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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the
model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try
to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give
credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidates answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant
answer based on candidates understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Q. 1 a) 1) Draw block diagram of generalized measurement system. Label it. State
functions of any two elements in it.

Measured
Quantity

Primary
Sensing
Element

Variable
Conversion
Element

Variable
Manipulation
Element

Data
Transmission
Element

Data
Presentation
Element

Presented
Data

Block Diagram 02 Marks

a) Primary sensing element :Measurand is first detected by primary sensor. Sensor is a device which converts a
physical quantity into an electrical quantity. In many cases, physical quantity to be
measured is sensed and converted into different analogous form, this output is then
converted into an electrical signal by a transducer, but in some cases the physical
quantity is directly converted into an electrical quantity by a transducer.
Examples :- Thermo couple, Load Cells, Bellows, Diaphragm.
b) Variable Conversion Element :The output of the primary sensing element may be electrical signal of any form. It
may be a voltage, a frequency or some other electrical parameter. Sometimes this
output is not suited to the system. It may be necessary to convert this output in a
suitable form while preserving the information of the original signal.
Example :- Suppose output of primary sensing element is in analog form and next
stage of the system only accepts signal in digital form, therefore A/D converter have
to be used.
c) Variable Manipulation element :The function of this element is to manipulate the signal presented to it preserving the
original nature of the signal. Manipulation here means only a change in numerical
value of the signal.

Processes like amplification, Integration differentiation,

modulation, filtering etc are also performed on the signal to bring it to the desired
form to be accepted by the next stage of measurement system.

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
d) Data Transmission Element :-Elements of the instrument are actually physically
separated. It becomes necessary to transmit data from one to another. The element
that performs this function is called a data transmission element.
e) Data presentation element :In this stage data is presented in the useful form. Data can be used for visual
Inspection or it is given to the control stage. Data is also stored for future use.
(Function of any two elements of the above, each carries 01 marks - 02 Marks)

02)

Define :i) Speed of response :- It is defined as the rapidity with which a measurement system
responds to a change in measured quantity.
(01 Mark)
ii) Drift :- It is the undesired change or a gradual variation in output over a period of time
that is unrelated to changes in input operating conditions or load.
Drift are of three types
a) Zero drift

b) Span drift

c) Zonal Drift

(01 Mark)
iii) Dead Zone :- It is defined as the largest change of input quantity for which there is
no output of the instrument
(01 Mark)
iv) Span :- The scale range of an instrument is defined as the difference between the
largest and the smallest reading of the instrument.
Suppose highest point of calibration is Xmax units while lowest is Xmin units and that the
calibration is continuous between the two points. Instrument span is given by
Span = Xmax - Xmin
(01 Mark)
03) State four different modes of control actions used in control systems.
a) On/Off control or Two Position Control :It is simplest type of controller, with an on-off controller.We can keep measurand
variable within certain tolerance band of the desired value or the set point. A precise on-

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
off controller would be on when measured variable is below the set point, similarly if the
measured variable is above set point, controller would turn off.
Example :- Refrigerators, water tank level controllers.
b) Proportional Control :This is a widely used control action. Output of controller is a linear function of error
signal. Proportional controller responds rapidly to both set point and disturbance changes.
It continuously adjusts the manipulated variable so that the input to the process is
approximately in balance with the process demand.
c) Integral Control :Integral control mode on the other hand continuously looks at the total past history of the
error by continuously integrating the area under the error curve. Integral action eliminates
offset, because the output keeps changing as long as error persists.
d) Derivative Controller :It is also known as rate control or anticipatory control. Derivative action responds to the
rate of change of actuating error and can produce a significant correction before
magnitude of actuating error becomes too large.
(01 mark to each mode of control) 04 marks

04) Explain the construction and principle of working of RVDT with the help of neat
sketch.

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Construction and Principle :Rotary variable differential Transformer (RVDT) is used to sense angular
displacement. Its core is cam shaped and may be rotated between the windings by means
of a shaft.
At the null position of the core, the output voltages of secondary windings S1 and S2 are
equal and in opposition. Therefore, the net output is zero. Any angular displacement from
the null position will result in a differential voltage output. The greater this angular
displacement, the greater will be the differential output. Hence the response of the
transducer is linear.
Clockwise rotation produces an increasing voltage of a secondary winding of one phase
while counter clock wise rotation produces an increasing voltage of opposite phase.
Hence, the amount of angular displacement can be found from the magnitude and phase
of the output voltage of the transducer.
( 01 mark for sketch, 03 marks for description)

Q. 1 b)
1) Explain the need of calibration of measuring instruments.

State calibration

procedure you can undertake in your laboratory for bourden pressure gauge
calibration.
Calibration is the operation of making an adjustment or making a scale so that reading of
an instrument confirm to an accepted and a certified standard. It creates confidence of
using instruments in users mind. Instrument error can be determined by using calibration
and remedial action is taken to correct the reading.

( 02 marks)

Calibration procedure for bourden pressure gauge :Dead weight tester is used for calibration of gauge. The chamber and cylinder of the
tester are filled with clean oil. The gauge to be tested is fixed at its appropriate place and
piston is inserted in the cylinder. A weight is placed on the piston. The pressure is exerted
on the fluid and this pressure is transmitted to the gauge deflecting its pointer. The
weights may be adjusted to get the desired setting of the gauge pointer. The plunger s
forced in by moving the handle, thereby varying the pressure. The handle is moved till

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
enough pressure is built up to lift the piston weight combination. The piston weight
combination floats freely under these conditions. Therefore equilibrium is established
with fluid force balanced against the gravitational force of the weights plus the friction
drag.
PA = Mg + F

Hence Pressure
Where

P=

Mg + F
A

M = Mass in Kg.
g = Acceleration due to gravity m/s2
F = friction drag in N
A = Effective area of piston cylinder combination in m2
( 04 Marks)

2) Draw block diagram of feed forward control system. Explain its working
Principle, advantages & Disadvantages.
Disturbance

Sensor/Transducer

Input
Set Point

Feed forward
Controller

Manipulated

Output
Controlled
Variable

Process
variable

(Sketch- 02 marks)
Principle :The feed forward control system is a technique, which is used to take care of the
limitation of feedback control system. In feed forward control system, disturbances are
measured and compensated for them before the controlled variable deviates from set
point. It is used to minimize the deviation of the controlled variable.

( Description

02 marks)

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Advantages :i)

Feed forward control acts before the output is disturbed and is capable of very
good control performance with an accurate model.

ii)

A stable feed forward controller cannot induce instability in a system that is stable
without feed forward control.

( Any one advantage 01 mark)

Disadvantages :i)

Feed forward control systems can lead to poor performance if improperly

designed and tuned.

ii)

The major limitation to feed forward control is its instability to reduce steadystate offset to zero.

Q. 2 a)

( Any one disadvantage 01 mark)

Explain the working principle of capacitive type of transducer with neat

sketch.

( 01 Mark for sketch)

Working Principle :The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is given by the equation

C=

KA
dE 0

Where A = Area of each plate in m2

d = Plate spacing in m.
E0 = 9.85 x 10-12 in F/m
K = Dielectric constant.

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Capacitance is inversely proportional to the spacing of parallel plates. Any
variation in d causes a corresponding variation in the capacitance. This principle is
applied in the capacitive transducer. A force, applied to a diaphragm, which functions as
one plate of a simple capacitor, changes the distance between the diaphragm and the
fixed plate. The resulting change in capacitance may be measured with an ac bridge. The
bridge is directly calibrated in terms of displacement.

( Description 03 Marks)

Note :- [ Above answer gives capacitive principle for displacement measurement,

students may elaborate capacitive principle for level measurement, pressure
measurement etc. consider all the related answers ]

b) Define errors in measurements. State four types errors.

Error is the deviation of a reading from the true value of measured variable.
Measurements done in a laboratory or at some other place always involve errors. No
measurement is free from errors. ( 01 Mark for Def.)
Types of errors :i)

Personal errors :- This type of error mainly covers human mistakes in reading
instruments and recording.

ii)

Operational errors :- These are the error associated with instrument due to
misalignment or improper method of operation.

iii)

Systematic errors :- Due to inherent shortcoming in the instrument or instrument

error due to loading effect.

iv)

Environmental errors :- These errors may be effects of temperature, pressure,

humidity dust and vibrations and external magnetic or electrostatic fields.

v)

Observation errors :- These include parallax errors.

vi)

Random errors :- The exact reason of these errors are not known.
(Any three errors. 01 M to each 03 Marks)

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
c) Compare hydraulic and pneumatic type of control systems.

Pneumatic Control System

Hydraulic Control System

1. Air is used as a working fluid

1. Oil is used as a working fluid

2. Cheaper than hydraulic system

2. Costlier than pneumatic system

3. No chances of fire hazard

3. Chances of fire hazard

4. Less space is required

4. More space is required

5. No filtration is required but no

5. Filtration is required to keep the

condensate should be present

fluid clean

6. Speed of response is fast

6. Speed of response is slow

7. Low power gain

7. High power gain

8. Low maintenance cost

8. High maintenance cost

( Any four similar points, each carries 01 Mark-4 Marks)

d) Describe working of closed loop control system with the help of block diagram.
Actuating Signal

Reference
Input

System
(Plant/Process)

Controller

Output
Controlled
Variable

Sensor/Transduce
Measuring Element

Feedback path element

A closed loop system is one in which the output signal has a direct effect upon the control
action. That is closed loop control systems are feedback control systems. In order to
obtain more accurate control, the controlled signal (output) is fed back and compared
with the reference input and an actuating signal proportional to the difference between
output and input (error) is given to the system through a controller. The deviation

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
between the two is used by the controller, which will send the output so that error of
system becomes zero. A strong motivation for using feedback control is to correct the
error between the controlled output and its desired value corresponding to the reference
value.
Examples :i)

Control of a hot water temperature using temperature sensor such as RTD and a controller.

ii)

Level control using level sensor and a level controller.

( 01 Mark for sketch of block diagram & 03 Marks for suitable description)

e) What is the static characteristic of any instrument? State any four static characteristics
of

measuring

instruments.

Static Characteristics: - It involves the measurement of quantities that are either constant or
vary very slowly with time. It is in general considered for instruments used for measuring
unvarying process condition.
i)

Accuracy - desirable

ii)

Precision - desirable

iii)

Sensitivity - desirable

iv)

Reproducibility - desirable

v)

Drift - undesirable

vi)

Static error - undesirable

vii)

Dead zone - undesirable

( 02 Marks for suitable description )

(Any four of the above each carries Mark)

f) Explain, how linear potentiometer is used for measurement of displacement.

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
A potentiometer gives change in resistance and can be used for measurement of
linear motion.
This device is in fact a variable resistor whose resistance varies between points A
and B on account of movement of the sliding contact also known as slider or wiper. This
arm moves in a linear direction when the linear displacement under measurement is
applied to it at point C. Thus as the arm moves to and fro, the wiper slides along the
resistance wire and we get varying resistance between points A & B.
Under normal condition, the slide of the potentiometer is placed at the midpoint of
the resistance element. If a displacement from the left to right is applied to the arm, the
wiper moves to the right and resistance between A & B increases proportional to the
displacement.

If the displacement is from right to left, wiper moves to left.

This

decreases the resistance between A & B proportional to the displacement to the left. The
output of potentiometer is directly calibrated in terms of displacement.
(Note: If sketch is drawn, it is to be considered, otherwise, description is sufficient)
04 Marks
Q. 3
a)

Error (E) = 1 percent of full scale value

= (1/100) X 100
E = 1 oc
For measurement of 73oc temperature, thermometer will show
73 1 = 72 oc to

73 + 1 = 74 oc

( 02 marks for error & 02 marks for thermometer reading)

b) Explain how LVDT is used for measurement of displacement.

LVDT is a differential transformer commonly used to measure linear displacement. It consist of
one primary winding and two identical secondary windings 1 and 2, wound over a hallow bobbin
(housing) of non magnetic and insulating material. The secondary windings 1 and 2 have equal
number of turns and placed either side of the primary winding. A soft iron core is a steel rod
attached to the sensing element of which displacement is to be measured, the iron core can move
back and forth freely in housing without friction or wear. When an excitation voltage is applied

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
to the primary winding, a voltage is induced in secondary winding through the magnetic core.
The position of the iron core determines how strongly the excitation signal couples to each
secondary winding. When the core is in the center, the voltage of each secondary coil is equal.
As the core is moved towards left the magnetic linkage to secondary winding 1 increases and to
secondary winding 2 decreases, resulting in increase in induced output voltage in secondary
winding 1 and decreases in secondary winding 2. The movement of the core to the right
increases the induced output voltage in secondary winding 2 and decreases in secondary winding
1. Secondary windings 1 and 2 are connected in series opposition so that the difference of output
voltage of secondary windings gives the measurement of displacement.

( 02 marks for explanation & 02 marks for any one of the above fig.)
c) The steam boiler generates superheated steam of very high pressure, has natural circulation of
the boiler water. Quality instrumentation must be used for accurate and reliable indication of the
various measurements of pressure, temperature, flow and level.
For the safe and efficient working of steam boiler following parameters need to be measured and
controlled :
-The drum level is controlled and maintained at or near the half full level by balancing the feed
water flow into the boiler with the steam flow out of the boiler.
-The drum pressure is measured for indication only but it is indirectly controlled by the boiler
master which regulates firing rates to maintain constant pressure on the main steam header.

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
-Superheat inter-stage temperature and superheat outlet temperature are measured to control the
final steam temperature. Steam pressure must not exceed process limitations.
-Super heat outlet pressure is measured and controlled. An increase in superheat outlet pressure
decreases the fuel firing rate. Conversely a decrease in steam pressure will increase the fuel
firing rate.
-The furnace pressure is measured and controlled to avoid the unsafe conditions.
- Air heater temperature which is the final temperature of the combustion air introduced to the
fuel at the burner. High temperature may indicate fire in the air heater, low temperature indicate
poor heat transfer from the fuel gas.
-Economizer feed water temperature is measured and controlled to prevent condensation
(sweating) of the economizer tube surface.
-Economizer inlet gas temperature and economizer feed water exit temperature measured and
control to determine the degree of heat transfer in the economizer.
(Suitable similar description-04 mark )

d) Electronic PID controller: - In order to obtain optimal control for different processes, a
continuous controller should include three different control modes: Proportional action, Integral
action and Derivative action. Combining all three modes of control (proportional, integral,
derivative) enables a controller to produce which has no offset error and reduces the tendency for
oscillations. Such a controller is known as PID controller. The equation describing its action can
be written as:
Iout = Kpe + Ki

+ KD

+ Io

Where Iout is the output from the controller when there is an error e which is changing with time
t, Io is the set point output when there is no error, Kpe is the proportionality constant, Ki is the
integral constant and KD is the derivative constant. Transfer function can be found out by taking
Laplace transform which gives:
Transfer Function = Kpe + Ki + sKD = Kpe [1 +

+ TDs]

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Operational Amplifier PID Circuit:- figure shows the practical controller that can be
produced with a single operational amplifier where the proportional constant Kp is RI (R + RD) ,
the derivative constant

KD is RD CD and the intergral constant Ki is 1/ RICI

( 02 marks for suitable explanation & 02 marks for fig.)

e) Mechanical Type Tool Dynamometer: - The mechanical type dynamometer consists of
sensitive dial indicator for directly measurement of forces. The dial indicator is calibrated to read
the cutting force. The deflection produced is directly proportional to the cutting force. The dial
indicators are placed in direction of cutting force to find deflection.
The mechanical tool dynamometer shown in figure measures deflection on the tool holder by the
use of sensitive dial indicator. The cutting force or tangential force (Pz or Fc) will tend to deflect
the tool and tool holder downwards, the axial force or thrust force (Px or Pt) acts along the axis of
the work piece will tend to push the tool away from the work piece. The deflection of dial
indicator caused by the forces Pz and Px is calibrated in terms of the force.

( 02 marks for explanation & 02 marks for appropriate fig.)

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Q. 4 A
a) Law of Intermediate Temperature :- The emf generated with junction temperatures T1 and
T3 is equal to the sum of emfs produced by two similar thermocouples, one operating with
junction temperature T1 and T2 and the other with T2 and T3, where T2 lies between t1 and T3.

Law of Intermediate metal: - In a circuit consisting of two dissimilar homogeneous metals

having the junctions at different temperatures, the emf developed will not be affected when a
third homogeneous metal is made a part of the circuit ,provided the temperatures of the two
junctions are same.

(01 marks for statement of each law. 01 marks for sketches of each law---4 Marks)
b) Seebeck Effect: - if two wires of dissimilar metals are joined together at each end and form a
complete electric circuit then current flows in the circuit when the two junctions are kept at
different temperatures. This current is caused by an emf, called the themo-electric emf, set up in
the circuit and is function of temperature difference of the two junctions i.e. the hot junction
whose temperature is to be measured and the cold junction or reference junction which is
maintained at a constant temperature. The current will continue to flow as long as T1 > T2.
Metal B is described as negative with respect to a metal A if current flows into it at the cold
junction.

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer

Peltier Effect: - When an electric current flows across a junction of two dissimilar metals, heat
is either generated (liberated) or absorbed, depending upon the direction of flow of current.
When the electric current flows in the same direction heat is absorbed at the hotter junction and
liberated at the colder junction.

( 02 marks for each effect---4Marks)

c) Drag Cup Type Tachometer: - Fig shows a drag cup type tachometer. It consists of a stator
and a rotor. The stator has two windings mounted at 900 to each other. The two stator windings
are i) Excitation winding and ii) sensing winding. The rotor is made up of a thin aluminium
cylinder which is called drag cup, with a laminated iron inner core, which does not contact the
cup. This light inertia rotor is highly conductive and acts as short circuited secondary winding. A
low reluctance path is provided by a ferromagnetic core. The drag cup is attached to the
tachometer input shaft and rotates at the speed under measurement.
An alternating current voltage is applied to the excitation winding while the output is taken from
the sensing winding. The excitation winding sets up an alternative magnetic field which induces
eddy current in the aluminium cup. The eddy current sets up an armature reaction field at right
angles to the field setup by excitation winding. The right angle field then induces an a.c output
voltage in the output winding. With the rotor stationary the output voltage is zero. Rotation of the
rotor in one direction induces an ac output voltage of the same frequency as that of input or
excitation voltage and of amplitude proportional to the speed and in phase with the input voltage.

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Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer

( 02 marks for explanation & 02 marks for appropriate sketch.))

d)
Orifice meter

Venturimeter

It requires smaller length as compared to

Space required is more

venturimeter
Installation cost is less

Installation cost is high

The coefficient of discharge for an orifice meter is

much smaller than that of venturimeter (0.6 to
0.65)

Coefficient of discharge is high (up to

0.98)

Less accurate as compared to venturimeter

Accuracy is more

Tends to clog

Less chances of clogging due to sediments

Poor physical strength

Good physical strength

(01 mark each for any four correct points.---04Marks)

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Q 4 (B)
a) Using the linear approximation, the resistance at any temperature 0c is,
( 02 marks for formula)

R = R 0 [ 1 + 0 ]
Resistance at 650c is,
R65 = 100[ 1+ 0.00392 (65-25)]
= 115.68 ohm

( 02 marks )

suppose is the unknown temperature

150 = 100 [1 + 0.00392 ( 25)
= 152.55 0c

( 02 marks )

b)
Sound pressure Level (SPL):- It is the logarithmic measure of the effective sound pressure of a
sound relative to reference value. The sound pressure level is defined in decibels.
SPL = 20 log10 (P/Pref) dB
Where, P sound pressure
Pref reference pressure
Sound Power Level (PWL):- It is the total sound energy radiated by a sound source per unit
time.
PWL = 10 log10 (W/Wref) dB
Where, W acoustic power of the source
Wref reference acoustic power
Unit of Absolute sound Intensity = W/m2
Unit of Relative sound Intensity = No unit

( 02 marks each for Definition & 01 mark each for unit----6Marks)

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Q. 5 a) Optical Pyrometer.

An image of radiating source is produced by a lens and made to coincide with the
filament of an electric bulb. The current through the lamp filament is made variable so
that lamp intensity can be adjusted. The filament is viewed through an eyepiece and a
filter. The current through the filament is adjusted until the filament and the image are of
equal brightness.
When the brightness of the image produced by the source and brightness by the
filament are equal the outline of the filament disappears as shown in fig. C.
If the temperature of the filament is higher than the required for equality of brightness it
becomes too bright as shown in fig. a. on other hand if temperature of filament is lower
than required it appears as fig. b.
Since the intensity of light of any wavelength depends upon the temperature of
the radiating body and the temperature of filament depends upon the current flowing
through the lamp, Instrument may be calibrated in terms of filament current & finally to
read the temperature.
The range of temperature by this disappearing filament type optical pyrometer is upto
14000C can be extended to 30000C.
(2M for sketch and 02M for suitable description----4Marks)

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Q. 5 b) Horizontal Venturimeter differential pressure head is.
P1 P2 = g h ( m f )

= 9.81 17 .5 10 2 (13 .6 1) 10 3

= 21 .63 10 3 N / m 2 --------------------------------------- (01 Mark)

Velocity Approach factor

1

M =

1 ( A2 / A1 )

1
1 (7.5 / 15) 4

= 1.03

Water flow rate Actual Discharge

2g
( P1 P2 ) ----------------------------(01Marks)
W

Qact = Cd .MA2
= 0.97 1.03

(7.5 10 2 ) 2

2 9.81
21 .63 10 3
3
9.8 10

= 0.0044 6.577

= 0.029 m 3 / s ----------------------------------------------(01 Marks)

= 29 3600 lit / hour

= 104400 lit / hour ------------------------------------(01 Marks)

Q. 5 c) Resistance strain Gauge

Resistance R =

L
A

( = Resistivity of Material) -------------------------- (01 Marks)

To find R differenti ate with respect to stress S

dR P L PL A L P
=

+
dS A S A 2 S A S
A=

D2

D
= 2 D
S
4
S

1 dA 2 D
=
A dS D S
1 dR 1 L 2 D 1 P
-------------------------- (01 Marks)
=

+
R dS L S D S S

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Positions ratio =

D / D
L / L

R L
L
=
+ 2
+
R
L
L

Gauge Factor
F=

R / R
L / L

-------------------------- (01 Marks)

= L / L
F = 1 + 2 +

P /

If the change in the value of resistivity of a material when strained is neglected,

the gauge factor is
F = 1 + 2

-------------------------- (01 Marks)

Q. 5 d) Bubbler type liquid level measurement.

This system can be used for measurement of liquid level in both open and closed
container by measuring the pressure at the bottom of container.
The supply pressure is slightly higher than the pressure due to maximum head and
therefore slow discharge of gas takes place.

When the flow is small the pressure

indicated by the pressure gauge is almost equal to the pressure due to liquid level.
Liquid level is proportional to the gauge pressure (P-Pi)

Page 21 of 27

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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_____________________________________________________________________________
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
(P-Pi) = gh
P = Pi + gh, or h =

P Pi
Pg

The gas used in most of the application is either air or nitrogen. Pressure regulator
checks the supply of air forming the bubbles.

(2M for sketch and 02M for suitable description----4Marks)

Q. 5 e) Temperature compensation
Resistive type strain gauges are sensitive to temperature variations. Therefore it
becomes necessary to account for variations in the strain gauge resistance which occurs
because of temperature changes. Temperature acts as interfering & modifying input
causes change in resistance in two ways.
-Resistance of wire grid of strain gauges changes with change in temperature.
-Resistance of strain gauge may change on account of strain caused by differential
expansion between gauge and test surface to which bonded.
Temperature effect may be handled by.
1. Compensation or cancellation.
2. Evaluation as a part of data reduction problem.
Temperature compensation techniques.
1. Use of adjacent arm balancing or compensating gauge.
2. Self compensation.
3. Use of special external control circuitry.
4.

Adjacent arm compensating gauge by.

i. Use of dummy gauge.

ii. Use of two active gauges in adjacent arms.
iii. Use of four active gauges.

Use of dummy gauge :

One of the ways in which temperature error can be eliminated by using adjacent arm
compensating gauge is to use a dummy gauge in the adjacent arm. This arrangement is
shown in figure. Gauge 1 is installed on test specimen while gauge 3 called a dummy

Page 22 of 27

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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_____________________________________________________________________________
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
gauge is installed on a like piece of material and is not subjected to any strain. The gauge
installed on the test piece and the dummy gauge are at the same temperature. Active
gauge is subjected to strain. For the bridge to remain insensitive to variation in
temperature the gauges R1 & R3 should have their resistances change by equal amount
when subjected to variation in temp.Therefore active gauge R1 & dummy gauge R3
should be identical.

iv. (1M for need and 03M for any one of the above method, figure preferred but not
essential----4Marks)
Q. 5 f) Strain gauge problem
Gauge factor Gf =

R / R
L / L

Change in Length L =

L =

R / R
L -------------------------- (01 Marks)
Gf

(0.013 / 240 )
0.1 = 2.46 10 6 m -------------------------- (01 Marks)
2. 2
Stress 6 = E
=

207 10 9 2.46 10 6
0. 1

= 5.092 10 6 N / m 2 -------------------------- (01 Marks)

Page 23 of 27

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

_____________________________________________________________________________
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
F = 6 A

= 5.092 10 6 4 10 4
= 2.037 10 3 N
F = 2.037 KN -------------------------- (01 Marks)

Q. 6 a) Differentiate between RTD & Thermistor.

RTD

Thermistor

1. Resistance changes positively with

1. These are having negative resistance

change in temperature.

temperature co-efficient and positive

temperature coefficient.

2. Material used is platinum, copper,

2. Made of semi conductor materials.

nickel & tungsten as resistance wire.

Sintered mixture of metallic oxides

such as manganese, nickel, cobalt. used

3. Construction is robust and large in size.

3. Small in size and in various shapes like

washer, bead, probe disc type.
4. These are cheap.

4. Having more cost.

5. Less

sensitive

compared

thermistor.
6. High temperature range

7 Linear behavior

with

5. Higher sensitivity

6. Small temp range

Non linear behavior

(01 mark each for any four correct points.---04Marks)

Q. 6 b) Hot wire anemometer.
Hot wire anemometers are hot wire resistance transducers which are used for
measurement of flow rates of fluids. Flow rates of non conducting liquids in open
channels and closed pipes and of gases in closed pipes can be measured very
conveniently by suitable locating this transducer which is n the form of wire filament.
The hot wire filament is usually a fine wire of platinum or tungsten and is mounted in the
flow channel by means of support. The transducer is in the form of probe as shown in fig.

Page 24 of 27

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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_____________________________________________________________________________
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer

The diameter and the length of wire depends size of pipe and maximum flow rate
which is to be measured.

Constant current type.

The fine resistance wire carrying a fixed current is exposed to the flow velocity.
The flow of current through the wire generated heat on account of I2R loss. This heat is
dissipated from the surface of wire by convection to the surrounding. The wire attains
equilibrium temperature when heat generated I2R loss is equal to the heat dissipated. The
resistance of wire depends on temperature which depends on flow rate.
I 2 R = hA(w f )

Constant Current type

Page 25 of 27

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer

Constant temperature type

In this type for filament wire temperature w is kept constant. A standard
resistance Rs is connected in series with hot wire anemometer. A galvanometer is used to
detect the balanced condition. The current through hot wire s varied so that temperature
of filament is constant. This current is determine register Rs. A plot of I 2 Rv / s v
determine the flow through the pipe.

( 2 marks for const. current mode and 2 marks for const. Temp. mode------- 4 Marks)
I 2 = K1 + K 2 v

Q. 6 c) Speed measurement
Contact Type

Non Contact Type

1. Measures the speed by mechanical

contact with shaft.

speed

without

any

mechanical contact with rotating shaft.

2. Revolution counter measures overage

velocity
3. Electrical

1. Measures

2. Magnetic

pickup

measures

instantaneous speed without contact.

tachometer

generates

electrical signal proportional to speed

4. Can be operated with close distance eg.

3. Magnetic pick up give signal in the

form of pulses.
4. Can be operated from distance away

Drag cup tachometer, Tacho generators.

from rotating shaft. Ex. Stroboscope.

Resonance tachometer.

Photo-electric pickup magnetic pickup.

(02 mark for any Two differences and 02 Marks for two examples of each.--- 04Marks)

Page 26 of 27

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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_____________________________________________________________________________
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
Q. 6 d) hair hygrometer.
Hygrometer is the instrument which measures the humidity. The amount of water vapour
content in per unit mass of the air. Human hair responds to the change in humidity. Its length
changes as the humidity changes. For measuring humidity hair is used as a primary sensing
element and response is calibrated to read the relative humidity.

As the instrument is exposed to the air depending on humidity of air hair contracts or
lengthens and output is transferred to indicate the relative humidity by pointer and scale
arrangement. Accuracy of about 80% is obtainable by this type of hygrometer.

(02 mark for appropriate sketch and 02 marks for Description .---04Marks)
Q. 6 e) Power consumed by lathe.
Power consumed in turning
P1 = T
= F r 2N

= 800 (0.1 / 2) 2 (300 / 60)

= 1256 .6 watts

-------------------------------------- ( 01 Marks)

Power consumed in feeding tool

P2 = F
= 100 0.8 10 3 (300 / 60 )
= 0.4 watts -------------------------------------- ( 01 Marks)

Total power required

P = 1256 .6 + 0.4
= 1257 watts -------------------------------------- ( 02 Marks)

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