AMA144-150-157 Formula Sheet

These results may be quoted without proof unless proofs are asked for in the questions.

Trigonometry

Hyperbolic Functions

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

sinh x = 21 (ex ex )

1 + tan2 x = sec2 x

cosh x = 21 (ex + ex )

1 + cot2 x = cosec2 x

tanh x =

sinh x
cosh x
cosh x
coth x =
sinh x
1
sechx =
cosh x

2 sin2 x = 1 cos 2x
2 cos2 x = 1 + cos 2x
2 sin x cos x = sin 2x
cos(x y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y

cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1

sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y

2 cosh2 x = 1 + cosh 2x

tan(x y) =

tan x tan y
1 tan x tan y

2 sinh2 x = cosh 2x 1
2 sinh x cosh x = sinh 2x

a cos x + b sin x = R cos (x )

where R = a2 + b2 ,
cos =

a
R

and

sin =

sech2 x = 1 tanh2 x

sinh1 x = ln(x + x2 + 1) , all x

cosh1 x = ln(x + x2 1) , x 1

1+x
1
1
tanh x = ln
, |x| < 1
2
1x

b
R

2 cos x cos y = cos(x + y) + cos(x y)

2 sin x sin y = cos(x y) cos(x + y)
2 sin x cos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x y)
1 tan2 (x/2)
cos x =
1 + tan2 (x/2)
sin x =

2 tan(x/2)
1 + tan2 (x/2)

tan x =

2 tan(x/2)
1 tan2 (x/2)

Differentiation
Function

Derivative

Function

Derivative

sin x

cos x

cos x

sin x

tan x

sec2 x

cot x

cosec2 x

sin1 x

cos1 x

tan1 x
sinh x
tanh x
sinh1 x
tanh1 x
coth1 x

1
, |x| < 1
1 x2
1
1 + x2

cot1 x

cosh x
1
cosh2 x
1

2
x +1
1
, |x| < 1
1 x2
1
, |x| > 1
1 x2

cosh x

sinh x

coth x

cosh1 x

1
, |x| < 1
1 x2
1

1 + x2
1
sinh2 x
1

, |x| > 1
2
x 1

Integration
In the following table the constants of integration have been omitted.
R
R
R
R
R
R
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

xn+1
x dx =
n+1
n

e dx = e

Z
(n 6= 1)
R

sin x dx = cos x

sec2 x dx = tan x

sinh x dx = cosh x

sech2 x dx = tanh x
dx
x

= sin1
a
a2 x2

Z
(|x| < a)

dx
= ln |x|
x
ax
a dx =
ln a
x

(a > 0, a 6= 1)

cos x dx = sin x
cosec2 x dx = cot x
cosh x dx = sinh x
cosech2 x dx = coth x
dx
1
1 x
=
tan
a2 + x2
a
a

Z
dx
dx
x
1 x

= sinh
= cosh1
a
a
x2 a2
x2 + a2

a + x
dx
1
(= tanh1 x if |x| < a)

=
ln
2
2
a x
2a
a x
a
x
or ln (cosecx cot x)
cosecx dx = ln tan
2
x
sec x dx = ln tan
+
or ln (sec x + tan x)
2 4
x
cosechx dx = ln tanh
2

(|x| > a)

Integration by parts
Z
Z
0
f (x) g (x) dx = f (x) g(x) f 0 (x) g(x) dx

Newton-Leibnitz formula
Z b
b

0
If F (x) = f (x), then
f (x) dx = F (b) F (a) = F (x)

Variable substitution in definite integral

If x = (t) is a monotonic function in the interval [, ] and a = (), b = (), then
Z b
Z
f (x) dx =
f ((t)) 0 (t) dt
a

Variable substitution for a rational function of sin x and cos x

Let t = tan

x
2

then sin x =

2t
,
1+t2

cos x =

1t2
1+t2

and

dx
dt

2
.
1+t2

Area of planar figure

The area of a planar figure bounded by the graph of a continuous positive function f (x),
the x-axis, and the ordinates x = a and x = b is
Z b
S=
f (x) dx
a

Volume of solid of revolution

The volume of a solid of revolution, obtained by rotation of a planar figure bounded by
the graph of a continuous positive function f (x), the x-axis, and the ordinates x = a and
x = b through a complete revolution around the x-axis, is
Z b
V =
f 2 (x) dx
a