REF

CALCULATION
Example 1: Design of Flexural/Bending Member
Floor of a building comprises series of timber flooring system with thickness 20mm
arranged and nailed on series of timber joist. The spacing between joists is 500 mm. The
timber joists supported by main beam with distance 2500mm to each other. The main
beam is bolted to column with span 4000mm. Determine the suitable size of beam and
joist used to accommodate all the loads if the timber used is from SG3 (standard, dry).
Design data given are as below:
Live load
Dead load
Selfweight of floor

= 3.5 kN/m2
= 0.4 kN/m2
= 0.5 kN/m2

Solution:
1.0 Main Beam
Try beam size (named size) 100mm275mm
Step 1: Geometrical Properties
Beam dimension
Named size, b (breadth)
h (depth)
Dressed size, b (breadth)
h (depth)

= 100mm
= 275mm
= 90mm
= 265mm


(90 265 )


Second moment of area,
 =  12 =
12 = 135.57 10 

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION
Step 2: Loading
Loadings acted on the main beam are reaction for the joists, which are points load at 0.5m
spacing. The spacing can be consider as closely spaced thus to simplified the design
calculation, the points load can equally presented as uniformly distributed load
w= beam distance (dead load+imposed load)
= 2.5m((0.4+0.5)+3.5)kN/m2 = 11 kN/m
Design Span, Le= 4000mm (center-to-center of the column and simply supported
at the column)
Step 3: Check for lateral stability
Both beam-ends are held in position using bolts and the top of the beam is hold by the
joists. From Table 7 the permissible maximum depth to breadth ratio is 5
depth/breadth = 265/90 = 2.94<5
Therefore lateral stability is adequate.
Step 4: Shear Stress
Maximum shear force, V= wL/2 = (114)/2 = 22 kN
Maximum shear stress, qs= 3V/2A= (322103 N)/(290265) = 1.38 N/mm2
Shear modification factor for flexural member (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.1 (load sharing system)
Notch at end, K4= 1.0 (no notch at end)
Grade stress for shear, qg= 1.61 N/mm2 (Shear parallel to grain)
Permissible shear stress, qp

= qg K1 K2 K4
= 1.61 N/mm21.01.11.0
= 1.77 N/mm2

Shear stress, qs=1.38 N/mm2 < permissible shear stress, qp= 1.77 N/mm2. Therefore shear
stress is adequate.
Step 5: Bending stress, fs
Maximum bending moment, M=wL2/8 = (1142)/8 = 22 kNm
Section modulus, Z=bh2/6= (902652)/6= 1.05106mm3
Bending stress, fs=M/Z= 22106 Nmm/1.05106mm3 = 20.95 N/mm2
Bending modification factors (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.1 (load sharing system)
Form factor, K5= 1.0 (rectangular section)
Depth factor, K6= 1.0 (depth <300mm)

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION
2

Grade stress for bending, fg= 15.9 N/mm (Bending parallel to grain)
Permissible bending stress, fp = fg K1 K2 K5 K6
= 15.9 N/mm21.01.11.01.0
= 17.49 N/mm2
Bending stress, fs=20.95 N/mm2> Permissible bending stress, fp= 17.49 N/mm2. Therefore
bending stress is not adequate. Increase the timber size or use timber from SG1 or SG2.
Step 6: Deflection
For load sharing system, use Emean= 14300 N/mm2
Deflection due to bending where w is total of dead load and imposed load in Newton (N)
unit,

5 
5(11 10 4)(4000)
 =
=
= 18.9 
384!

384(14300)(135.57 10 )
Deflection due to shear
" =

#$%
1.2 22 10
=
= 1.2 
&'
(14300 16)(90 265)

where
F= shape factor depending on cross section (1.2 for solid rectangular or square)
Mo= bending moment at mid span (in this case Mo= Mmax as the loading is UDL)
G= modulus of rigidity (E/16)
A= Cross section area
Total deflection due to bending and shear, t= b+s= 18.9mm+1.2mm = 20.1 mm
Permissible deflection, p= 0.003Le= 0.003(4000) = 12 mm
Total deflection, t= 20.1 mm > permissible deflection, p= 12 mm. Deflection is not ok.
Step 7: Bearing stress
No need to check as the beam connected to the column using bolts.

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION

OUTPUT

2.0 Timber joist

The joists are fulfilling the requirement for load sharing system where the number of
member is more than 4 and the distance between joist is 500 mm less than 610 mm. The
flooring system is assumed distributing the loading to sideways on the joist.Assume the
joist is simply supported on the main beam

45mm

100mm

Try joist size (named size) 50mm125mm

Step 1: Geometrical Properties
Beam dimension
Named size, b (breadth)
h (depth)
Dressed size, b (breadth)
h (depth)

= 50mm
= 125mm
= 45mm
= 115mm


(45 115 )


Second moment of area,
 =  12 =
12 = 5.7 10 

Step 2: Loading
Loadings acted on the main beam are reaction for the joists, which are points load at 0.5m
spacing. The spacing can be consider as closely spaced thus to simplified the design
calculation, the points load can equally presented as uniformly distributed load
w= joist distance (dead load+imposed load)
= 0.5m((0.4+0.5)+3.5)kN/m2 = 2.2 kN/m
Design Span, Le= 2500mm (from the surface of the beam to another beam)

REF

CALCULATION
Step 3: Check for lateral stability
Both beam-ends are held in position using steel bracket and the top of the joist is hold by
timber flooring system. From Table 7 the permissible maximum depth to breadth ratio is 5
depth/breadth = 115/45 = 2.56<5
Therefore lateral stability is adequate.
Step 4: Shear Stress
Maximum shear force, V= wL/2 = (2.22.5)/2 = 2.75 kN
Maximum shear stress, qs= 3V/2A= (32.75103 N)/(245115) = 0.80 N/mm2
Shear modification factor for flexural member (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.1 (load sharing system)
Shear at notched end, K4= 1.0 (no notch at end)
Grade stress for shear, qg= 1.61 N/mm2 (Shear parallel to grain)
Permissible bending stress, qp = qg K1 K2 K4
= 1.61 N/mm21.01.11.0
= 1.77 N/mm2
Shear stress, qs=0.8 N/mm2 < permissible shear stress, qp= 1.77 N/mm2. Therefore shear
stress is adequate.
Step 5: Bending stress, fs
Maximum bending moment, M=wL2/8 = (2.22.52)/8 = 1.72 kNm
Section modulus, Z=bh2/6= (451152)/6= 9.9104mm3
Bending stress, fs=M/Z= 1.72106 Nmm/9.9104mm3 = 17.38 N/mm2
Bending modification factors (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.1 (load sharing system)
Form factor, K5= 1.0 (rectangular section)
Depth factor, K6= 1.0 (depth <300mm)
Grade stress for bending, fg= 15.9 N/mm2 (bending parallel to grain)
Permissible bending stress, fp = fg K1 K2 K5 K6
= 15.9 N/mm21.01.11.01.0
= 17.49 N/mm2
Bending stress, fs=17.38 N/mm2 < permissible bending stress, fp= 17.49 N/mm2. Therefore
bending stress is adequate.

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION
Step 6: Deflection
For load sharing system, use Emean= 14300 N/mm2
Deflection due to bending where w is total of dead load and imposed load in Newton (N)
unit,
5 
5(2.2 10 2.5)(2500)
=
= 13.73 
384!

384(14300)(5.7 10 )

 =

Deflection due to shear

" =

#$%
1.2 1.72 10
=
= 0.45 
&'
(14300 16)(45 115)

where
F= shape factor depending on cross section (1.2 for solid rectangular or square)
Mo= bending moment at mid span (in this case Mo= Mmax as the loading is UDL)
G= modulus of rigidity (E/16)
A= Cross section area
Total deflection due to bending and shear, t= b+s= 13.73mm+0.45mm = 14.18 mm
Permissible deflection, p= 0.003Le= 0.003(2500) = 7.5 mm
Total deflection, t= 14.18 mm > permissible deflection, p= 7.5 mm. Deflection is not ok.
Step 7: Bearing stress
Bearing occur as the joist is supported by a steel bracket and the bearing area as follows,
Bearing area, Aa= 45mm100mm = 4500mm2
Bearing stress, Cts= V/Aa= 2.75103/4500 = 0.61 N/mm2
Bearing modification factors (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (non load sharing system)
Bearing length and position, K3= 1.0 (bearing length 100mm but <75mm for
length from end member)
Bearing grade stress, Ctg= 2.09 N/mm2 (compression perpendicular to grain)
Permissible bearing stress, Ctp= Ctg K1 K2 K3
= 2.09 N/mm21.01.11.0
= 2.30 N/mm2
Bearing stress, Cts= 0.61 N/mm2 < permissible bearing stress, Ctp= 2.30 N/mm2. Therefore
bearing stress is adequate.

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION
Example 2: Design of flexural member
Figure 1 shows main beams of 3250 mm length span over an opening 3000 mm wide and
support a flooring system that exerts a long-duration loading of 3.9 kN/m including its
own self-weight over it span. The beam is supported by 125 mm wide side-walls on either
side and have underside notched as in Figure 2. Carry out design checks to show that a 75
mm225 mm (named size) full swan SG2 (select, wet) timber is suitable to carry the load.

Figure 1: Timber beams supported by side walls

107.5

Figure 2: Underside notch at beam support

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION
Step 1: Geometrical Properties
Beam dimension
Named size, b (breadth)
h (depth)
Dressed size, b (breadth)
h (depth)

=75mm
= 225mm
= 65mm
= 215mm


(65 215 )


Second moment of area,
 =  12 =
12 = 53.83 10 

Design span, Le= 3000+[(125/2)2] = 3125mm

Step 2: Check for lateral stability
Assume the ends of member held in position. From Table 7 the permissible maximum
depth to breadth ratio is 3
depth/breadth = 215/65 = 3.3>3
Therefore lateral stability is not adequate. Increase the beam dimension or provide lateral
support to the member.
Step 3: Shear Stress
Maximum shear force, V= wL/2 = (3.93.125)/2 = 6.09 kN
Maximum shear stress, qs= 3V/2A= (36.09103 N)/(265215) = 0.65 N/mm2
Shear modification factor for flexural member (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (no load sharing system)
Shear at notched end factor (underside notch),

K4= * = 107.5 215 = 0.5

Grade stress for shear, qg= 2.24 N/mm2 (Shear parallel to grain)
Permissible bending stress, qp = qg K1 K2 K4
= 2.24 N/mm21.01.00.5
= 1.12 N/mm2
Shear stress, qs=0.65 N/mm2 < permissible shear stress, qp= 1.12 N/mm2. Therefore shear
stress is adequate.

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION
Step 4: Bending stress, fs
Maximum bending moment, M=wL2/8 = (3.93.1252)/8 = 4.76 kNm
Section modulus, Z=bh2/6= (652152)/6= 50.1104mm3
Bending stress, fs=M/Z= 4.76106 Nmm/50.1104mm3 = 9.5 N/mm2
Bending modification factors (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (no load sharing system)
Form factor, K5= 1.0 (rectangular section)
Depth factor, K6= 1.0 (depth <300mm)
Grade stress for bending, fg= 20.7 N/mm2 (bending parallel to grain)
Permissible bending stress, fp = fg K1 K2 K5 K6
= 20.7 N/mm21.01.01.01.0
= 20.7 N/mm2
Bending stress, fs=9.5 N/mm2 < permissible bending stress, fp= 20.7 N/mm2. Therefore
bending stress is adequate.
Step 5: Deflection
For load sharing system, use Emin= 11700 N/mm2 (non load sharing system)
Deflection due to bending where w is total of dead load and imposed load in Newton (N)
unit,

5 
5(3.9 10 3.125)(3125)
 =
=
= 7.68 
384!

384(11700)(53.83 10 )
Deflection due to shear
#$%
1.2 4.76 10
" =
=
= 0.56 
&'
(11700 16)(65 215)
where
F= shape factor depending on cross section (1.2 for solid rectangular or square)
Mo= bending moment at mid span (in this case Mo= Mmax as the loading is UDL)
G= modulus of rigidity (E/16)
A= Cross section area
Total deflection due to bending and shear, t= b+s= 7.68mm+0.56mm = 8.24 mm
Permissible deflection, p= 0.003Le= 0.003(3125) = 9.4 mm
Total deflection, t= 8.24 mm < permissible deflection, p= 9.4 mm. Deflection is ok.

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION
Step 7: Bearing stress
Bearing occur as the beam is supported directly on side wall and the bearing area as
follows,
Bearing area, Aa= 65mm (beam breadth) 125mm (wall breadth) = 8125mm2
Bearing stress, Cts= V/Aa= 6.09103/8125 = 0.75 N/mm2
Bearing modification factors (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (non load sharing system)
Bearing length and position
(bearing length 125mm and >75mm for length from end member)
K3= 1.05
Bearing grade stress, Ctg= 2.97 N/mm2 (compression perpendicular to grain)
Permissible bearing stress, Ctp= Ctg K1 K2 K3
= 2.97 N/mm21.01.01.05
= 3.12 N/mm2
Bearing stress, Cts= 0.75 N/mm2 < permissible bearing stress, Ctp= 3.12 N/mm2. Therefore
bearing stress is adequate

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION
Example 2: Design of Compression Member
Check the adequacy of 5.0 m long of timber column for long term loading if a column
section of 150 mm x 150 mm (dressed size) is subjected to an axial load of 80 kN
(including selfweight of column). The timber used is in SG4 (standard, wet) and the
column is not restrained about both axes but restrained at both ends in position

Solution:
Step 1: Geometrical Properties
Beam dimension
No need to taking account reaping effect as the question already stated the dimension is
dressed size.
Dressed size, b (breadth)
= 150mm
h (depth)
= 150mm
Column length, L= 5.0m

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION

OUTPUT

Step 2: Determine effective length and slenderness ratio

Effective column length, Le= 1.0L (restrained at both ends in position but not in direction)
= 1.0(5m) = 5m
Radius of gyration, r= b/12 = 150/12 = 43.3
Slenderness ratio, = Le/r = 5000/43.3 = 115.5 <180, slenderness ok. (for compression
member carrying dead and imposed load other than loads resulting from wind)
Step 3: Determine modification factor for compression member without bending, K8
Compression grade stress, Csg= 9.5 N/mm2 (Compression parallel to grain)
Minimum modulus of elasticity, Emin= 7400 N/mm2
For Table 10
E/c.ll= Emin/Csg= 7400/9.5 = 778.9
= 115.5

Emin/Csg
700
778.9
800

100

115.5

120

0.341

x
K8
y

0.254

0.371

0.280

(115.5 100)
(+ 0.341)
=
; + = 0.274
(120 100)
(0.254 0.341)
(115.5 100)
(. 0.371)
=
; . = 0.300
(120 100)
(0.280 0.371)
(/0 0.274) (778.9 700)
=
; /0 = 0.295
(0.3 0.274)
(800 700)
Step 4: Calculate applied and permissible compressive stress
Applied compressive stress, Csa= Fc/A = 80103 N/(150150)mm2= 3.56 N/mm2
Bearing modification factors (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (non load sharing system)
Compression member without bending, K8= 0.295
Permissible compressive stress, Csp= CsgK1K2K8
= 9.5 N/mm21.01.00.295
= 2.8 N/mm2
Applied compressive stress, Csa= 3.55 N/mm2 > Permissible compressive stress, Csp= 2.8
N/mm2. Increase column size or provide lateral support to reduce the slenderness of the
column.

REF

CALCULATION

OUTPUT

Example 3: Design of Compression Member

A 2.5 meter compression member with named sized 75mm150mm is restrained at both
end in position. However, the column is restrained about major axis and unrestrained
about minor axis at top and column base. Determine the ultimate axial load capacity of the
column section for long term loading if the column section in use is SG2 (select, wet).
Solution:
Step 1: Geometrical Properties
Beam dimension
Taking account of reaping effect at four side of the timber section
Named size, b (breadth)
= 75mm
h (depth)
= 150mm
Dressed size, b (breadth)
h (depth)

= 65mm
= 140mm

Column length, L= 2.5m

Step 2: Determine effective length and slenderness ratio
Effective column length about x-x axis
Lex= 0.7L (restrained at both ends in position and in direction)
= 0.7(2.5m) = 1.75m
Radius of gyration about x-x axis, rx= h/12 = 140/12 = 40.4
Slenderness ratio about x-x axis, x= Lex/rx = 1750/40.4 = 43.3<180, ok.
Effective column length about y-y axis
Ley= 1.0L (restrained at both ends in position and in direction)
= 1.0(2.5m) = 2.5m
Radius of gyration about y-y axis, ry= b/12 = 65/12 = 18.8
Slenderness ratio about y-y axis, y= Ley/ry = 2500/18.8 = 133<180, ok.
Slenderness ratio about y-y axis is larger than slenderness ratio about x-x axis. This
indicates the column tends to buckle about y-y axis. Therefore, use slenderness ratio about
y-y axis to determine K8
Step 3: Determine modification factor for compression member without bending, K8
Compression grade stress, Csg= 18.8 N/mm2 (Compression parallel to grain)
Minimum modulus of elasticity, Emin= 11700 N/mm2
For Table 10
E/c.ll= Emin/Csg= 11700/18.8 = 622.3
= 133

Emin/Csg
600
622.3
700

120

133

140

0.226

x
K8
y

0.172

0.254

0.195

REF

CALCULATION
(+ 0.226)
(133 120)
=
; + = 0.191
(0.172 0.226) (140 120)
(. 0.254)
(133 120)
=
; . = 0.216
(0.195 0.254) (140 120)
(/0 0.191)
(622.3 600)
=
; /0 = 0.197
(0.216 0.191)
(700 600)
Step 4: Calculate applied and permissible compressive stress

Bearing modification factors (K-Factors)

Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (non load sharing system)
Compression member without bending, K8= 0.197
Permissible compressive stress, Csp= CsgK1K2K8
= 18.8 N/mm21.01.00.197
= 3.7 N/mm2
Ultimate axial load, Fc= CspA = 3.7 N/mm2(65140)mm2= 33670 N= 33.7 kN

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION

OUTPUT

Example 4: Design of Tension Member

A 2.5m internal timber truss member is subjected with a long-term tension loading of
35kN. The member is connected using metal nail plate at the connection as shown in
example in Figure 1.Check the adequacy of 50150mm timber cross section to be used as
the internal truss member if the timber is SG3 (select, wet) group.

h
b
Timber cross section

Figure 1: Example of metal nail plate

Solution:
Step 1: Geometrical Properties
Beam dimension
Named size, b (breadth)
h (depth)
Dressed size, b (breadth)
h (depth)

=50mm
=150mm
= 45mm
= 140mm

Step 2: Calculate the net tension area and applied tension stress
The member is connected using metal nail plate. It can be assume that the reduction of the
cross section area due to nail holes is too small. Therefore, in author opinion and
judgment it is not significantly affect the tension capacity of the timber section. Thus, the
net area of the timber is equal to the gross cross section of the timber.
Ag=An= 45140mm= 6300mm2
tsa= T/An = 35103 N/6300mm2
= 5.56 N/mm2

REF

CALCULATION
Step 3: Calculate the permissible tension stress
Modification factors:
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term loading)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (non load sharing)
Tension parallel to grain grade stress, tsg= 10.9 N/mm2
Permissible tension stress, tsp= tsgK1 K2
= 10.9 N/mm21.01.0
= 10.9 N/mm2
Applied tension stress, tsa= 5.56 N/mm2 < permissible tension stress, tsp= 10.9 N/mm2.
Therefore, tension capacity of the timber section is adequate.

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION
Example 4: Design of Combined Tension and Bending Stress
Figure shows a portion of a ceiling tie in a roof truss subjected to a UDL of 0.5 kN/m and
axial tension of 22kN. The loading is long term and no load sharing. Check if a
SG4(common, wet) 50150mm (named size) timber section is adequate to sustain the
load.

Solution:
Solution:
Step 1: Geometrical Properties
Beam dimension
Named size, b (breadth)
h (depth)
Dressed size, b (breadth)
h (depth)

=50mm
=150mm
= 45mm
= 140mm

Step 2: Calculate applied bending stress and permissible bending stress

Applied bending stress
Maximum bending moment, M=wL2/8 = (0.522)/8 = 0.25 kNm
Section modulus, Z=bh2/6= (451402)/6= 147103mm3
Applied Bending stress, fa=M/Z= 0.25106 Nmm/147103mm3 = 1.7 N/mm2
Permissible bending stress
Bending modification factors (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (non load sharing system)
Form factor, K5= 1.0 (rectangular section)
Depth factor, K6= 1.0 (depth <300mm)
Grade stress for bending, fg= 8.8 N/mm2 (bending parallel to grain)
Permissible bending stress, fp = fg K1 K2 K5 K6
= 8.8 N/mm21.01.01.01.0
= 8.8 N/mm2
Bending stress, fa=1.7 N/mm2 < permissible bending stress, fp= 8.8 N/mm2. Therefore
bending stress is adequate.

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION
Step 3: Calculate the applied tension stress and permissible tension stress
Applied tension stress
Assume no reduction of area due unavailability of detailing at connection.
Gross section area Ag= Net cross section, An= 45140mm= 6300mm2
tsa= T/An = 22103 N/6300mm2
= 3.49 N/mm2
Permissible tension stress
Modification factors:
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term loading)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (non load sharing)
Tension parallel to grain grade stress, tsg= 5.3 N/mm2
Permissible tension stress, tsp= tsgK1 K2
= 5.3 N/mm21.01.0
= 5.3 N/mm2
Applied tension stress, tsa= 3.49 N/mm2 < permissible tension stress, tsp= 5.3 N/mm2.
Therefore, tension capacity of the timber section is adequate.
Step 4: Interaction Equation
12 52
+ 1.0
13 53
=

3.49 1.7
+
= 0.85 < 1.0
5.3 8.8

The timber section is adequate to carries the combined tension and bending load.

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION
Example 4: Design of Combined Tension and Bending Stress
Figure shows a portion of a ceiling tie in a roof truss subjected to a UDL of 0.5 kN/m and
axial tension of 22kN. The loading is long term and no load sharing. Determine a suitable
size of timber for timber in SG3 (wet, common).

Step 1: Calculate applied bending stress and permissible bending stress

Applied bending stress
Maximum bending moment, M=wL2/8 = (0.522)/8 = 0.25 kNm
As the size is unknown, therefore the section modulus is
Section modulus, Z=bh2/6
Applied Bending stress, fa=M/Z= 0.25106 Nmm/((bh2)/6)= 1.7 N/mm2
Permissible bending stress
Bending modification factors (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (non-load sharing system)
Form factor, K5= 1.0 (rectangular section)
Depth factor, K6= 1.0 (depth <300mm)
Grade stress for bending, fg= 11.3 N/mm2 (bending parallel to grain)
Permissible bending stress, fp = fg K1 K2 K5 K6
= 11.3 N/mm21.01.01.01.0
= 11.3 N/mm2
Step 3: Calculate the applied tension stress and permissible tension stress
Applied tension stress
Assume no reduction of area due unavailability of detailing at connection.
b and h are unknown, therefore the net area is
Gross section area Ag= Net cross section, An= bh
tsa= T/An = 22103 N/bh

OUTPUT

REF

CALCULATION

OUTPUT

Permissible tension stress

Modification factors:
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term loading)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (non load sharing)
Tension parallel to grain grade stress, tsg= 6.8 N/mm2
Permissible tension stress, tsp= tsgK1 K2
= 6.8 N/mm21.01.0
= 6.8 N/mm2
Step 4: Interaction Equation
12 52
+ 1.0
13 53
A
<
?;.9@:; D B
E
899:; =>
(= )
=
+
.0
::.

=1

Equation 1

The depth to breadth ratio for member with rectangular shape should be limited to an
appropriate value as in Table 7 to ensure no risk of buckling under design load. The
selection of depth/breadth ratio is base on degree of lateral support provided in the timber
structure system to the member. Therefore, this ratio can be used in estimating a suitable
size for a timber member.
Take depth/breadth=2 (no lateral support)
h/b= 2, thus h=2b

... Equation 2

Insert equation 2 into equation 1

<

899:; (9)>
=
.0

A
?;.9@:; D
E
((9)B )

::.

=1

Rearranging the equation we will get

=   1.618 10  33.201 10 = 0

Equation 3

Solving Equation 3, we will get b=48.1 mm and inserting into Equation 2 h= 96.2 mm.
The b and h obtained are minimum dimensions required to resist the combine tension and
bending loading. Taking account the effect of reaping the proposed suitable timber size
(named size) is 60mm110mm.
For confirmation, recalculate for combined tension and bending interaction equation
Beam dimension
Named size, b (breadth)
h (depth)
Dressed size, b (breadth)
h (depth)

=60mm
=110mm
= 50mm
= 100mm

REF

CALCULATION
Applied bending stress
Maximum bending moment, M=wL2/8 = (0.522)/8 = 0.25 kNm
Section modulus, Z=bh2/6= (501002)/6= 83.33103mm3
Applied Bending stress, fa=M/Z= 0.25106 Nmm/83.33103mm3 = 3 N/mm2
Permissible bending stress
Bending modification factors (K-Factors)
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (non-load sharing system)
Form factor, K5= 1.0 (rectangular section)
Depth factor, K6= 1.0 (depth <300mm)
Grade stress for bending, fg= 11.3 N/mm2 (bending parallel to grain)
Permissible bending stress, fp = fg K1 K2 K5 K6
= 11.3 N/mm21.01.01.01.0
= 11.3 N/mm2
Applied tension stress
Assume no reduction of area due unavailability of detailing at connection.
b and h are unknown, therefore the net area is
Gross section area Ag= Net cross section, An= bh= 50100=5000mm2
tsa= T/An = 22103 N/5000 mm2 = 4.4 N/mm2
Permissible tension stress
Modification factors:
Duration of loading, K1= 1.0 (long term loading)
Load sharing system, K2= 1.0 (non load sharing)
Tension parallel to grain grade stress, tsg= 6.8 N/mm2
Permissible tension stress, tsp= tsgK1 K2
= 6.8 N/mm21.01.0
= 6.8 N/mm2
Interaction Equation
12 52
+ 1.0
13 53
=

4.4
3
+
= 0.91 < 1.0
6.8 11.3

The timber section is adequate to carries the combined tension and bending load.

OUTPUT