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PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
INTRODUCTION
3rd September2016

Presentationby
PROF.DULALGOLDAR,Ph.D.,FORMERDIRECTOR,
DELHICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING(DTU)

EugeneFREYSSINET(Photograph)Morethananyotherpersonitwastherelentlesspioneeringefforts
ofthiscourageousFrenchengineer builderwhoconvertedtheconceptofprestressing intoapractical
reality

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ForceFittedMetalBands

WoodenBarrelusedasStorageTank

ForceFittedMetalBands

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HoopCompression
AllAround

MetalBand

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MetalTyre

ShrinkFit
M t lT
MetalTyre

Hoop
CompressionAll
Around

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BASICCONCEPTOFPRESTRESSING
Prestressing concreteisbasicallyconcreteinwhich
internalstressesofasuitablemagnitudeand
distributionareintroducedsothatthestresses
resultingfromexternalloadsarecounteractedtoa
desireddegree.Inconcretemembers,the
g
,
prestress iscommonlyintroducedbytensioning
thesteelreinforcement.

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Thetensilestrengthofplainconcrete
isonlyafractionofitscompressive
strengthandtheproblemofitbeing
deficientintensilestrengthappearsto
havebeendrivingfactorinthe
developmentofcompositematerial
knownasreinforcedconcrete.

Thedevelopmentofearlycracksinreinforcedconcretedueto
incompatibilityinstrainsofsteelandconcretewasperhapsthe
startingpointindevelopmentofnewmateriallikeprestressed
concrete.
Theapplicationofpermanentcompressivestresstomateriallike
concrete,whichisstrongincompressionbutweekintension,
increasestheapparenttensilestrengthofthatmaterial,because
thesubsequentapplicationoftensilestressmustfirstnullifythe
compressiveprestress.
p
p
In1904,Freyssinet attemptedtointroducepermanentlyacting
forcesinconcretetoresisttheelasticforcedevelopedunderloads
andthisideawaslaterdevelopedunderthenameprestressing.

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HISTORICALDEVELOPMENT

Thepresentstateofdevelopmentinthefieldofprestressed
concreteisduetothecontinuousresearchdonebyengineersand
scientistsinthefieldduringthelast100yrs.
In1886,Jackson ofSanFracisco appliedforpatentforconstruction
of artificial stone and concrete pa ements in hich prestress was
ofartificialstoneandconcretepavements,inwhichprestress
as
introducedbytensioningthereinforcingrodssetinsleeves.
Dohring ofGermanymanufacturedslabsandsmallbeamsin1988,
usingembeddedtensionedwiresinconcretetoavoidcracks.

Theideaofprestressing fo counteractthestressduetoloadswasfirst
putforwardbyAustrianengineer Mandle in1896.

M.Koenen,ofGermany,furtherdevelopedthesubjectbyreporting,in
190
1907,onthelossesofprestress
h l
f
d
duetoelasticshorteningofconcrete.
l i h
i
f

Theimportanceoflossesofprestressing duetoshrinkageofconcrete
wasfirstrecognosed bySteiner inU.S.Aaround1908.

In1923,Emperger ofViennadevelopedamethodformakingwire
boundreinforcedconcretepipesbybindinghigh tensilesteelwireson
pipesatstressrangingfrom160to800N/mm2.

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Theuseofunbonded tendonswasfirstdemonstratedby
Dischinger,in1928,intheconstructionofamajorbridgeof
thedeep girdertype,inwhichprestressing wireswere
placedinsidethegirderwithoutanybond.Lossesof
prestress werecompensatedbythesubsequentre
tensioningofthewires.
Basedontheexhaustivestudiesofpropertiesofconcrete
and steel, Freyssinet demonstrated,in1928,theadvantage
andsteel,Freyssinet
demonstrated, in 1928, the advantage
ofusinghigh strengthsteelandconcretetoaccountfor
thevariouslossesofprestress duetocreepandshrinkage
ofconcrete. Freyssinet contributedduring1928to1933.

Theuseofprestressed concretespreadrapidlyfrom1935
onwardsandmanylong spanbridgeswereconstructed
between1945and1950inEuropeandUSA.
Duringthelast30yrs prestressed concretehasbeen
widelyusedforconstructionoflong spanbridges,
industrialshellroof,marinestructures,transmissionpoles,
railwaysleepersandahostofotherstructures.
InthewordsofGuyon:Thereisprobablynostructural
problemtowhichprestress cannotprovideasolution,and
oftenarevolutionaryone.Prestress ismorethana
technique;itisageneralprinciple.

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NEEDFORHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELANDCONCRETE
Thesignificantobservationswhichresultedfromthepioneeringresearchon
prestressed concretewere:
1. Necessityofusinghigh strengthsteelandconcrete
2. Recognitionoflossesduetovariouscauses.
Theearlyattemptstousemildsteelinprestrees concretewerenotsuccessful,asa
workingstressof120to140N/mm2 inmildsteelismoreorlesscompletelylostdueto
elasticdeformation,creepandshrinkageofconcrete.
Thenormallossofstressinsteelisgenerallyabout100to240N/mm2 anditisapparent
thatifthislossofstressistobesmallportionoftheinitialstress,thestressinsteelin
theinitialstagesmustbeveryhighabout1200to2000N/mm2.Thesehighstressranges
arepossibleonlywiththeuseofhigh strengthsteel.

High strengthconcrete necessarydueto

1.Highresistance inTension,Shear,BondandBearing
2.AnchorageZone
.Anchorage one bearing
bearingstressveryhigh
stress very high High
Highstrength
strength
concreteminimisecost.
3.LessliabletoShrinkageCracks
4.HigherModulusofElasticity andsmallerUltimateCreepStrain
5.ResultsinReduction intheCross section
6 Reduction in Dead weight
6.ReductioninDead
weight Longerspanstechnicallyand
Longer spans technically and
Economicallypracticable

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(a)ResponseofPlainConcreteduetoUniaxialTension

(b)ResponseofReinforcedConcretedueUniaxialTension

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(c)ResponseofPrestressed ConcreteduetoUniaxialTension

PrestressingbyPostTensioning

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TERMINOLOGY
AsperIndianStandardCode ofPractice
Tendon:Astretchedelementusedinconcretememberofstructuretoimpartprestress to
concrete.Generally,high tensilesteelwires,bars,cablesorstrandsareusedinTendon.
Anchorage:Adevicegenerallyusedtoenablethetendontoimpartandmaintainprestress in
theconcrete.Thecommonlyusedabchorages Freyssinet,Magnel Blaton,Gifford Udall,
Leonhard Baur,Lee MaCall,Dywidag,RoeblingandBBRVsystems
Pretensioning:Amethodofprestressing concreteinwhichthetendonsaretensionedbefore
concrete is placed In this method the prestress isimpartedtoconcretebybond
concreteisplaced.Inthismethod,theprestress
is imparted to concrete bybond betweeb
steelandconcrete.
Posttensioning:Amethodofprestressing concretebytensioningthetendonsagainst
hardenedconcrete.Inthismethodtheprestress isimpartedtoconcretebybearing

BondedPrestressed Concrete:Concreteinwhichprestress isimpartedtoconcrete

throughbondbetweenthetendonsandsurroundingconcrete.
Non bondedPrestressed Concrete:Amethodofconstructioninwhichthetendons
arenotbondedtothesurroundingconcretemembersortheymaybeplacedin
ducts formed in the concrete members or they may be placed out side the concrete
ductsformedintheconcretemembersortheymaybeplacedoutsidetheconcrete
section.
Full prestressing:Prestressed concreteinwhichtensilestressinthemembersare
entirelyobviatedatworkingloadsbyhavingsufficientlyhighstressinmembers.
Limitedorpartialprestressing:Thedegreeofprestress
p
p
g
g
p
appliedtoconcreteinwhich
pp
tensilestressestoalimiteddegreearepermittedtoconcreteunderworkingloads.
Inthiscase,inadditiontotensionedsteel,aconsiderableportionofuntensioned
reinforcementisgenerallyusedtolimitthewidthofcracksdevelopedunderservice
loads.

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Moderateprestressing:Inthistype,nolimitisimposeduponthemagnitudeoftensile
stressesatworkingloads.AccordingtoLeonhardt,thisformofconstructionisnotreally
prestressed concretebutistoberegardedasreinforcedconcretewithreducedcracking
andthesectionsshouldbeanalysedaccordingtorulesofreinforcedconcrete,asacaseof
bendingcombinedwithaxialforce
Nondistorsional prestressing:Inhistype,thecombinedeffectofthedegreeofprestress
anddead weightstressesissuchthatthedeflectionoftheaxisofthememberis
prevented.Insuchcases,themomentsduetoprestress anddead weightexactlybalance
resultingonlyinanaxialforceinthemember.
Uniaxial,biaxialandtriaxial
U
i i l bi i l d i i l prestressing:Thistermrefertothecaseswhereconcreteis
i
Thi
f
h
h
i
prestressed (i)inonlyonedirection,(ii)intwomutuallyperpendiculardirectionsand(iii)
inthreemutuallyperpendiculardirections

Circularprestressing:Thetermreferstoprestressing inroundmembers,suchastanksand
pipes.
Transfer:Thestagexorresponding tothetransferofprestress toconcrete.Forpretensioned
members,transfertakesplaceatthereleaseofprestress fromthebulkheads;forpost
,
p
p
gp
tensionedmembers,ittakesplaceaftercompletionofthetensioningprocess
Supplementaryoruntensionedreinforcement:Reinforcementinprestressed membersnot
tensionedwithrespecttosurroundingconcretebeforetheapplicationofloads.Theseare
generallyusedinpartiallyprestressed members.
Transmissionlength:Thelengthofbondanchorageofprestressing wirefromtheendofapre
tensionedmembertothepointoffullsteelstress.
CreepinConcrete:Progressiveincreaseintheinelasticdeformationofconcreteunder
sustainedstresscomponent.

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Shrinkageofconcrete:Contractionofconcreteondrying
Relaxationinsteel:Decreaseofstressinsteelatconstantstrain.
Proofstress:Thetensilestressinsteelwhichproducesaresidualstrainof0.2per
cent of original length on un loading.
centoforiginallengthonun
loading
Creepcoefficient:Theratiooftotalcreepstraintoelasticstraininconcrete
Capcable:Ashortcurvedtendonarrangedattheinteriorsupportsofacontinuous
beam.Theanchorsareinthecompressionzone,whilethecurvedportionisinthe
tensile zone
tensilezone.
Degreeofprestressing:Ameasureofmagnitudeofprestressing forcerelatedto
resultantstressoccurringinthestructuralmemberatworkingload.
Debonding:Preventionofbondbetweenthesteelwireandthesurrounding
concrete

ADVANTAGESOFPRESTRESSEDCONCRETE
1.Greattechnicaladvantagesw.r.tRCC&Steel
2.Fullyprestressed concrete(freefromtensilestressforworkingload)cross section
moreeffectivelyutilisedw.r.tRCC(crackedunderworkingload)
3.ApermanentDLcounteractedbyincreasingeccentricityofPr.Force savingof
materials.
4.ImprovedresistancetoSFduetoeffectivecomp.prestress reducesprincipaltensile
stress
5.Curvedcableforlongspanmembers reducestheSFatsupport.
6.FlexurememberstifferunderworkingloadsthanRCCforsamedepth.Butonsetof
crackflexurebehaviourofPr.Stressed memberissaneasRCC
7 Hi h t
7.Highstrengthconcrete&steel
th
t & t l resultslighter&slendermemberthanRCC
lt li ht & l d
b th RCC
8.Twostructuralfeatures HSC&freedomfromcrack contributedurability
9.PSCimprovesenergyabsorptionunderimpactload.
10.ResistrepeatedworkingloadbetterinPSCthanRCC
11.Economyforlong spanPSCforprecastmember10mto30mforfloors,roofs,piles
and100mforcastinsituthanRCCorsteel

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12.PSCresiliencecompletelyrecoveringfromoverloadingwith
seriousdamage.
13.Leonhardt inPSCtemporarycracksduetooverloadingcloseup
completelyonunloading
14 Fatigue strength better than other materials good for dynamically
14.Fatiguestrengthbetterthanothermaterialsgoodfordynamically
loded
Structureslikebridgesandm/cfoundation.
15.Useofconcretetensionzone extrasavingsof15to30percent
16.Savingsinsteelevenhigher,60to80percentduetohigh
permissiblestress
Withhigh tensilewires.
17.OveralleconomyinPSCduetoDLreductionandlessfoundation
cost

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