Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
T R I B O LO G Y &
LU B R I C AT I O N
T E C H N O LO G Y
12 YEARS
of publishing excellence
AN
HEAVY-DUTY
DIESEL
LUBRICANTS
How theyll impact
fuel standards.
Gear Lubrication
Q&A with Evoniks Aidan Rose
Testing for Biodegradability
Measurement variables
Rust Resistance
Fundamentals of
corrosion protection
Rheology Explained
Tribology at the
dinner table
Career Coach
Should you accept that
job offer?
15
N
IO
IS
S
V R E
E O X
R F O
S D RB
N E
E V A
M O GE
IE PR R
S P E
W A ND
O
E
N
L
F
INTRODUCING
GEAR
www.aftonmicrobotz.com
2016. Afton Chemical Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of NewMarket Corporation (NYSE:NEU).
AFTON, HiTEC, MicrobotzTM and Passion for Solutions are trademarks owned by Afton Chemical Corporation.
Passion for Solutions is a registered trademark in the United States.
Contents
10
22
26
FEATURES
10
Special Report
Antioxidants: Key additives
enable lubricants to operate
under more severe conditions
WEBINARS
TECH BEAT
28
Fundamentals of rust
preventives used for
temporary corrosion
protection
46
Tribological Dependence
of the High-Performance
Ferrous-Based Coating
on Different Coating
Counterparts in Engine Oil
By Yongxin Wang, Bin Wang,
Jinlong Li, Fuqiang Ma and
Qunji Xue
BOOK REVIEW
FEATURE ARTICLE
20 MINUTES WITH
22
Aidan Rose
Evoniks global business
director discusses resource
efciency, gear lubrication
and the automotive market.
By David Gray
36
80
A review of Tribosystem
Analysis: A Practical
Approach to the Diagnosis
of Wear Problems.
By Dr. Robert M. Gresham
26
36
W W W. ST L E .O RG
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
Contents
DEPARTMENTS
58
EDITOR
Evan Zabawski, CLS
Reliability Specialist
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
evan.zabawski@gmail.com
Newsmakers
This months newsmakers
include Chevron Oronite, The
Schaefer Group, Sea-Land
Chemical, ANGUS Chemical
and more.
68
PUBLISHER/
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Thomas T. Astrene
tastrene@stle.org
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Rachel Fowler
rfowler@stle.org
New Products
Silver-colored anti-friction
coating; elemental spectrometers and more.
70
Sounding Board
COLUMNS
Presidents Report
STLE stands up for STEM
CIRCULATION
COORDINATORS
Myrna Scott
Judy Enblom
(847) 825-5536
DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Joe Ruck
TECHNICAL EDITORS
76
Advertisers Index
78
Resources
Keep up to date with the latest
technical literature available in
print and online.
Patrick Brutto
ANGUS Chemical Co.
Buffalo Grove, Illinois
Michael N. Kotzalas
The Timken Co.
North Canton, Ohio
Headquarters Report
Vincent Gatto
Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC
Norwalk, Connecticut
David B. Gray
Evonik Oil Additives
Horsham, Pennsylvania
Shawn McCarthy
Ocean State Oil, Inc.
Riverside, Rhode Island
82
Career Coach
Should you accept that job
offer?
86
88
On Condition Monitoring
Michael D. Holloway
ALS Tribology
Highland Village, Texas
Tyler Housel
INOLEX, Inc.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Worldwide
Copyright 2016 Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. All Rights Reserved.
TLT magazine is owned and published in print and electronically by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE).
The views set forth in this magazine are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of STLE. Material from TLT magazine
may be reproduced only with written permission from STLE. TLT magazine assumes no liability or responsibility for any
inaccurate, delayed or incomplete information. For more information, contact us at TLT@stle.org.
Subscription and Single Copies: Current volume single copies are $25 (not including shipping and handling). Annual subscription
rate is $225/U.S., $290/international. Prepayment is required before subscription is started. Remittances from foreign countries
must be by international money order or bank draft drawn on U.S. bank.
SEPTEMBER 2016
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
Paula Vettel
Novvi, LLC
Emeryville, California
Andras Korenyi-Both
Tribologix, Inc.
Golden, Colorado
Jeff Walkup
Gram & Juhl
Englewood, Colorado
W W W. ST L E .O RG
ExxonMobil Basestocks
for todays harder-working lubricants.
Your customers demand more from your lubricants today. Meet the
challenge by demanding more from your base stocks supplier. Require
unsurpassed product coverage with CORE Group I and EHC Group II/II+
base stocks provided by an industry-leading global network of refineries.
Choose ExxonMobil Basestocks energy for success.
For more information, visit exxonmobil.com/basestocks
PRESIDENTS REPORT
Dr. Ali Erdemir
Professor Ashlie Martini demonstrates an experiment in friction for Las Vegas high
school students attending the 2016 STLE STEM Camp.
tively participating in 11 different experiments
run by our many academic and industrial volunteers. Running the experiments and seeing the
end results instantly gave the students a real
sense of what tribology is all about and why it
is so important for so many things that we do or
encounter in our daily lives. These kids were really smart in grasping the logic behind each
experiment and asking many relevant questions.
One of the major highlights of this years
STEM camp was a lunch session with retired
U.S. Navy Captain Heidemarie StefanyshynPiper, who shared her experiences as a NASA
astronaut. Captain Piper is one of our STEM
enthusiasts who graciously travelled a long
way to join us at this years camp.
After the STEM camp, students were asked
to express their favorite memory and the
coolest thing they had learned in words and
in drawings. There were so many of them, but
this one summarizes in a nutshell the reections that these kids conveyed: Ive learned
that lubrication is in my life more than I anticipated. My favorite memory is when the
4 A comet is a relatively small solar system body that orbits the sun. When close enough to the sun, they display a fuzzy outline called a coma or tail.
Performance Fluids
for the metalworking industry
www.huntsman.com/metalworking
employed, including coal tar and sodium benzoate. By 1896 a study deemed that 90% of
commercial ketchups contained ingredients
that posed a health hazard, and Dr. Harvey
Washington Wiley spearheaded efforts against
their use.
Dr. Wiley believed high-quality ingredients and proper handling negated the need
for such preservatives, and he partnered
with a ketchup manufacturer whose recipe
called for ripe, red tomatoes (which had
higher levels of the natural preservative
pectin) and much higher levels of vinegar
(which also reduced spoilage). His partners
name was Henry J. Heinz, who began producing ketchup in 1876 and developed a
preservative-free recipe in 1906.
A concoction of tomato paste, vinegar,
sugar and spices is not inherently thick, so
thixotropic xanthan gum is added, which
gives ketchup its non-Newtonian properties. (A Newtonian uid is one whose viscosity does not change relative to time, ow or
stress, and time-dependent non-Newtonian
uids are called thixotropic.) Non-Newtonian
uids, whose viscosity is time independent,
6 A comets tail is created as the comet gets closer to the sun, causing water, carbon dioxide and other compounds to sublime from its surface.
SPECIALTY
PECIA
CHEMICALS
EMIC
ISO 9001
ISO 14001
OHSAS 18001
Specialty Additives
NA-SUL
Rust Inhibitors
K-CORR
www.kingindustries.com
w kingindus
www.kingindustries.com
www.kingindustries.com
www.kingindustries.com
www.kingindustries.com
www.kingindustries.com
www.kingindustries.com
www.kingindustries.com
Call Call
HEADQUARTERS REPORT
Edward P. Salek, CAE / Executive Director
Nearly 90% of the 500 members who participated in the study rated their overall
satisfaction with membership as high.
Eciency from
a new perspective.
You have to stay on the move to gain a lead. Thats why the
Oil Additives specialists at Evonik focus on working with you
to drive innovation and develop truly distinctive solutions.
Like premium lubricants that meet tomorrows demands
and help you boost eciency.
Open up new potential Let it ow.
To learn more,
scan the QR code or visit
evonik.com/oil-additives.
TECH BEAT
Dr. Neil Canter / Contributing Editor
Antioxidants
SPECIAL
REPORT
KEY CONCEPTS
Three types of antioxidants
are used to protect industrial
lubricants from
from external
fr
factors that will result in
the generation of free
freee
r di ls.
radicals.
Multiple types
type of antioxidants
a ti id ts
are recommended for use
in lubricant
lubrica t applications
lubric
because they complement
compleme t
eachh other.
th .
Evaluating the effectiveness
of antioxidants used in a
specic lubricant
lubrica t requires a
lubric
series of laboratory tests
followed by an assessment
of eld performance.
10
SEPTEMBER 2016
FUNCTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS
Oxidation is a multistep process involving a three-step radical process that if left
unchecked will eventually lead to the total breakdown of the components in the
lubricant. In the rst step of the radical process, known as initiation, an external
factor such as heat, severe pressure or the presence of a metal will trigger the formation of a free radical (or unpaired electron) that is derived from one of the organic
components found in the lubricant. Either a bond inside the organic species between
two atoms is broken to form the radical or an electron is subtracted from a molecule
by an oxidized metal.
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
radical formation
'/hQ/catalyst/starter
very slow
O2
&DWDO\VWVFRXOGEHGLUWEXWDOVR
R[LGL]HGPHWDOVXUIDFHVOLNHFREDOW
FRSSHURULURQ
7HUWLDU\DQWLR[LGDQWVLQKLELWWKH
IRUPDWLRQRIFDWDO\VWV
:LWKR[\JHQIURPDLUUDGLFDOVFDQ
IRUPKLJKO\UHDFWLYHSHUR[LGHV
5DGLFDOVFDQDOVRUHFRPELQHZLWK
HDFKRWKHUDQGIRUPODUJHU
PROHFXOHVRISRRUVROXELOLW\
3ULPDU\DQWLR[LGDQWVVFDYHQJH
UDGLFDOV
3HUR[LGHVFDQIRUPQHZDQG
PRUHUDGLFDOVE\GHFD\DQGEUHDN
LQWRVPDOOHUPROHFXOHVZKLFKPLJKW
EHYRODWLOH
6HFRQGDU\DQWLR[LGDQWVGHFRPSRVH
SHUR[LGHVZLWKRXWJHQHUDWLRQRI
UDGLFDOV
fast
chain
propagation
ROO
slow
ROOH
ROOH
branching,
slow
multiplying
RO
OH
+ RH
very
+ RH
- ROH
fast
- H2O
Figure 1 | The three-step process describing oxidation involves the initiation, propagation and multiplication of free radicals. (Figure courtesy of
Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH.)
oxidation,
ROOH
ultimate degradation
rarely/unlikely
+ O2
+ O2
CO 2 & H2O
7KHRQO\WHUPLQDWLRQVWHSRIWKHUDGLFDOSURFHVVLVWKHUHFRPELQDWLRQ
VWHSZKHUHWZRRIWKHIUHHUDGLFDOVZLOOFRPELQHWRIRUPDVWDEOH
FRPSRXQG
%\WKLVVWHSODUJHUPROHFXOHVFRXOGEHJHQHUDWHGZKLFKPLJKWEH
LQVROXEOHDQGIRUPGHSRVLWV
7KHILQDOSURGXFWVRIR[LGDWLRQRIDOORUJDQLFPDWWHUZLOOEHPDLQO\
FDUERQGLR[LGHDQGK\GURJHQR[LGH
Figure 2 | Termination of oxidation takes place through recombination of two free radicals as shown in the top reaction. The ultimate oxidation
products as shown in the bottom reaction are carbon dioxide and water. (Figure courtesy of Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH.)
11
CRITICAL LUBRICANT
APPLICATIONS
STLE Past President Robert Baker,
technical sales & marketing advisor
for King Industries in Norwalk, Conn.,
says, Very few applications (such as
lost lubricants and once through) do
not benet from the ability of antioxidants to extend the functional life of
the lubricant and prevent premature
failures. There is economic incentive
in most cases with critical applications
being those where the cost of downtime to change out the lubricant is signicantly greater than the cost of the
lubricant itself. Perhaps the most current example may be the wind turbine.
Galen Greene, technical service
manager for BASF Corp. in Tarrytown,
N.Y., agrees and says, Almost every
lubricant needs antioxidants! They are
used across the spectrum of industrial
12 The name comet comes from the Greek word meaning hair of the head. Aristotle coined the phrase because he observed comets as stars with hair.
HP
W W W. ST L E .O RG
HP + ADPA
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
ANTIOXIDANT SELECTION
4864
4528
4192
3856
3520
3184
2848
2512
2176
1840
1504
1168
836
500
Time (Hours)
Figure 3 | Better results in delaying the onset of oxidation are achieved with multiple antioxidants such as the combination of an alkylated diphenylamine (ADPA) and hindered phenolic
(HP) in the TOST. (Figure courtesy of Chemtura Corp.)
RPVOT/ASTM D2272
700
600
500
400
300
200
HP +
ADPA
ADPA
100
HP
OIT (minutes)
ADPA
TAN, mg KOH/g
Figure 4 | The ADPA, HP antioxidant combination also shows better results in the RPVOT.
(Figure courtesy of Chemtura Corp.)
13
14
SEPTEMBER 2016
Antioxidant Synergism
Figure 5 | Formulating with two antioxidants and two metal catalyst passivators leads to superior RPVOT and TOST performance results. (Figure courtesy of King Industries.)
100
14000
12000
10000
60
8000
40
6000
4000
80
20
2000
TOST Life
TOST sludge
0
0.15
0
0
0.05
0.1
Figure 6 | Supplementing a hydraulic uid with a mixture of specic aromatic amines enables
the antioxidation performance to be tailored to meet particular operating conditions. (Figure
courtesy of BASF Corp.)
BIOLUBRICANTS
One specic class of base stocks that
is particularly troublesome from the
W W W. ST L E .O RG
DAWN OF A
NEW ANTIOXIDANT
Lubricant Additive
,
ls
hemic
ilt C
a
rb
LLC
UL
IS
Van
de
Outstanding Performance
in Both Thin-Film and Bulk
Oxidation Protection
90
0 1:2
008 100
Registered and pending trademarks appearing in these materials are those of R.T. Vanderbilt Holding Company, Inc. or its respective wholly owned subsidiaries. For complete listings, please visit this location for trademarks, www.rtvanderbiltholding.com.
02
46
Commercial AO
DT-mPM AO
50.0
45.0
40.0
OIT in Minutes
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0
Day
Figure 7 | A PDSC study shows that an alternative antioxidant technology known as DT-mPM
exhibits superior performance in canola oil versus a commercial antioxidant. (Figure courtesy
of Polnox Corp.)
SEPTEMBER 2016
provides strong performance under severe conditions compared to a commercial antioxidant that has not even been
subjected to the harsh experimental
conditions.
Figure 7 also reveals that even after seven days of exposure of heat and
metal catalysts to the oil, the DT-mPM
antioxidant outperforms and maintains
its superior efcacy compared to the
commercial antioxidant, according to
Cholli.
Baker points out that the type of
base stock used in the biolubricant
is critical in determining whether an
antioxidant will be effective. He says,
Natural oils simply cannot be inhibited to withstand any signicant heat
and are restricted to more or less ambient applications. The life of formulated
conventional and many synthetic uids
can be compared using the TOST in the
thousands of hours; however, inhibited
natural oils are at best in the hundreds
of hours and biodegradable synthetics
can only be compared without the addition of water.
Figure 8 on Page 17 compares the
performance of petroleum, natural oil
and synthetic ester base stocks with an
appropriate treat rate of the same antioxidant blend in the TOST and the
RPVOT. The natural oils display inferior oxidation characteristics compared
to the petroleum base oils and the saturated biodegradable, synthetic ester.
Baker adds, For more demanding applications that require or desire
biolubricants, it is necessary to move
toward synthetic esters and utilize the
benet of antioxidant blends similar to
those that have been demonstrated in
petroleum base stocks.
Knig believes that hydrolysis of
biolubricants is as important as oxidation. He says, Hydrolysis products of
esters promote the radical formation
and aging of esters. This means that
esters need as much protection from
hydrolysis as from oxidation and aging of esters by radical reactions must
be distinguished from aging by hydrolysis. One challenge faced by lubricant
formulators is the main types of antioxidants are not readily biodegradable,
W W W. ST L E .O RG
DIFFERENTIATE ANTIOXIDANT
PERFORMANCE
The best approach to differentiate antioxidant performance is through running a series of laboratory tests (recognizing that no bench test simulates all
the possible operating conditions to be
encountered). Details on the available
tests can be found in the ASTM Fuels and Lubricants Handbook.2 Baker
says, Four of the most common uid
lubricant oxidation tests are the TOST,
RPVOT, PDSC and the Cincinnati Milacron thermal stability test (see Table
1). It should be noted that automotive
engine oils are typically confronted
with conditions not common to most
industrial applications and industrial
bench tests are generally not considered predictive of engine performance.
Gatto offers his thoughts for evaluating antioxidants. He says, My pref-
Figure 8 | The challenge in protecting natural oil-based lubricants from oxidizing as compared
to other base stocks is shown in this RPVOT and TOST study. (Figure courtesy of King Industries.)
erence is to use one bulk oil oxidation
test (dry TOST or Indiana Stirring Oxidation Test (ISOT)), one thin lm oxidation test (PDSC) a varnish or sludge
test (Cincinnati Milacron Thermal Stability Test or 1,000 hour TOST) and a
deposit test (Panel Coker). The RPVOT
is used by the lubricants industry as an
antioxidant screener for turbine and
compressor oils, although the test was
Description
The test is used to measure the remaining life of inservice oils by comparing the current result to the
new oil value. It is not intended to compare the
performance of different oils; however, it is
commonly used for screening because the results
are in minutes rather than hours and is helpful in
comparing similar AO variations.
Short-term comets like Halleys Comet have orbital periods of fewer than 200 years. Long-term comets have orbital periods of more than 200 years. 1 7
18
SEPTEMBER 2016
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
LEADING EDGE
I SpectraSyn Plus Base Oils Group IV I Pure Performance Base Oils Group II
I SpectraSyn Polyalphaolefin
I ConoPure Process Oils
Base Oils Group IV
I Esterex Esters Group V
W W W. ST L E .O RG
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
19
Antioxidants
62.5 %
Corrosion
Inhibitor
6.25 %
Rust Inhibitor
12.5 %
Diluent Oil
18.75 %
35
800
700
Sludge Fail
30
25
600
500
20
400
15
300
10
200
100
Experimental
Turbine Package B
0.8 % Treat Rate
0
Turbine Package
w/ 0.2
% VANLUBE
w/0.2%
AOX
top407
treat
Figure 9 | Addition of the proper top treat can boost antioxidant performance as shown in the
evaluation of a turbine oil using the TOST and a thermal stability test. (Figure courtesy of
Vanderbilt Chemicals LLC.)
ASSESSMENT OF
CURRENT ANTIOXIDANTS
The increasingly stressful operating
conditions for lubricants means that
there is need to assess the performance
characteristics of the currently available
antioxidants. Ameye says, A better
synergy needs to be achieved between
different types of aromatic amines and
hindered phenolics. Better antioxidant
solutions are needed on the newer generation of steam and gas turbines and
radial/centrifugal compressors because
they tend to use smaller oil reservoir
volumes that have less dwell time leading to additional oxidative stress.
One other area where improvement
is needed is in hydraulic uids. Ameye
says, More hydraulic oils need to be
enhanced with primary antioxidants
such as aromatic amines and hindered
phenolics instead of relying on secondary antioxidants.
20 Records of humans observing Halleys Comet go back thousands of years, with appearances noted by Babylonian, Chinese and European star gazers.
Baker points out that a big challenge for the lubricants industry is the
lack of new antioxidants to work with
in new and existing products. He says,
Registrations of new antioxidant candidates have become more difcult and
expensive, which is virtually precluding the development of new chemistries. The continuing challenge is to
seek cost-effective synergies of existing
chemistries.
FUTURE TRENDS
Future trends revolve around the
continuing use of more highly rened
petroleum oil base stocks, synthetic
base stocks and the need to nd ways
to keep lubricants based on these
materials operating effectively over
longer lifetimes. Higher rened and
modern base oils promise a longer
lifetime, says Knig, while end-user
requirements for oxidative stability
of lubricants increase. The required
stabilitieseven in higher refined
and modern base oilscan only be
achieved by use of optimized antioxidant and/or industrial oil packages.
Cholli emphasizes that biobased
lubricant use will continue to grow as
will the challenges associated in using
them. He says, Increased environmental awareness in society to minimize
the consequences of pollution coupled
with increased regulatory requirements
are expected to drive the development
of lubricant additives that are non-toxic and environmentally friendly. The
trend also may include using raw materials from renewable resources (biobased) in manufacturing of additives
in order to lessen dependence on the
petroleum-based chemicals that dominate the world today.
Migdal points out that the lubricants industry trend away from Group
I base oils will leave a need for integrating a specic antioxidant type into
future formulations prepared with
more highly rened base oils. He says,
Blending of hydrocarbon syntheticbased lubricants may require an additional antioxidant because the natural
antioxidant present in Group I base oils
is removed in processing more highly
W W W. ST L E .O RG
Sometimes, it is necessary
to run long-term tests
to cover all aspects of
complex antioxidant
mechanisms.
ing attention is being paid to a system
approach to equipment operation and
maintenance, such that the benet of
prolonging the functional life of the
lubricant to the system as a whole is
recognized (versus the cost of the lubricant alone).
Greene focuses on the greater demands that end-users are facing, which
puts more pressure on antioxidants to
effectively perform. He says, Customers continue to expect lower cost of
ownership including longer service
intervals and higher energy efciency.
This means longer lubricant life at
higher operating temperatures. More
and higher performing antioxidants
will be needed to meet these expectations.
Gatto specically discusses the opportunity to conduct proper condition
monitoring of compressor and turbine
oils to extend lubricant performance.
He says, An enormous opportunity
exists for extending the useful life of
certain compressor and turbine oils via
antioxidant replenishment. The technology already exists to do this with the
key being proper condition monitoring
of the service lubricant and having the
right systems in place for removing
contaminants that build up over time.
Using the right combination of antioxidants that can be easily monitored in
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
REFERENCES
1. Canter, N. (2015), GF-6, PC-11
and dexos1: New engine oil
specications mean new additive
challenges, TLT, 71 (9), pp. 1024.
2. Totten, G., Ed. (2003), Fuels and
lubricants handbook: Technology,
properties, performance and testing, ASTM International.
SEPTEMBER 2016
21
20 MINUTES WITH
By David Gray
Aidan Rose
Evoniks global business director discusses resource efciency,
gear lubrication and the automotive market.
22
SEPTEMBER 2016
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
ics, I can usually make some contributions when physical uid phenomena
are on the agenda. I stopped playing
under the car hood years agosystems
got way too complex for an amateur
like me. Motorcycles proved to be easier, even though electronics are changing there as well.
Halleys Comet can be seen with the naked eye from Earth every 75-76 years, although the time period has stretched to 79 years.
23
Emulsier Packages
Soluble and semi-synthetic bases
For naphthenic and parafnic base oils
We Manufacture It.
ISO 9001-2008
24
SEPTEMBER 2016
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
For a relationship
built on a high level
of collaboration
Add Oronite.
2016 Chevron Oronite Company LLC. All rights reserved. Chevron, the Chevron hallmark, Oronite, and Adding Up are registered trademarks of Chevron Intellectual Property LLC.
COMMENTARY
Dr. Robert M. Gresham / Contributing Editor
While the coma over Halleys Comet can stretch up to 100,000 km across, the nucleus
WEBINARS
Dr. Nancy McGuire / Contributing Editor
Fundamentals of
RUST PREVENTIVES
used for temporary
corrosion protection
KEY CONCEPTS
Rust preventive lms provide weeks to months of corrosion protection.
Sulfonates, waxes and oils in rust preventives
prev ti s interact synergistically to
to keep water away
a ay from metal
metal surfaces.
su aces.
Rust preventive testing evaluates a range of attributes, including
in uding corrosion protection
pr ecti n and water separation.
28
SEPTEMBER 2016
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
MARKET SUMMARY
Rust preventives are generally included in
the metalworking uids market because they
share many of the same suppliers and customers. In 2012 an estimated 300,000 tons
of metal protecting uids were used around
the worldabout 12% of the total market for
metalworking uids.1
Asia uses about half of the worlds supply
of rust preventives, driven in a large part by
Chinas large metal parts exporting industry,
which requires parts to be protected during
shipping. The remainder of the market is
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
29
split about evenly between the Americas and Europe. Asian markets use solvent-based or oil-based protective uids almost exclusively. These uids also
dominate in American markets, representing about 80% of market share. European markets, where environmental
regulations can be more stringent, uses
a higher percentage (about 40%) of water-based rust preventives.1
Metal Sulfonates
Waxes
Oils
Oxidized Waxes
SEPTEMBER 2016
Finished Rust
Preventative
Preventive
13
Figure 1 | Metal sulfonates combine synergistically with waxes or oxidized waxes to form a
corrosion protection layer over a metal surface. Oils or solvents act as diluents. (Figure courtesy of The Lubrizol Corp.)
Defoamers
FOAM BAN
Metalworking Fluids
-NM PTDNTR+TAQHB@MSR
Industrial Cleaners
Surface Treatment
At Munzing, we start with 180 years of experience and add in unmatched technical expertise.
We then craft the perfect defoamer for each customers industrial needs from metalworking
THCR@MCHMCTRSQH@KBKD@MDQRSN@MSHEQDDYDBNNK@MSR@MCHMCTRSQH@KKTAQHB@MSR
Call us today for your foam control solution.
Hydrophobic
Tail
Polar Head
Metal Surface
Sulfonate
Figure 2 | Metal sulfonate molecules have polar heads that bind to metal surfaces, driving off
water. Their long organic tails become entangled with the long molecular chains from the wax
component, forming a water-repellent protective layer. (Figure courtesy of The Lubrizol Corp.)
Figure 3 | Dipping test panels into a copper plating solution shows differences in the ease of
removal of various rust preventive uids by an alkaline cleaning solution. Here, barium sulfonate lms are removed less completely than similar calcium sulfonate lms. (Figure courtesy
of The Lubrizol Corp.)
A meteoroid is a small rock or particle of debris in our solar system. They range in size from dust to around 10 m (33 feet) in diameter.
TESTING METHODS
Several standard methods are used to
evaluate and compare the performance
of rust preventives. Some tests use a simulated environment to accelerate corrosion, while other tests evaluate rust prevention under actual usage conditions.
In ASTM B117 Salt Spray, an accelerated testing method for extreme
atmospheres, test panels are housed in
a chamber held at 35 C. A 5% aqueous
sodium chloride solution is continuously sprayed throughout the chamber.
Coated metal panels are run to failure
(disregarding the outer eighth-inch of
the panel). The test method does not
provide a criterion for failurethe vendor and the customer generally dene
suitable criteria. The Lubrizol Corp.
denes failure as more than 5% rust
on the surface of the panel.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
&
'
!"
#
$ !"
#%
' '
Figure 4 | Having a rust preventive (RP) lm that is difcult to remove does not guarantee the
best protection against corrosion. Top to bottom: traditional barium and calcium sulfonate
products offer less corrosion protection than either of two new-generation calcium sulfonate
products. (Figure courtesy of The Lubrizol Corp.)
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
33
RP A = Traditional barium
RP B = Traditional calcium
RP C = New gen. calcium #1
RP D = New gen. calcium #2
Photos taken 2.5 minutes into
the water separation test
Figure 5 | In this water separation test, shown after 2.5 minutes, a traditional barium sulfonate product expelled 20 mL of water (out of 25 mL
added), and a traditional calcium sulfonate product only separated out ve mL. Two new-generation calcium sulfonate products separated out
all 25 mL of water. (Figure courtesy of The Lubrizol Corp.)
REFERENCES
1. Kline and Co. (2014), Global metalworking uids: Market analysis
and opportunities. Report #Y650C.
Available at www.klinegroup.com/
reports/y650series.asp.
34 A meteoroid that burns up as it passes through the Earths atmosphere is known as a meteor. The shooting stars we see are actually meteors.
2016 STLE
Tribology
Frontiers
Conference
The Drake Hotel Chicago
Nov. 13-15, 2016
Places of Interest The Art Institute of Chicago Museum of Science and Industry
Field Museum Shedd Aquarium Willis Tower Lincoln Park Zoo
John Hancock Building Navy Pier Millennium Park Michigan Avenue shopping
Follow us on:
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068 info@stle.org www.stle.org 847-825-5536
FEATURE ARTICLE
Jeanna Van Rensselar / Senior Feature Writer
Heavy-duty
diesel lubricants
KEY CONCEPTS
PC-11
C standards
t d d will achieve
ac e e a 9%-23%
9% 23%
reduction in emissions and fuel
consumption from affected HD vehicles
over 2010 baselines.
Lower viscosity equals lower CO2
e issio s andd improved fuel
emissions
ue efciency.
Through additives, formulators have
been able to lower viscosity without
compromisi g performance and
compromising
durability, but
b t there
the e is still
th
stt lll a limit
lli t as
to how low viscosity can go.
Because PC-11 lubricants
l b
ts aree new and the
understanding
d t d g of how
ho they perform is
not yet complete,
complete experts say oil analysis
may be more important than ever.
36
SEPTEMBER 2016
W W W. ST L E .O RG
The imminent
availability of
PC-11 lubricants
is a focus on
fuel efciency
for HD vehicles.
Idle time is costly. Every hour of idle time in a long-haul operation can decrease fuel
efciency by 1%.
WHY NOW?
The existing CJ-4 oil specication, introduced in October 2006, has been
the standard longer than nearly all
diesel engine oil categories. In 2010
the National Highway Trafc Safety
Administration together with the EPA
announced regulations that would
reduce the level of greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions and require fuel
economy improvements for mediumT R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
37
tor to oil consumption and GHG emissions. The heavy-duty sector addressed
in these joint rules accounts for nearly
6% of all U.S. GHG emissions.
These nal standards will achieve
a 9%-23% reduction in emissions and
fuel consumption from affected tractors
over 2010 baselines.4
Certain semitrucks will be required
to achieve up to 20% reduction in fuel
consumption and GHG emissions by
model year 2018, saving up to four gallons of fuel for every 100 miles traveled.5
API PC-11 is a new generation of
HD engine oils that will facilitate compliance with the new regulations (see
PC-11 Sequence Tests). The date of rst
license for PC-11 oil, now called API
CK-4 and API FA-4 oils, is Dec. 1. To
comply with these new regulations,
there have already been signicant
diesel engine design changes such as:
Diesel engine downsizing: 15 L to
13 L
Figure 1 | The wear rates for iron (top) and aluminum (bottom) were nearly identical for
all three oils. In all three cases, microscopic wear particles show early break-in wear followed by a reduction to a consistent low wear rate. (Graphic courtesy of Dan Arcy and Shell.)
A meteoroid that survives falling through the Earths atmosphere and collides with the Earths surface is known as a meteorite.
Figure 2 | No discernible difference in wear was observed between engines using the prototype low-HTHS viscosity oil and
the two higher viscosity oils. In fact, the engine using the prototype oil had a notable lack of wear. The cam lobe, piston and
wrist pin bushings pictured here were observed to be in a very
good state after running for 520,398 miles with the prototype
oil. The contact areas of these components are critical for wear
protection, as they are subjected to extreme pressures with
high heat and friction. (Photo courtesy of Dan Arcy and Shell.)
SPECIFICATION PROCESS
The development and approval of an engine oil is a threephase process:
Phase 1. The New Category Evaluation Team (NCET) is
formed, which consists of manufacturers (EMA), oil marketers (API) and additive companies (American Chemistry
Council). The focus of the NCET, through a consensus
process, is to review the request and evaluate the need for
a new specication.
Phase 2. The New Category Development Team (NCDT)
is formed to oversee the specication and test method
development and to agree to any additional guidelines.
The NCDT is structured with four functional work groups
(API, ASTM, ACC and EMA) that report to the NCDT.
Each of the four groups has specic responsibilities. In
addition, ad hoc work groups from SAE and engine test
laboratories are asked to participate. The NCDT uses a
consensus process to develop the category. Once the category and the tests have been dened, the rst licenses are
scheduled for issuance.
SEPTEMBER 2016
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
We create
chemistry
that makes
the environment
love lubricant
additives
SEPTEMBER 2016
Figure 4 | The rate of viscosity increase throughout the oil-drain interval is similar for
all three oils (shown by the similar gradient of the lines). Oxidation is a major cause
of viscosity increase, which indicates oil aging. (Graphic courtesy of Dan Arcy and Shell.)
and development to design new chemistry to meetand exceedthe performance and durability requirements of
these new FA-4 oils and as such I would
suggest fuel economy has been and will
remain one of Aftons highest priorities
in heavy-duty engine oils.
According to a recent Commercial
Carrier Journal survey, almost 48% of
respondents are slightly to very concerned about the implementation of
PC-11. Respondents top concerns included:
The fear that lower viscosity oils
will increase engine wear
The possibility of needing both API
CK-4 and FA-4 oils
Determining the right oil for their
eet
Not being able to use the new formula in older engines and what will
happen if it is used in older engines.9
OEMs are working to determine
if there is backward compatibility,
Arcy explains. One of the challenges
is going to be eets that have a range
of ages of vehicles and manufacturers.
CK-4 should be no problem. The challenge is going to be FA-4. Will those
FA-4 oils be acceptable for use in older
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
UV absorbers
Peroxide decomposers
Chain-breaking electron donors
Chain-breaking electron acceptors.
Primary antioxidants include:
Greg Shank, executive staff engineer coordinator: uids technology for Volvo Group Trucks Technology, explains that the oxidation
and aeration performance improvement in CK-4 and FA-4 oils is very
important for engine protection and maintenance intervals.
Jackie Liu, global business director, engine oils for Evonik Oil Additives, says, We need to take a very close look at every component
in the lubricant formulation and its value. In this way, it should be
possible to maximize the value of all of the components that make
up todays heavy-duty diesel lubricants. For example, viscosity index
improvers can be formulated with additional functionality, such as dispersant, or improvements in lm thickness. Allowing key components
in lubricants to address multiple concerns will allow lubricant formulators greater exibility, leading to improvements in the efciency
of the hardware/lubricant combinations that are not available today.
DURABILITY/VISCOSITY TRADE-OFF
Engine oils contribute to fuel economy in two ways:
As an enabler by providing the high-performance protection that
allows changes to engine design and after-treatment technology
without affecting fuel economy.
The fastest meteoroids travel through the solar system at a speed of around 42 km per second (26 miles per second).
43
CORROSION INHIBITORS
44
SEPTEMBER 2016
* Can be used on steel, zinc coated, yellow metals and many non-ferrous applications
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
The formation of air bubbles in an oil formulation. (Photo courtesy of Dan Arcy and Shell.)
Ames adds, OEMs will need to assess whether FA-4 oils are suitable for
use in each engine type and application. While FA-4 oils must pass the
same challenging wear tests as CK-4
oils in order to be API licensable, they
still must be assessed for suitability of
use in heritage engines.
Analysis of used FA-4 oil is extremely important for two reasons: to
ensure the correct oil is being used and
to monitor wear metals, which could
be an issue with FA-4 oils in older engines.
One of the things that I recom-
REFERENCES
1. From Shells Preparing for API CK-4 and FA-4: What the
New Categories Mean for You and Your Heavy-Duty Engines.
Available at www.whatispc-11.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/
Shell_Lubricants_CK4_and_FA4_technical_brochure_lo.pdf.
2. Since more than 95% of all heavy-duty trucks are dieselpowered, the term heavy-duty lubricants in this article refers
to lubricants for heavy-duty diesel vehicles.
3. From http://cumminsengines.com/uploads/docs/Secrets%20
of%20Better%20Fuel%20Economy_whitepaper.pdf.
4. From EPA and NHTSA Adopt First-Ever Program to Reduce
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Improve Fuel Efciency of
Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Available at www3.epa.gov/
otaq/climate/documents/420f11031.pdf.
5. From Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efciency
Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles.
Available at www.nhtsa.gov/fuel-economy.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
45
PEER-REVIEWED
KEY WORDS
Plasma-sprayed ferrousbased coating; tribological performance; coating counterpart;
DLC coating; engine oil
ABSTRACT
46
A ferrous-based coating with signicant chromium was fabricated on aluminum alloy substrate using a plasma spray technique. The tribological performance of the as-fabricated
ferrous-based coating sliding against different coatings including Cr, CrN, TiN, and diamondlike carbon (DLC) in an engine oil environment were comparatively studied. Results showed
that the high hardness of the sprayed ferrousbased coating was achieved due to the dispersion
strengthening effect of Cr7C3 phase embedded in the austenite matrix. The ferrous-based
coating exhibited low friction coefcients when coupled with these four coating counterparts, which could be attributed to the boundary lubricating effect of engine oil. However,
both friction and wear of the ferrous-based coating were different when sliding against these
different coating counterparts, which might be closely related to the surface roughness, selflubricating effect, and mechanical properties of the coupled coatings. Ferrous-based coating
sliding against CrN and DLC coatings exhibited good tribological performance in engine oil.
The best coating counterpart for the ferrous-based coating in an engine was DLC coating.
INTRODUCTION
For a number of years, aluminum alloys have been successfully used to replace cast iron
in the fabrication of engine cylinder blocks to reduce vehicle weight. This development
has been made possible by transcending the poor wear resistance of aluminum. Among
the technologies used to protect the working surfaces of aluminum cylinder blocks,
thermal spray coating has drawn attention because of its special advantages, including
high efciency, low heat input, cost reduction, and scufng resistance (Edrisy, et al. (1);
Hilla, et al. (2)). In addition, it has been proven that an appropriate plasma-sprayed
ferrous-based coating on the cylinder block can reduce oil consumption by about 24%
(Grard (3)). The main problem was that the corresponding low hardness ranging from
about 200 to 500 HV of the common ferrous-based coating would only provide limited
wear resistance for the application on the inner surface of the cylinder block (Vencl, et
al. (4); Smith and Mutasim (5); Uozato, et al. (6)). Therefore, various research works
focused on composite ferrous-based coatings that possess a high hardness. Song, et
al. (7) studied the wear resistance of a composite coating fabricated by STS 316 spray
powders mixed with Al2O3-ZrO2 powders. They found that iron oxides formed in the
The Earths atmosphere experiences millions of meteors every day, most of which burn up in the atmosphere.
EXPERIMENTAL
Coating preparation
The ferrous-based coating was fabricated using an XM-80SK
plasma spray system on aluminum alloy ZL109 (ZAlSi2Cu1Mg1Ni1) substrates with dimensions of 45 mm = 20 mm
= 5 mm. In order to achieve a high performance of the sprayed
ferrous-based coating, ferrous-based composite powder with
signicant Cr was used (Liu, et al. (22)). The composition of
the composite powder was Fe-18Cr-8.5Ni-3Si-0.8C-0.96Mn
(wt%). The morphology of the composite powder is shown
in Figure 1. The spraying parameters are shown in Table 1
on Page 48. Before spraying, the substrates were sand-blasted
using brown fused alumina with a particle size of 1.21.4 mm
for about 30 s and then ultrasonically cleaned in alcohol and
acetone for 15 min. After spraying, the coated samples were
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
47
Spray Parameter
Value
Coatings
Hardness (GPa)
Modulus (GPa)
Poisson Ratio
Roughness (nm)
55
500
1,900
88
400
100
Cr
CrN
TiN
DLC
7
21
28
14
281
328
496
162
0.26
0.18
0.18
0.20
112
283
302
27
Coating characterization
Morphologies of the powder and the ferrous-based coating
were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The microstructures of the ferrous-based coating were also
analyzed using energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) loaded
in the SEM system and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The hardness of the ferrous-based coating was measured using a MVS1000D1 Vickers microhardness tester under loads of 0.1 and
1.0 kg, respectively. The microstructures of the four coating
counterparts were analyzed using XRD. Mechanical properties
including hardness and modulus of the four coating counterparts were tested using an MTS-Nano G200 Nano-indentor.
The roughness of the four coating counterparts was tested
using a surface proler. XRD patterns of the coating counterparts are shown in Figure 2. Typical microstructures of
SEPTEMBER 2016
Tribological test
A UMT-3 multifunctional attrition testing machine with a
reciprocating ball-on-at model was used to test the tribological behaviors of the as-fabricated ferrous-based coating
against different coating counterparts at an ambient room
temperature. Mineral engine oil (SJ 5w-40) was selected as
the lubricant for these tests. The schematic diagram presented
in Figure 3 shows the working principle of the tribometer.
The aluminum alloy substrate with ferrous-based coating was
xed on a reciprocating motion platform and the mating ball
with a certain coating was xed in a holder that was connected to a transducer. An injector was used to supply oil to
provide a lubricated condition for the duration of the test.
During the test, the variation in the coefcient of friction as
well as normal and friction forces were monitored and logged
by a computer. The amplitude was 5 mm, the reciprocating
frequency was 5 Hz, the normal load was 15 N, and the sliding
duration was 60 min. After each test, a cross-sectional prole
of the wear track was measured using an Alpha-Step IQ prolometer to obtain statistical data on the wear rate. The wear
morphologies of the ferrous-based coatings and their different
coating counterparts were examined using a Leica DM2500
optical microscope and SEM.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
RESULTS
Characteristics of the composite ferrous-based coating
Figure 4 shows the microstructure of the sprayed composite
ferrous-based coating. It can be seen that the as-fabricated
ferrous-based coating has a compact and uniform structure.
The thickness of the coating was approximately 500 m.
From the higher magnication micrographs of the snapped
and polished cross section of the sprayed coatings, a typical
Figure 4 | Cross-sectional morphologies of the ferrous-based coating: (a) total view of the peeled coating; (b) snapped micromorphology; and (c) polished micromorphology.
The word meteor comes from a Greek word that means suspended in the air. They can become visible as high as 120 km (75 miles) above Earth.
49
50
SEPTEMBER 2016
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
TESTED, PROVEN
FRICTION CONTROL
Rigorously challenged in the most extreme environments.
Dow teamed up with Richard Childress Racing to test and develop premium
greases and gear lubricants that can endure the punishing conditions of the
race track. The result? Improved lubrication, reduced uid migration,
and increased efciency. Are you ready to formulate the next
generation of performance lubricants with Dow technology?
52
SEPTEMBER 2016
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
anyth l ng but
ORDINARY
UNISOL
bright
STRONG
Unique
Count on UNISOL Liquid Dyes when you want to easily and economically color your
petroleum products. UNISOL Liquid Dyes are strong and bright and are a highly effective way to
differentiate any fuel or lubricant. Whether you select a standard color or choose a specialized
shade UNISOL Liquid Dyes offer powerful coloring capabilities.
I N
C O L O R
800.852.5942
T E C H N O L O G Y
UNITEDCOLOR.COM
8/16
Meteors can give off various colors when they burn, which is associated with their composition.
(1)
(2)
(3)
For this study, the at was an aluminum alloy with a ferrous- based coating, and the balls were GCr15 with coatings.
In order to simplify the calculation, the ferrous-based coating
was assumed as the at made of the cast iron, and the coupled
coatings on the GCr15 balls were assumed as homogeneous
balls made of the corresponding coating materials. The elastic
modulus E1 and Poisson ratio v1 of typical cast iron are 150
GPa and 0.3, respectively. After importing the parameters of
different coatings shown in Table 2 and the normal load W,
which was 15 N, a series of Hertz contact values was obtained
as shown in Table 3. The calculated Hertz contact values might
include great errors due to the simplication, but the order
from high to low can be determined. It was found that the
order of maximum contact stress under the same normal load
was ferrous-based coating against TiN coating > ferrous-based
coating against CrN coating > ferrous-based coating against
Cr coating > ferrous-based coating against DLC coating. Then
the damage to different coating counterparts with the ferrousbased coating under the same condition would be TiN coating >
CrN coating > Cr coating > DLC coating. Three factors including surface roughness, self-lubricating effects, and mechanical
properties of coupled coatings worked synergistically, leading
to the differences in the friction coefcient and wear rate of the
as-prepared ferrous-based coating sliding against different coating counterparts, which was TiN coating > against CrN coating
> against Cr coating > against DLC coating.
However, the wear losses of the coupled coating counterparts revealed little difference compared to the wear rates of
the ferrous-based coating. Though the wear law of ferrousbased coating was against TiN coating > against CrN coating
Table 3 | Contact area radiuses and maximum contact stresses of the
ferrous-based coating against different coating counterparts.
Coating
Counterpart
Cr
CrN
TiN
DLC
W W W. ST L E .O RG
Contact Area
Radius (mm)
Maximum Contact
Stress (GPa)
0.068
0.067
0.064
0.073
1.54
1.58
1.71
1.31
> against Cr coating > against DLC coating, the wear losses
of the corresponding coating counterparts were TiN > Cr >
CrN > DLC. This was attributed to the lower hardness of the
Cr coating compared to the CrN coating. The high mechanical properties of CrN fabricated by the PVD technique would
provide antiwear performance, though the friction coefcient
for the ferrous-based coating sliding against the CrN coating
was slightly higher than that for the ferrous-based coating
sliding against the Cr coating.
It is clear that the friction coefcient of the ferrous-based
coating sliding against TiN was much higher than that sliding
against other coatings. Both friction contact surfaces suffered
more severe wear than the other tribopairs. Though the friction
coefcient and wear rate of the ferrous-based coating coupled
with the Cr coating exhibited a slightly lower friction coefcient, the wear of the Cr coating was more severe than that
of the CrN coating. The friction coefcient and wear of both
friction contact surfaces for the ferrous-based coatingtoDLC
coating tribopair were much lower than those of other tribopairs. Accordingly, the ferrous-based coating to CrN coating or
DLC coating could exhibit good tribological performance in
engine oil. The best coating counterpart for the ferrous-based
coating in engine oil circumstance was the DLC coating.
CONCLUSION
A plasma-sprayed ferrous-based coating was fabricated by
using a ferrous-based powder with signicant Cr content.
The as-fabricated ferrous-based coating possessed high hardness due to the formation of a Cr7C3 phase dispersed inside
the coating matrix. When coupled with typical piston ring
coatings including Cr, CrN, TiN, and DLC, the ferrous-based
coating exhibited good tribological performance with differences in engine oil. The friction coefcients were low, which
could be attributed to the boundary lubricating effect of engine oil. The different friction coefcients and wear rates for
the ferrous-based coating sliding against these four coating
counterparts showed the same order, which was ferrous-based
coating against TiN coating > ferrous-based coating against
CrN coating > ferrous-based coating against Cr coating > ferrous-based coating against DLC coating. However, the wear
loss of the coupled coatings was TiN > Cr > Cr > DLC. The
tribological differences in the ferrous-based coating against
different coatings were closely related to the surface roughness, self-lubricating effects, and mechanical properties of the
coupled coatings. In contrast, the plasma-sprayed ferrousbased coating exhibited good tribological performance in
engine oil when coupled with CrN or DLC coating. The best
coating counterpart for the ferrous-based coating in an engine
is DLC the coating.
FUNDING
The authors gratefully acknowledge nancial support from the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.
51202261 and 51475449) and the National Basic Research
Program of China (973 Program, Grant No. 2013CB632302).
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
55
REFERENCES
(1) Edrisy, A., Perry, T., Cheng, Y. T., and Alpas, A. T. (2001), Wear
of Thermal Spray Deposited Low Carbon Steel Coatings on Aluminum Alloys, Wear, 251, pp 10231033.
(2) Hilla, S. H., Harteld-Wnsch, S. E., and Tung, S. C. (1999),
Bench Wear Testing of Common Gasoline Engine Cylinder
Bore Surface/Piston Ring Combinations, Tribology Transactions,
39, pp 929935.
(3) Gerard, B. (2005), Advanced Thermal Spray Technology and
Coating for Lightweight Engine Blocks for the Automotive Industry, Surface and Coating Technology, 200, pp 19901993.
(4) Vencl, A., Mrdak, M., and Banjac, M. (2008), Correlation of
Microstructures and Tribological Properties of Ferrous Coatings
Deposited by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying on Al-Si Cast Alloy Substrate, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 40, pp
398405.
(17) Sun, Z., Zhang, P., Zhai, L., Xu, X., Han, A., and Zhang, W.
(2000), Multi-Layer Compound Coating on Cast Iron Piston
Ring by Multi-Arc and Magnetron Sputtering Ion Compound
Plating Technique, Surface and Coating Technology, 131, pp
422427.
(18) Tung, S. C. and Gao, H. (2003), Tribological Characteristics
and Surface Interaction between Piston Ring Coatings and a
Blend of Energy-Conserving Oils and Ethanol Fuels, Wear,
255, pp 12761285.
(19) Cho, D.-H. and Lee, Y.-Z. (2009), Evaluation of Ring Surfaces
with Several Coatings for Friction, Wear and Scufng Life, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 19, pp 992996.
(20) Cai, Z. H., Zhang, P., and Di, Y. L. (2011), Nanolayered CrN/
TiAIN Coatings Synthesized by Ion Plating Technology for Tribological Application on Piston Pings, Advanced Materials Research, 216, pp 430434.
(21) Cai, Z. H., Di, Y. L., He, J. W., and Zhang, P. (2011), Investigation of Microstructure and Tribological Properties of CrxTi1-xN
Composite Films on Piston Ring, Advanced Materials Research,
287, pp 21362139.
(22) Liu, H.-N., Nomura, M., Ogi, K., and Sakamoto, M. (2001),
Abrasion Resistance of High Cr Cast Irons at an Elevated Temperature, Wear, 250, pp 7175.
(7) Song, E. P., Hwang, B., Lee, S., Kim, N. J., and Ahn, J. (2006),
Correlation of Microstructure with Hardness and Wear Resistance of Stainless Steel Blend Coatings Fabricated by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying, Materials Science and Engineering,
429, pp 189195.
(8) Bobzin, K., Ernst, F., Richardt, K., Schlaefer, T., Verpoort, C., and
Flores, G. (2008), Thermal Spraying of Cylinder Bores with
the Plasma Transferred Wire Arc process, Surface and Coating
Technology, 202, pp 44384443.
(9) Friedrich, C., Berg, G., Broszeit, E., Rick, F., and Holland, J.
(1997), PVD CrxN Coatings for Tribological Application on
Piston Rings, Surface and Coating Technology, 97, pp 661668.
(10) Gangopadhyay, A., Zdrodowski, R. J., and Simko, S. J. (2014),
Interactions of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings with Fully Formulated Engine Oils, Tribology Transactions, 57, pp 503514.
(11) Wang, Y. and Tung, S. C. (1999), Scufng and Wear Behavior
of Aluminum Piston Skirt Coatings against Aluminum Cylinder
Bore, Wear, 225, pp 11001108.
(12) Bozyaz, E., rgen, M., and akr, A.F. (2004), Comparison of
Reciprocating Wear Behaviour of Electrolytic Hard Chrome and
Arc-PVD CrN Coatings, Wear, 256, pp 832839.
(13) Sohi, M.H., Kashi, A. A., and Hadavi, S.M.M. (2003), Comparative Tribological Study of Hard and Crack-Free Electrodeposited
Chromium Coatings, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 138, pp 219222.
(14) Walter, K. C., Scheuer, J. T., McIntyre, P. C., Kodali, P., Yu, N.,
and Nastasi, M. (1996), Increased Wear Resistance of Electrodeposited Chromium through Applications of Plasma Source
Ion Implantation Techniques, Surface and Coating Technology,
85, pp 16.
(15) Lee, S. L., Windover, D., Audino, M., Matson, D. W., and McClanahan, E. D. (2002), High-Rate Sputter Deposited Tantalum
Coating on Steel for Wear and Erosion Mitigation, Surface and
Coating Technology, 149, pp 6269.
(16) Shi, P. Z., Wang, J., Tian, C. X., Li, Z. G., Zhang, G. D., Fu, D.
J., and Yang, B. (2013), Structure, Mechanical and Tribological
Properties of CrN Thick Coatings Deposited by Circular Combined Tubular Arc Ion Plating, Surface and Coating Technology,
228, pp 534537.
56
SEPTEMBER 2016
(23) Wang, H., La, P., Liu, X., Wei, Y., and Shi, T. (2013), Effect
of Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of
Large Dimensional Bulk Nanocrystalline Fe-Al-Cr Alloy Prepared by Aluminothermic Reaction, Materials Science and Engineering A, 582, pp 17.
(24) Azimi, G. (2012), Microstructure and Wear Properties of FeCr-C and Fe-Cr-Nb-C Clads on Carbon Steel by TIG Surfacing
Process, International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, 6, pp 1523.
(25) Al Mahmud, K. A. H., Kalam, M. A., Masjuki, H. H., Mobarak,
H. M., and Zulkii, N. W. M. (2015), An Updated Overview of
Diamond-Like Carbon Coating in Tribology, Tribology Transactions, 40, pp 90118.
(26) Mistrya, K. K., Morina, A., Erdemir, A., and Neville, A. (2013),
Extreme Pressure Lubricant Additives Interacting on the Surface of Steel- and Tungsten CarbideDoped Diamond-Like Carbon, Tribology Transactions, 56, pp 623629.
(27) Gangopadhyay, A., Sinha, K., Uy, D., Mcwatt, D. G., Zdrodowski, R. J., and Simko, S. J. (2010), Friction, Wear, and Surface
Film Formation Characteristics of Diamond-Like Carbon Thin
Coating in Valvetrain Application, Tribology Transactions, 54,
pp 104114.
(28) Vera, E. E., Vite, M., Lewis, R., Gallardo, E. A., and LagunaCamacho, J. R. (2011), A Study of the Wear Performance of
TiN, CrN and WC/C Coatings on Different Steel Substrates,
Wear, 271, pp 21162124.
(29) Eriksson, J. and Olsson, M. (2011), Tribological Testing of
Commercial CrN, (Ti,Al)N and CrC/C PVD CoatingsEvaluation of Galling and Wear Characteristics against Different High
Strength Steels, Surface and Coating Technology, 205, pp 4045
4051.
(30) Xiao, Y., Shin, W., Luo, J., and Liao, Y. (2014), The Tribological
Performance of TiN, WC/C and DLC Coatings Measured by the
Four-Ball Test, Ceramics International, 40, pp 69196925.
(31) ZuKcker, G. M., Gross, T., and Santner, E. (1994), Inuence
of the Testing Parameters on the Tribological Behaviour of SelfMated PVD-Coatings, Wear, 17, pp 9510.
(32) Wang, Q., Zhou, F., Wang, X., Chen, K., Wang, M., Qian, T., and
Li, Y. (2011), Comparison of Tribological Properties of CrN,
TiCN and TiAlN Coatings Sliding against SiC Balls in Water,
Applied Surface Science, 257, pp 78137820.
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
Brighter
HyGold 5000BS offers blend options afforded by no other bright stock on the market.
With double the viscosity of a conventional Group I bright stock, low pour point and
excellent color, it creates value in a wide range of lubricant applications.
Blending Performance and Security
Ergon remains committed to reliable supply of specialty oil products worldwide. Our
investment in the latest Group I bright stock refining technology positions us to meet
future market demand on a global scale. Visit ergonnsa.com/5000BS to learn more.
ergonnsa.com | 601-933-3000
ergoninternational.com | + 32 2 351 23 75
NEWSMAKERS
TOP STORIES
CHEVRON ORONITE ANNOUNCES
NEW DISTRIBUTOR IN NIGERIA
Chevron Oronite, based in San Ramon,
Calif., has signed an agreement appointing ABD Energy Solutions Limited
as their distributor in Nigeria.
The agreement involves not only
the sale of OLOA additives and
PARATONE viscosity modiers but
also provides technical and laboratory
support to customers. ABD Energy Solutions operates a strategically located
warehouse in Lagos that will allow
storage of some Oronite products for
greater availability and exibility in
meeting customer needs.
ABD Energy Solutions Limiteds
vast experience in the rening and
petrochemical business gives them
a good knowledge of the lubricant,
base oil and additives segmentsand
makes them a welcome addition to
the Oronite distributor network, says
Alain Robert, regional sales manager,
Europe-Middle East-Africa, Chevron
Oronite. Moreover, they have a very
focused and strategic approach thanks
to their extensive knowledge of the Nigerian market. This should help Oronite further strengthen our presence in
the region and also enhance our level
of service.
Oronite explains that the selection
of ABD Energy Solutions Limited is
aligned with its continuous desire to
be in close proximity to customers in
the region. We strongly believe the
ABD Energy Solutions Limited team is
well positioned to help us deliver the
required solutions and services to customers in Nigeria, Robert concludes.
SEPTEMBER 2016
from 1970-1985
who established
ASTM as the
world leader in
developing and
disseminating
voluntary consensus standards.
Schrotter is
Fran Schrotter
honored for her
sustained leadership in the U.S. and global standards
community, exemplifying a commitment to consensus, collaboration and
professionalism.
Nearly everyone in the global standards community has been positively
affected by Frans contributions, says
ASTM president James Thomas. Clearly her work has supported standards
that have improved the lives of millions
of people in both the U.S. and around
the world. She truly embodies the spirit
of the Cavanaugh Award.
Schrotter has been with ANSI since
1976, working with a variety of domestic and international committees and
organizations that develop standards
in dozens of industries. As senior vice
president, she is primarily responsible
for ANSIs activities supporting U.S.
participation in domestic and international standardization activities.
In addition, she has held numerous
leadership roles in other organizations.
With the Cavanaugh award, Schrotter
is named as an honorary member of
ASTM.
DES-CASE ACQUIRED BY
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH PARTNERS,
NAMED TENNESSEAN TOP
WORKPLACE
Industrial Growth Partners (IGP), a San
Francisco-based private equity rm, acquired the parent company of Des-Case
Corp., based in Goodlettsville, Tenn.,
for an undisclosed sum.
IGP is a specialist private investment partnership with $2.2 billion in
capital raised since inception that provides equity capital to industrial manufacturing companies. IGP concentrates
on leading, niche manufacturers of
engineered products used in critical
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
70 YEARS OF SCHAEFFLER
Herzogenaurach, Germany-based, The
Schaefer Group, one of the greatest
success stories in German industry after
1945, is celebrating its 70th anniversary.
Dr. Wilhelm Schaeffler and his
brother Dr.-Ing. E.h. Georg Schaefer
laid the foundation for todays company
when they founded Industrie GmbH in
Herzogenaurach in 1946. The companys rapid rise began in 1949 with the
invention of the INA needle roller cage.
Schaefer was soon producing cageguided needle roller bearings in large
quantities, particularly for the German
Making lithium
complex grease?
Reduce cycle time, eliminate a raw
material and skip a step in your
process. Elcos new additives will
make a lithium complex grease
for you. No longer is there a need
for the extra reaction step or the
additional raw material. Simply
add Elco 7401 or Elco 7403 to
obtain the extreme pressure,
antiwear and corrosion protection
you need while complexing your
lithium soap at the same time.
How you use the saved time and
money is up to you.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
SEPTEMBER 2016
59
ILA employees gather for a group photo in front of their new R&D Center in Wixom, Mich. With over 13,000 square feet of lab space for
product formulation and testing, the new tech center will concentrate on product development for specic customer applications.
A meteor shower is usually the result of debris from a broken comet. They are the size of pebbles and no larger than a baseball.
Following on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) exemption of AMP in 2014, Environment
Canada nalized an order to remove
AMP from the List of Toxic Substances
in Schedule 1 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, due to the
compounds negligible effect on the formation of ground-level ozone.
As global VOC regulations con-
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
61
ASTM MEMBERS
REINSTATE TEST METHOD
West Conshohocken, Pa.-based, ASTM
International members reinstated a key
test method that helps determine how
much water is in various petroleum
products (D6304, Standard Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and
Additives by Coulometric Karl Fischer
Titration).
Knowing the water content in
these products helps manufacturers
and buyers predict their quality and
performance characteristics while also
helping prevent premature corrosion
and wear.
The group that reinstated the standard met in Bellevue, Wash., as part
of the biannual Committee Week for
ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants.
Future revisions of the standard will be
undertaken by Subcommittee D02.06
on Analysis of Liquid Fuels and Lubricants. Revisions could include clarifying the amount of primary standard
62
SEPTEMBER 2016
global industrial
lubricants marketing manager.
In this role, he
will be responsible for leadership of the wind
turbine and general industrial
Mukund Bhure
gear oils business
globally, and will
relocate from his current location in
Mumbai, India, to Evoniks Horsham,
Pa., Technology Center in the U.S.
Bhure joined Evoniks Oil Additives
business line in April 2010 from Chevron Lubricants, where he was responsible for the sale of industrial lubricants
and Chevrons OEM business in India.
Since joining Evonik, notes Evoniks
Oil Additives vice president for strategic marketing Michael Zink, Mukund has successfully led the growth
of Evoniks oil additives business in
India, established a strong team and
SONNEBORN PROMOTES
JON GIBERSON
Parsippany, N.J.-based, Sonneborn, LLC,
a global leader in the manufacture and
supply of high-quality white oils and
W W W. ST L E .O RG
www.petrolube.com
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
63
Kellie Hudson
TLT
T R I B O LO G Y &
LU B R I C AT I O N
T E C H N O LO G Y
64
U.S. operations.
Hudsons hiring comes amid
several internal
moves by the specialty chemical
supplier. Christine Wood was
promoted from
Christine Wood
invoicing specialist to accounts receivable specialist, where she is
now responsible
for tracking, collections and payments processing.
Scot Wahl has
been named a
product marketing specialist. His
Scot Wahl
responsibilities
include researching and developing
new markets for Sea-Lands extensive
portfolio of products. Wahl joined SeaLand Chemical Co. in 2004 where he
served in an inside sales role for more
than a decade.
Buck Evans has been named a customer relations specialist. He now is
the primary contact for inside sales
and technical support. Evans joined
Sea-Land in 2004 where he worked as
an inside sales representative.
We are committed to hiring and de-
veloping talented
staff and promoting from within,
says Joe Clayton,
president of SeaLand Chemical
Co. This latest
change in responsibilities is a great
Buck Evans
example of how
we encourage
members of our team to grow and advance within our company.
The International Space Station has shielding to protect it from meteors up to an inch wide.
A
L
T
A
L
U
B
5
3
0
Across
Down
IN MEMORIAM
DON WOODS
With great sadness TLT reports that
Don Woods passed away suddenly in
July. He was 59.
Woods co-founded and served as
chairman and chief information ofcer of POLARIS Laboratories since
1999. Under his constant leadership, the company grew into
one of the largest independent
global oil analysis laboratories.
The Pendleton native was a
Purdue University graduate,
Don Woods
where he held
a bachelors of science in computer
technology. That education helped
Woods become the pioneer of information technology systems development and integration specic to the
oil analysis industry. Woods broke
into the industry as information systems manager for Lubricon where he
worked for 18 years. In April 1999, he
co-founded POLARIS Laboratories,
which he guided for more than 17
years. In addition, Woods was twice
nominated for the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award.
Don was an inspirational leader
who was truly valued and cherished
not just as a company leader but also
as a friend and mentor by each and
every employee who ever worked at
POLARIS Laboratories, says Bryan
Debshaw, POLARIS Laboratories
chief executive ofcer. He not only
helped set the industry standard for
developing cutting-edge technology
solutions but also for providing the
best service possible to our customers, and thats what we will continue
to do in his memory.
At the onset of his career in
1980, Woods expertise in designing
laboratory information management
systems (LIMS) soon produced the
66
SEPTEMBER 2016
MYRON MCKENZIE
TLT is sad to report the passing of
Myron McKenzie, who passed away in
July at the age of 62.
McKenzie was the vice president
of engineering for American Roller
Bearing Co., located in Hickory, N.C.
He worked in the bearing industry
for more than 35 years. He was previously the chief engineer and would
manage engineers, designers and cad
operators. In that role he also would
analyze new potential products for
suitability and develop state-of-theart analytical tools.
Prior to joining American Roller
Bearing Co., McKenzie was a senior
analytical specialist for the Torrington Co., which was eventually
bought by The
Timken Co. He
developed the
analysis portion
of a computer
program called
Big Bertha that
modeled a system of bearings
to determine
Myron McKenzie
the bearing
loads, stress, heat generation, oil lm
thickness and life. He also was an expert in Weibull analysis.
At The Timken Co., McKenzie
was one of three people who developed algorithms that were incor-
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
DONALD DONAHUE
Donald Donahue, of Rockford, Ill. (formerly of Belvidere, Ill.), passed away
in June. He was 77.
Donahue was born in 1938 in
Cullom, Ill. He graduated from Saint
Josephs College in Rensselaer, Ind., with
a bachelors of
science in accounting and
business management. He
worked in the
oil industry
Donald Donahue
since 1960,
holding many positions, most recently the owner of DRD Additives.
Donahue made many international
connections, including Thailand and
France.
Donahue was proud of his Irish
heritage and traveled to Ireland several times. He grew up on a farm, and
although he lived in the city he still
enjoyed tractors and gardening.
He is survived by his wife, siblings, two children, three stepchildren, six grandchildren, six
step-grandchildren, one great-granddaughter and six step-great-grandchildren.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
6XSSO\EHVWDGGLWLYHVIURP&KLQD
WKHEHVWFRXQWHUW\SHDGGLWLYHVPDGHLQ&KLQD
6XQJDWHOXEH7337
6XQJDWHOXEH3$1$6XQJDWH1R[/$QWLR[LGDQW
6XQJDWHFRU/7&$6&$$
=LQF1DSKWKHQDWH1DSKWKHQLFDFLG
NEW PRODUCTS
Asteroids are small solar system bodies that orbit the sun. Made of rock and metal, they also can contain organic compounds.
Send us your new product news with color photos to: TLT Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, rfowler@stle.org
Performance SOLTEX
WHERE EVEN
ORDERS
Chemical SMALL
GET BIG
Additives SERVICE.
Technical Service
On-Sta Chemists
Formulation Assistance
Logistics Expertise
W W W. ST L E .O RG
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
69
SOUNDING BOARD
Environmental approvals.
SEPTEMBER 2016
Reliability of supply.
Availability.
70
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
Demonstration of no harm.
Egoproduct was not invented
here.
Changing spec sheets, SDS sheets,
computer blending formulas, QC
procedures, etc.
Customer approvals, legislative
approvals and governing body
approvals such as API, FM, etc.
Performance.
Able to communicate to the
customer so they understand the
need for change and the benets
of the change.
20%
70-89%
46%
60-79%
2%
21%
50-69%
6%
3%
Other
4%
Culture change.
Over the past decade, what are the two most signicant changes that have impacted the
way lubricants are formulated?
Regulatory restrictions and
competition.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
Energy losses.
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
Viscosities, environmental
regulations.
GHS! Types of metals being used.
The government requiring better
fuel mileage in all classes of vehicles
and moving toward lighter SAE
grades for gasoline and diesel
engines.
SEPTEMBER 2016
71
SOUNDING BOARD
Fully formulated packages. Product
information off the Internet.
When developing
p g a nished llubricant, is it preferred to:
Use a fully formulated additive packagee
51%
S
Start
fr
from individual
i
idual components
pon s
38%
11%
Technical advancements.
Improvements in base stocks and
antioxidation additives that allow
higher temperature operations.
SCR/DPF usage. Thinner oil lms
(lower viscosity and higher
durability demands).
Price.
Equipment-specic lubricants.
Lower viscosity lubricants, hybrid
electric vehicle lubricants.
Emission controls using better fuel
mileage as the catalyst. Micropitting
additives in EP gear oils.
GHS and the availability of
information on the Internet.
Wider selection of emulsiers and
base uids.
Synthetics.
Restricted use of proven chemistry.
(1.) Move to lower viscosities to
enhance fuel economy. (2.) Increase
of OEM specs based on expensive
proprietary tests that are not shared
with the industry. These stie
innovation because the underlying
science requirements cannot be used
to form the basis for improved
additives design, resulting in
empirical approaches that are very
inefcient.
72
Some scientists suggest that asteroids could have brought the necessary chemicals to start life on Earth.
SOUNDING BOARD
SYNTHETIC ESTERS
SUPP
OR
ENVIRTS A CLEA
ONM
ENT
DLY
FRIEN
ESS
BUSIN
Antiwear and EP
35%
Friction modiers
29%
24%
2%
T H E S M A RT C H O I C E .
www.lexolube.com
+1 215 271 0800
74
SEPTEMBER 2016
Based on responses
p
sent to 13,000
,
TLT readers.
Editors Note: Sounding Board is based on an email survey of 13,000 TLT readers. Views
expressed are those of the respondents and do not reect the opinions of the Society of
Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. STLE does not vouch for the technical accuracy of
opinions expressed in Sounding Board, nor does inclusion of a comment represent an
endorsement of the technology by STLE.
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
WERE NAVIGATING
THE TRENDS
SO YOU DONT
HAVE TO.
POWER
BUYERS
80%
TLT readers:
of
Authorize purchases
Evaluate products
Recommend vendors.
Page
Acme-Hardesty Co.
79
Additives International
24
IFC
BASF
41
33
Chemtura
75
25
Daubert Chemical
44
39
Ergon, Inc.
57
ExxonMobil Basestocks
85
Hangzhou Sungate
67
Ingevity
65
INOLEX, Inc.
74
19
61
Mnzing
31
Pelichem Associates
81
63
Pilot Chemical
OBC
Polnox Corp.
18
73
Soltex, Inc.
69
77
35
51
59
IBC
53
15
76
SEPTEMBER 2016
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
Biotribology
Condition Monitoring
Engine & Drive Train
Environmentally Friendly Fluids
Fluid Film Bearings
Gears
Grease
Lubrication Fundamentals
Materials Tribology (includes
Ceramics and Composites)
Metalworking Fluids
Nanotribology
Nonferrous Metals
Power Generation
Rolling Element Bearings
Seals
Surface Engineering
Synthetic and Hydraulic Lubricants
Tribotesting
Wear
Wind Turbine Tribology
Abstract Submission
If you are interested in presenting at STLEs 2017 Annual Meeting & Exhibition, submit a 100-150-word abstract at
www.stle.org. Abstracts are due Oct. 1, 2016. Notication of acceptance will be sent in December 2016. While you do
not need to prepare a full manuscript to be included on the meeting technical program, you are invited and encouraged
to submit a manuscript for review and possible publication in STLEs peer-reviewed journal, Tribology Transactions.
For more information, please contact:
Merle Hedland mhedland@stle.org 630-428-2133
Follow us on
#STLE2017
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, info@stle.org, www.stle.org.
RESOURCES
TECHNICAL BOOKS
STATISTICAL TESTING STRATEGIES IN THE HEALTH SCIENCES
Authors: Albert Vexler, Alan D. Hutson and Xiwei Chen
Publisher: CRC Press
Statistical Testing Strategies in the Health Sciences provides a compendium of statistical approaches for decision making, ranging from
graphical methods and classical procedures
through computationally intensive bootstrap
strategies to advanced empirical likelihood
techniques. It bridges the gap between theoretical statistical methods and practical procedures applied to the planning and analysis of
health-related experiments. The book is organized primarily based on the type of questions
to be answered by inference procedures or according to the general type of mathematical derivation. It establishes the
theoretical framework for each method with a substantial amount of chapter notes included for additional reference. It then focuses on the practical
application for each concept, providing real-world examples that can be
easily implemented using corresponding statistical software code in R and
SAS. The book also explains the basic elements and methods for constructing correct and powerful statistical decision-making processes to be adapted for complex statistical applications.
With techniques spanning robust statistical methods to more computationally intensive approaches, this book shows how to apply correct and
efcient testing mechanisms to various problems encountered in medical
and epidemiological studies, including clinical trials. Available at www.
crcpress.com. List Price: $119.95 (USD).
SEPTEMBER 2016
STLE Northern California Section:
Topic and Speaker TBD, Sept. 28.
Time and location TBD. Contact:
stle.norcal@gmail.com.
Asteroids are similar to comets but do not have a visible coma. They also are known as planetoids or minor planets.
WERE ADDING
TO OUR MIX
W W W. ST L E .O RG
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
SEPTEMBER 2016
79
BOOK REVIEW
Dr. Robert M. Gresham / Contributing Editor
Tribosystem Analysis:
A Practical Approach to the
Diagnosis of Wear Problems
Peter J. Blau
Published by CRC Press, May 2016, 192 pages
List Price: $129.95 (USD)
DR. PETER BLAU HAS DONE IT AGAIN WITH
ANOTHER IMPORTANT BOOK for those of
us who work in the broad world of tribology, lubrication engineering and lubrication maintenance. His new book,
Tribosystem Analysis: A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Wear Problems, is a short methodical description
of the process for properly diagnosing
wear problems, just as the title implies.
It is appropriate for literally everyone
in our eld from senior undergraduates, graduate students, researchers
and practitioners from the lubricant
producers through to end-users responsible for plant operations. With
this well-written book Peter takes the
sometimes seemly, hopelessly complex
world of wear and sorts it into a very
logical pattern that canat least conceptuallybe readily understood by
almost anyone.
There is a huge gap between the researchers/academicians working on the
nanoscale and engineers working in
the real world, just as there is a problem bridging the nano/macro scale gap.
Nano-scale testing and modeling has
not been translated effectively to the
macro scale. Tribologists tend to study
simple systems such as a single additive
in a solvent, but the actual systems are
much more complexsuch as engine
oils with 15-20 componentswhich
can all interact chemically and physically and change over time and under
a wide range of operating conditions.
For researchers to bridge this gap, they
need to understand the macro world
well enough to add context and texture
to their nano-scale research. This book
will help.
80
Asteroids vary greatly in size; some feature diameters as small as 10 m (33 feet) while others stretch out over hundreds of kilometers.
LUBRICANT INDUSTRY
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
Pelichem has 39 years of recruitment experience, and is dedicated to serving clients globally in lubricant and additive
industries. The U.S. economy continues its steady growth while averaging 230,000 private sector job gains monthly in 2015
and 172,000 private sector job gains monthly for the first six months of 2016. Listed below are some current career
opportunities with client companies.
(Mid-Atlantic Region)
MANAGER* (Canada)
(Midwest Region)
(Midwest Region)
Global distributor of fuels, lubricants, and base oils with a
solid industry reputation for over 75 years needs a sales
professional to manage a large region from the Midwest down
to Atlanta. This home-based position will cover IL/IN/MI/OH/
WI/MN/MO/TN/KY/GA. Will be responsible for business
development and profitability growth by utilizing a consultative
approach to selling high-performance synthetic base stocks to
lubricant blenders and compounders. Successful track record
is required in sales of base oils, lubricants, additives, or
related specialty chemicals.
*MARKET MANAGER - WIRE-DRAWING*
(Location Flexible)
International supplier of specialty metalworking lubricants is
searching for a marketing professional to support a staff of 10
sales engineers for its ferrous wire-drawing product line. Will
analyze sales data, develop sales strategies, make product
recommendations, and conduct training for sales reps,
distributors, and end users.
*REGIONAL SALES MANAGER*
(MO/KS/TN/OK Region)
International manufacturer needs a proven sales leader to
manage 2-3 territory representatives in sales of lubricants for
specialty metalworking and maintenance applications. Will
analyze regional sales data, track activity toward sales goals,
develop strategies to increase sales, and develop / manage
customer database.
CAREER COACH
Ken Pelczarski
Should you
accept
that job offer?
Review these
13 questions
when deciding
on a job
proposal.
82
SEPTEMBER 2016
W W W. ST L E .O RG
It is believed by many scientists and researchers that an asteroid impact caused the extinction of the dinosaurs around 65 million years ago.
83
10
84
SEPTEMBER 2016
11
12
13
What is your gut feeling? After acquiring extensive information and completing
due diligence on the job offer, it still
might not be a clear-cut decision. There
is nothing wrong with relying on a gut
feeling since your feelings are based on
a lot of information. You may want to
play it safe, turn down the job offer, stay
with your current job and wait for something better to come along. On the other hand, you may want to accept the job
offer and look at the position as a fresh
new challenge and opportunity, especially if you have been job searching for
a while and if the opportunity satises
one or more of your primary goals.
There is no scientic formula for
evaluating a job offer. Although seemingly small details need to be covered
in the decision-making process, keep
your focus on the big picture and look
at what is most important to you for
your future career path and goals for
advancement.
The previous list of questions
should provide you with a handy reference guide to use when reviewing a job
offer. If you are currently employed,
these questions will help you determine if there is a signicant reason to
make a job change and if you would be
accomplishing your main goals by accepting the job offer. If you are unemployed or underemployed, this guide
will help you determine if the opportunity is about as good as you will be able
to nd in the marketplace.
FUELSANDLUBES.COM/FLWEEK
ON CONDITION MONITORING
Jack Poley
$PNQMFYJUZJO*4'"
JOTFSWJDFVJEBOBMZTJT
1BSU997***
There have been many ideas suggested as ways to avoid the unlikely but potentially devastating impact of an asteroid collision with
Earth. They include using nuclear explosions to break the asteroid into smaller pieces or other weapons to deect it off course.
87
WORLDWIDE
R. David Whitby
OECD
310:
CO
in
Sealed
Vessels
2
some species of bacteria and fungi over othReadily and inherently biodegradable prod(Headspace
Test).
ers. The variation in results from the same
ucts are classied according to the percentage
test method done in different laboratories or
Another test, widely used in the oil indusloss of organic carbon, the amount of carbon
at different times of the year in the same
try is the CEC-L-33-A-93 test, which was origidioxide produced and/or the oxygen required
laboratory can be as much as 10%.
nally developed to assess the biodegradabilto achieve biodegradation. Most materials are
Laboratories could try to use a standard
inherently biodegradable, in that they will deity of two-stroke oils accidentally spilled on
inoculum, specic to each test method, but
cay over some period of time. Dead trees can
lakes but is now used to assess any oils acthis would still need to be cultured even if it
take years to decay. Readily biodegradable
cidentally spilled, whether on water or on soil.
was freeze dried. Also many thousands of
materials will decay quite quickly, over days or
These tests are intended to simulate biopackets of freeze-dried standard inocula
weeks. (Some materials are very hard to dedegradation in a specic environment using
would need to be prepared in a central laboragrade and tend to bioaccumulate; this is much
indigenous biomass such as soil, sediment,
tory to be shipped to test laboratories around
worse for the environment.)
activated sewage sludge or sludge water and
the world. This monumental and expensive
The Organization for Economic Cooperaa typical temperature that represents the
task would need to be repeated and recertition and Development (OECD) Guidelines for
particular environment. A low concentration
ed every few years, with few obvious benethe Testing of Chemicals list seven different
of test substance is used. Temperatures are
ts for the biodegradability tests.
tests for determining the readily biodegradusually 20 C (68 F) or 25 C (77 F) and samples
I think we will have to learn to live with
ability of chemical compounds:
are shaken, stirred or air blown for either 14,
the range and variability of biodegradability
21 or 28 days. Measurements are made of eitests.
OECD 301 A: DOC (Dissolved Organic
ther CO2 produced, O2 consumed or the Total
Carbon) Die-Away (AFNOR Test)
Organic Carbon that remains.
The different tests are used to measure dif OECD 301 B: CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
David Whitby is chief executive
ferent
aspects of biodegradability. Some are
of Pathmaster Marketing Ltd. in
Evolution (Modied Sturm Test)
suitable for water-soluble materials, others for
Surrey, England. You can contact
OECD 301 C: Modied MITI
water-insoluble materials and others for volahim at pathmaster.marketing@
tile compounds. The European Chemicals
yahoo.co.uk.
OECD 301 D: Closed Bottle
88
SEPTEMBER 2016
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
W W W. ST L E .O RG
PROSPECTOR
YOUR SOURCE FOR
RAW MATERIAL
INFORMATION
Find raw materials faster on ULProspector.com
Find everything you are looking for in one place. Download data sheets, MSDSs, starter
formulations, certifications and more at ULProspector.com. With technical information
on over 250,000 products representing more than 7,000 suppliers and growing, ULs
Prospector makes finding infomation faster than ever.
ULProspector.com |
FREE ACCESS
www.pilotchemical.com | 1.800.70.PILOT