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TETTEX INFORMATION N 50
Measuring ratio on power transformers at higher voltages
Page 2 / 12
Table of Content
Foreword.............................................................3
Analytical Explanation.......................................4
Measurement examples from the field............6
Field measurement 1 .........................................6
Field measurement 2 .........................................7
Field measurement 3 .........................................8
Field measurement 4 .........................................9
Instrument used .................................................9
Conclusions ..................................................... 10
References ....................................................... 10
Notes ................................................................ 11
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TETTEX INFORMATION N 50
Measuring ratio on power transformers at higher voltages
Page 3 / 12
Foreword
Higher voltages as 10 kV or 12
kV doesnt provide better
results, as capacitive probes or
dividers have to be added to
the test circuit, introducing an additional
measuring error of 0.5% or even higher,
which ends in a not accurate measurement
(standards fix a limit of 0.5% maximum
error).
To the uninitiated, the tertiary winding is a
simple case of a multi-winding transformer
and also referred to as the third winding.
TETTEX INFORMATION N 50
Measuring ratio on power transformers at higher voltages
Page 4 / 12
Analytical Explanation
Why higher test voltage is needed for
accurately measuring the voltage/turns ratio
of a large transformer is analytically
explained hereafter. In the derivation that
follows, consider the case of a three winding
transformer with a delta connected tertiary.
Figure below shows a simplified two
21
12
1
1.
2.
3.
Eq. 1
High voltage
winding
Middle winding
Tertiary or third
winding
1 = 1 + 21 + 12
2 = 2 + 12 + 21
V1 = R1 I 1 + N 1
d 1
d 12
+ N1
dt
dt
TETTEX INFORMATION N 50
Measuring ratio on power transformers at higher voltages
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V2 = R2 I 2 + N 2
d 2
d 21
+ N2
dt
dt
TETTEX INFORMATION N 50
Tables 1 to 3, below shows the results obtained during voltage ratio testing of
large three-winding transformers.
During real
measurements the
influence of
different test
voltages (40 V up
to 250 V) on the
measured ratio
value was
investigated.
Field measurement 1
Ratio measurement on 400/225/31,5 500 MVA transformer YN auto d11.
Voltage ratio measured between 400/225 kV winding, tap 10 (Design ratio
7.3300)
Instrument
used
TTR 2796
TTR 2796
TTR 2796
TTR 2796
TTR 2796
TTR 2796
0.35%
Phase
Phase U
Phase U
Phase V
Phase V
Phase W
Phase W
Test
voltage
250 V
100 V
250 V
100 V
250 V
100 V
Ratio
7.3417
7.3539
7.3383
7.3495
7.339
7.3477
0.27%
0.24%
0.25%
0.20%
Error (%)
0.16%
0.33%
0.11%
0.27%
0.12%
0.24%
0.33%
0.30%
Ratio Error
Real
measurements
0.16%
0.15%
0.11%
0.12%
0.10%
0.05%
0.00%
Phase U
Phase V
Phase W
250 V
TETTEX INFORMATION N 50
Field measurement 2
Worst case!
On this
measurement, the
ratio test was
performed
between the HV
and the tertiary
winding on an
extreme large
power transformer
Instrument
used
Phase
TTR 2796
Phase U
TTR 2796
Phase U
TTR 2796
Phase V
TTR 2796
Phase V
TTR 2796
Phase W
TTR 2796
Phase W
0.30%
Ratio
11.144
11.161
11.142
11.156
11.142
11.152
0.23%
0.20%
0.20%
0.15%
Error (%)
0.13%
0.28%
0.11%
0.23%
0.11%
0.20%
0.28%
0.25%
Ratio Error
Test
voltage
250 V
100 V
250 V
100 V
250 V
100 V
0.13%
0.11%
0.11%
0.10%
0.05%
0.00%
Phase U
Phase U
Phase and test Voltage
100V
Phase V
250V
TETTEX INFORMATION N 50
Field measurement 3
Ratio measurement on 464/100/30, 350 MVA transformer. Voltage ratio
measured between 464/30 kV windings, nominal tap
Attention!
Instrument
used
TTR 2796
TTR 2796
TTR 2796
Measuring at 25 V
results on value
outside the
standard limits
Phase
Phase U
Phase U
Phase U
Test
voltage
25 V
100 V
250 V
Ratio
9.0064
8.9719
8.9529
Error (%)
0.859%
0.473%
0.260%
0.090
0.080
0.070
RatioError
0.060
0.050
0.5%accuracylimit
0.040
0.030
0.020
0.010
25V
100V
250V
Testvoltage
Using test voltages bellow 100 V, the measured ratio value is outside
the + 0.5% tolerance limit specified in the IEC standard
TETTEX INFORMATION N 50
Field measurement 4
Ratio measurement on a 49/169 kV, 12.5 MVA transformer. Voltage ratio
measured between 464/30 kV winding, nominal tap phase U
Instrument
used
TTR 2796
TTR 2796
TTR 2796
Best results
Phase
U
U
U
Test voltage
25 V
100 V
250 V
Ratio
2.90210
2.90043
2.89943
Error (%)
0.0933%
0.0367%
0.0067%
0.0030
0.00269
0.0025
Ratio Error
0.0020
0.0015
0.00103
0.0010
0.0005
0.00003
25V
100V
250V
Testvoltage
Instrument used
Experience acquired from the above described field studies formed the
basis for the development of the TTR 2796, Which combines mobility and
user friendly handling with unmatched accuracy of up to 0.03%.
The higher Test voltage of 250 V together with the high precision assures
authentic results especially on large power transformers. Advanced analysis
features like trending allow the user to detect problems in an early stage.
The automatic winding connection identification feature aids to find the
correct transformer configuration. With the optional arbitrary phase shift
software also special transformers with irregular vector groups can be
measured.
For additional technical information about this instrument, download the
leaflet from
www.haefely.com
or contact
sales@tettex.com
TETTEX INFORMATION N 50
Conclusions
Field results clearly show that at higher test voltages, the accuracy of ratio
measurement is greatly increased and measured values are closer to the
design values. This supports the analytical conclusion that at higher test
voltage, the flux coupling between the tested and measured windings is
correctly captured and reflected in the measured results.
A closer look at field measurement 3 reveals that the ratio measurement
error at 25 V is 0.859%, at 100 V it is 0.473% and at 250 V it is 0.26%. This is
an example case of a transformer erroneously disqualified as having a ratio
fault, while in reality it did not meet the IEC tolerance limit of + 0.5%, for
want of adequate test voltage.
Field measurement 4 represents a case of ratio measurement of a 12.5 MVA
two-winding transformer and even for this case, the ratio measurement
accuracy is vastly improved from 0.0933% at 25 V to 0.0067% at 250 V. In
simple terms, this means that ratio measurements at 250 V will almost
always lead to a better accuracy than at lower voltages.
Note
References
1. IEEE C57.12.00, clause 9 (2000); General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed
Distribution, Power and Regulating Transformers.
2. IEC 60076-1, clause 9 (2000); Power Transformers Part I: General.
R. Kuppuswamy
Haefely Test AG, Tettex Instruments Division
Basel, Switzerland
TETTEX INFORMATION N 50
Notes
TETTEX INFORMATION N 50
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