functions of management given by KOONTZ and O'DONNEL i.e. Planning, Organizing,
Staffing, Directing and Controlling.
12. Planning, is to set the goals, evaluate the alternatives and selecting the best,
followed by Organizing, which define the functions, hierarchy, relationships. Staffing,
is then for development of the Human Resources
Which of the following is true about HRD (Human Resource Development)?
a)
Human Resources are treated as expenses to the company
b)
HRD is to be a carried out when the company starts making profit
c)
The objective of HRD is to cultivate an organization where shareholders come
first
d)
HRD involves management development, quality circles and other techniques.
e)
It is impossible to justify the benefits of HRD from monetary point of view.
Correct Choice : d
Solution : Human Resources are treated as the assets to the company under HRD
concept, HRD is a continuous process and in HRD people (employees) come first.
Therefore only (iv) is true. Last option is not true, though it is difficult, but not
ROLES OF MANAGER
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL
1. There are three main methods of collecting the data for Performance
Appraisal
i) Objective production
ii) Personnel method
iii) Judgmental evaluation.
Performance Management
Correct Choice : e
Solution : All the above mentioned statements are true for performance management
process. The process is continuous, needs employees and managers to work together
for setting goals and discussion, covers all jobs while being specific to one at a time
and needs well-define job descriptions so that the performances can be assessed
effectively
When you are introducing a new Performance Management System in your
organization, you:
a. Need to communicate the purpose of PMS to employees before its implementation
b. Need to communicate the steps in PMS to employees before its implementation
c. Review your PMS periodically and make adjustments
a)
A&B
b)
B&C
c)
A&C
d)
Only C
e)
A, B and C
Correct Choice : e
Solution : For implementing a new PMS employee support and awareness is important.
Also, you need to assess the effectiveness of system time to time
Match the following (Steps in Performance Management Cycle)
a. Plan
b. Monitor
c. Review and Evaluate
i. Identifying and agreeing upon expectations, agreeing on monitoring and
measurement of results
ii. Documenting challenges encountered and identifying unknown barriers
iii. Taking corrective actions, continuous coaching and feedback
a)
A-i, B-ii, C-iii
b)
A-i, B-iii, C-ii
c)
A-ii, B-iii, C-i
d)
A-ii, B-i, C-ii
e)
None of these
Correct Choice : b
Solution : Planning reviews the job description, relates it to organization goals and
how the performance will be measured against it. Monitoring relates to assessing
performance and providing continuous feedback. Review and Evaluation relates to
summarize and highlight the employee's performances, challenges faced.
Career Planning
Correct Choice : c
Solution : Career planning is the process by which a person (with/without the help of
his organization) selects the career path for himself. Organizations now a days take
Career Planning seriously and try to assist their employees in the same so as to keep
the directions aligned. It is continuous process and not necessary during appraisal. It
starts with identification of needs and aspirations of the employees and then later the
opportunities part come. Hence only (i) is true.
LEADERSHIP
0. Which of the below mentioned options best define a leader?
a)
A leader has a group of people working for him and he is able to effectively
delegate the work to his subordinates
b)
A leader has a charisma and he is followed by the people who work with him
c)
A good leader's job is to plan, organize and control of activities for completion of
the required tasks
d)
A good leader is happy with the status quo, proper structure and systems in
place
e)
A Leader and Manager performs almost same functions with only minute
differences between the two
Correct Choice : b
Solution : A leader is inspiring and motivating who takes people along with himself,
rather than controlling them. He is followed by the people who work with him
1. Which of the following is not a type of leadership given by Max Weber?
a)
Charismatic
b)
Participative
c)
Traditional
d)
Legal-rational
e)
Both 1 and 2
Solution : b
Max Weber distinguished three ideal types of legitimate political leadership,
domination and authority.
1. Charismatic authority: It grows out of the personal charm or the strength of an
individual personality.
2. Traditional authority: In this, the legitimacy of the authority comes from tradition or
custom.
3. Legal authority: In this, an individual or institution exerts power by virtue of the
legal office that they hold.
c)
Hierarchy
d)
Career Path
e)
All are advantages
Correct Choice : c
Solution : A functional organization is a common type of organizational structure in
which the organization is divided into smaller groups based on specialized functional
areas. Functional Organization is best for smaller companies or those that focus on a
single product or service. Hierarchy is disadvantage of functional organization
systems because it is not well-defined in this case.
17. Which is not the primary outcome of Human Resource Development
(HRD)?
a)
Learning
b)
Performance Growth
c)
Organizational Development
d)
Succession Planning
e)
Employee Development
Correct Choice : d
Solution : HRD focuses on learning which leads to performance improvement and
organizational development. It does not result in succession planning.
18. Job Analysis deals with collecting information related to job
responsibilities in order to develop job descriptions. Job Analysis can be
performed through a. Observation
b. Questionnaires
c. Interviews
a)
A& B
b)
B& C
c)
Only C
d)
Only B
e)
A, B and C
Correct Choice : e
Solution : Job Analysis can be done by all the 3 techniques. Observation method is
used to observe employees' behavior and performance. Responses of employees and
managers to Questionnaires can be used for job analysis as well. Interview method
lets employer exactly know about employee's feelings for his job and responsibilities.
Match the following:
A. Skills
B. Competencies
C. Abilities
i. Quality of being able to do something
ii. Defines requirement for job success and differentiates star performers with others
iii. A learned behavior to perform predetermined tasks
a)
A- I, b- II, C- III
b)
A- III, B- II, C-I
c)
A-II, B- I- C-III
d)
A-III, B- I, C-II
e)
A-II, B-III, C-I
Skills are always learnt, abilities are inherent qualities and competencies
define job requirements.
Match the following leadership styles with the scenarios:
a. Visionary
b. Affiliative
c. Democratic
d. Coaching
i. Focus on individual's performance improvement and connecting them with
organization goals
ii. Organization's direction depends upon the wisdom of group
iii. Team network is important thereby harmony, communication and trust are
emphasized
iv. Setting new direction for organization and making people move towards it
a)
A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
b)
A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
c)
A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
d)
A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
e)
A- II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Choice :
c
Solution : Visionary leader gives direction to the organization. Affiliative leadership
style promotes harmony and communication in group. Democratic leader focuses on
team wisdom and Coaching is emphasized individual development
According to Barnard, organizations are not long-lived because they do not meet the
two criteria necessary for survival: effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness, is
defined the usual way: as being able to accomplish stated goals. In contrast, Barnard's
meaning of organizational efficiency differed substantially from the conventional use
of the word. He defined efficiency of an organization as the degree to which that
organization is able to satisfy the motives of the individuals. If an organization
satisfies the motives of its members while attaining its explicit goals, cooperation
among its members will last.
The functions of staff agencies do not include
i. Coordination
ii. Planning
iii. Execution
iv. Supervision
v. Housekeeping
a)
i, ii and iii
b)
iii and v
c)
ii, iii and iv
d)
ii, iv and v
e)
ii and iv
Solution : b
Staff agencies perform functions such as coordination, planning and supervision while
the actual execution is done by the line agencies and the common housekeeping is
under the auxiliary agencies.
Luther Gulick identified four bases of organisation which are called four P's
of Gulick. Which of the following are the 'four P's of Gulick'?
i. Purpose
ii. Planning
iii. Process
iv. Persons
v. Place
vi. Project
a)
i, ii, iii, iv
b)
i, ii, iv, vi
c)
ii, iii, iv, vi
d)
i, iii, iv, v
e)
ii, iii, v, vi
Correct Choice : d
Solution : Luther Gulick identified four bases on which different departments are
created. These are: Purpose, Process, Persons and Place. These bases are called four
Ps of Gulick.
These are described as under:
Purpose: The functions and goals of the organization can be a criterion for creating
departments in any organization. Co-ordination becomes quite easy in such type of
departments. However there may be some disadvantages also in such a classification.
These are: problems faced during division of work, lack of opportunities various
specialists etc.
Process or Skills: Processes or skills involved in the functioning of the department
can be other criterion for creating departments. All the works involving same
knowledge, skills and processes may be grouped together and can form a
department. Such department can undertake activities which are required by other
departments as well. Hence it saves time and energy of other departments also to do
the similar kinds of things
Persons or Clientele: Departments may also be created according to the clientele
served by them. The major advantage of such types of departments is that the
personnel working in such departments acquire skills in dealing with particular
clientele. The major disadvantage of such departments is the overlapping and
duplication in their functioning.
Place or Territory: It is one of the most important bases of departmentalization. All
the functions created in an area are clubbed together. This is helpful in intensive
development of the area and promotes area specialization as well as the coordination.
22. Complex projects require a series of activities, some of which must be
performed sequentially and others that can be performed in parallel with other
activities. This collection of series and parallel tasks can be modelled as a network.
Program Management and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path
Method (CPM) are two popular statistical tools used by the business entities for the
management of the project. CPM is different from PERT in a way that the former cost
based while the latter is time-based.
Which of the following statements about PERT and CPM is not true?
a)
PERT is set according to events while CPM is aligned towards activities.
b)
A deterministic model is used in CPM while PERT uses probabilistic model.
c)
There are three times estimates in PERT i.e. optimistic time, most likely
time, pessimistic time. On the other hand, there is only one estimate in CPM.
d)
PERT technique is best suited for a high precision time estimate, whereas
CPM is appropriate for a reasonable time estimate.
e)
All the above statements are true
Solution :
d)
Emphasis on developing intellectual capital to emphasis on developing
employee skills
e)
Small teams delivering training to large teams delivering training
Correct Choice : a
Solution : HRD has undergone evolution from training to self-owned learning. Rest all
are opposite with respect to HRD.
Which of these is not a sub-system of integrated Human Resource
Development?
a)
Feedback and counselling
b)
Compensation
c)
Career Planning
d)
Potential Appraisal
e)
All of the above are parts of HRD
Solution : b
Compensation does not focus on individual or organisation learning. It is a part of
human resource management but not human resource development.
Which of the options is not true about Line Managers?
a)
Line managers' task is to micromanage their employees to create an
engaged workforce
b)
Line managers implement performance appraisal processes
c)
Line managers have a significant role to play in Performance related pay
d)
In smaller businesses, employee management is carried out by line
mangers only
e)
Line managers have a day-to-day business in implementing HR initiatives
and policies
Solution : a
Line managers play a crucial role in employee engagement. If they micromanage their
workforce, it will result in a disengaged workforce. Rest all statements are true about
line managers.
Which of these statements is false?
a)
Annual financial results and accomplishments can be best recognized by lumpsum bonus
b)
For every additional skill acquired, base pay increase in consistence to
incremental contribution of these skills is a good approach
c)
With additional responsibilities, base salary increase is better than benefits/ pay
for performance
d)
For special projects undertaken, lump-sum bonus will be a good idea
e)
All are true
Solution : e
Pay for performance/bonus is a good option for one-time projects (annual projects) or
special projects. Base salary increase is to reward achievements to make employees
feel more valuable. Hence if an employee acquires a new skill or is given additional
responsibilities, base salary should be increased.
COMPETANCY
A competency is an underlying characteristic for performing any given task or activity.
It covers both inherent and acquired traits viz. Knowledge, Attitude, Skill, Behaviours,
Traits, Values etc. Competency Mapping is a process of assessing and evaluating one's
strengths in required fields through analysing combination of strengths. Competency
Map also analyses areas in which an individual needs more training. In short, it is a
process to identify core competencies for a job or an organization and incorporating
them throughout various processes of organization. There are several methods for
analysing person's fitment to the job on the basis of competency mapping, yet it is
considered to be a difficult task.
1. Identify correct sequence of steps for competency mappingA. Develop job description
B. Identify competencies where individual needs training
C. Conduct Job Analysis
D. Map the competencies and evaluate the performance
a)
A-C-B-D
b)
A-B-C-D
c)
C-A-D-B
d)
C-B-A-D
e)
B-C-A-D
Solution : c For competency mapping, first job analysis is done on incumbents and
then its results are used to develop competency-based job description. After writing
job description, competency mapping can be done and then respective competencies
can be used for performance assessment. We can then use the results to identify
areas where individual needs training.
Hence the right order is CADB
2. Which of these is not a method for competency mapping under
Assessment centre?
a)
Role Play
b)
In Basket
c)
Group Discussion
d)
Case Study
e)
Critical Incident Method
Correct Choice : e
Solution : Critical Incident method is a separate technique for Competency mapping
which forms its basis from behaviour of individual in particular events. It does not
come under Assessment Centre.
3.Which is the incorrect option for Interview technique of competency
mapping?
a)
Critical areas around which the interview will revolve, must be identified
and told to the interviewee
b)
Establishing rapport with interviewee
c)
Asking leading questions
d)
Avoiding complex questions in beginning
e)
Discussion with the interviewee over areas of agreement and
disagreement
Correct Choice : c
Solution Leading questions are those which prompts interviewee to make desired
answer. They should always be avoided in an interview because they lead to biasness
and misrepresentation of information.
4. Which of the statements is not true about employee benefits?
a)
It is not a viable incentive to induce behaviour changes
b)
They have more intrinsic value than extrinsic
c)
Benefits are major part of compensation package in addition to fixed salary
especially at lower levels
d)
Perquisites are executive benefits which are given and hence are mainly given
on organization level
e)
All of the above are true
Correct Choice : e
Solution : Benefits are independent of performance and mostly deal with those needs
for which employer would otherwise have to pay from his pocket. Hence, they are not
related to performance improvement. Also, Fixed Salary and Benefits are major
components at lower levels in almost every organization. At CEO level, other factors
are included too. Perquisites are given to executive employees. They typically include
Company car, financial planning, executive retirement benefits etc.
impact on:
a)
Motivation
b)
Governance
c)
Span of control
d)
Both a & b
e)
Both b & c
Correct Choice : c
Solution : MIS enables management to have better control over operations and has
changed the idea of span of control due to the information revolution in recent times.
Performance objectives
targets for the same. Rest all are potential challenges for defining performance-based
objectives.
Match the following
a. Analyze worst and best performance events
b. Comprehensive feedback on employee's performance
c. Emphasis on tangible and measurable goals
d. Measure employee performance on multiple parameters
i. Numerical Rating Scale
ii. 360 degree feedback
iii. Critical Incident
iv. Management by Objective (MBO)
a)
a-iii, b-ii, c-iv, d-i
b)
a-iii, b-iv, c-iii, d-ii
c)
a-i, b-ii, c-iv, d-iii
d)
a-i, b-iii, c-iv, d-iii
e)
a-iv, b-ii, c-iii, d-i
choice-a
Solution : Critical incident method relates to performance in specific incident, 360
degree is a comprehensive feedback from all shareholders and stakeholders (including
customers, subordinates and peers). Numerical Rating Scale is widely used for
measuring employee performance on various factors while MBO focuses on tangible
goals and outcomes.