POWER FACTOR,

HARMONICS,
SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER
REASONS FOR LOW PF
u dont study only the paper...rather u search for it in net, gather information..
and one thing...in single phase rectifier u should explain about pf of rectifier, and harmonics in that(that is not available in paper),,,,

Dual boost,control,current control,conclusion

A high PF benefits both the customer and utility, while a low PF indicates poor utilization of
electrical power.
Understanding Power Factor and why it's important
Power factor is a measure of how effectively you are using electricity. Various types of power are at work
to provide us with electrical energy. Here is what each one is doing.
Working Power the true or real power used in all electrical appliances to perform the work of heating,
lighting, motion, etc. We express this as kW or kilowatts. Common types of resistive loads are electric
heating and lighting.
An inductive load, like a motor, compressor or ballast, also requires Reactive Power to generate and
sustain a magnetic field in order to operate. We call this non-working power kVARs, or kilovolt-amperesreactive.
Every home and business has both resistive and inductive loads. The ratio between these two types of
loads becomes important as you add more inductive equipment. Working power and reactive power make
up Apparent Power, which is called kVA, kilovolt-amperes. We determine apparent power using the
formula, kVA2 = kV*A.
Going one step further, Power Factor (PF) is the ratio of working power to apparent power, or the formula
PF = kW / kVA. A high PF benefits both the customer and utility, while a low PF indicates poor utilization
of electrical power.
Here is an example. A steel stamping operation runs at 100 kW (Working Power) and the Apparent Power
meter records 125 kVA. To find the PF, divide 100 kW by 125 kVA to yield a PF of 80%. This means that
only 80% of the incoming current does useful work and 20% is wasted through heating up the conductors.
Because Edisto Electric must supply both the kW and kVA needs of all customers, the higher the PF is,
the more efficient our distribution system becomes.
Improving the PF can maximize current-carrying capacity, improve voltage to equipment, reduce power
losses, and lower electric bills. The simplest way to improve power factor is to add PF correction
capacitors to the electrical system. PF correction capacitors act as reactive current generators. They help
offset the non-working power used by inductive loads, thereby improving the power factor. The interaction
between PF capacitors and specialized equipment, such as variable speed drives, requires a well
designed system.
PF correction capacitors can switch on every day when the inductive equipment starts. Switching a
capacitor on can produce a very brief over-voltage condition. If a customer has problems with variable
speed drives turning themselves off due to over-voltage at roughly the same time every day, investigate

the switching control sequence. If a customer complains about fuses blowing on some but not all, of their
capacitors, check for harmonic currents.

Understanding Power Factor and why it's important

Correction of power factor with capacitors
Description:
Power factor is the relationship (phase) of current and voltage in AC electrical distribution
systems. Under ideal conditions current and voltage are in phase and the power factor is
100%. If inductive loads (motors) are present, power factor less than 100% (typically 80 to
90%) can occur.
Low power factor, electrically speaking, causes heavier current to flow in power distribution lines
in order to deliver a given number of kilowatts to an electrical load.
The effects?
The power distribution system in the building, or between buildings, can be overloaded by
excess (useless) current.
Generating and power distribution systems owned by Edisto Electric have their capacity
measured in KVA (kilo amps).
KVA = VOLTS X AMPS X 1.73 (three phase system) / 1,000.
With unity power factor (100%), it would take 2,000 KVA of generating and distribution network
capacity to deliver 2,000 KW. If the power factor dropped to 85%, however, 2,353 KVA of
capacity would be needed. Thus, we see that lower power factor has an averse effect on
generating and distribution capacity.
Low power factor overloads generating, distribution, and networks with excess KVA.
If you own a large building, you should consider correcting poor power factor for either or both of
these reasons:
To reduce the possibility of additional power factor charges in the event that Edisto Electric
starts billing for PF corrections and
To restore the (KVA) capacity of overloaded feeders within the building or building complex.
There are several methods of correcting lower power factor. Commonly used are:capacitors.
Capacitor Banks
The most practical and economical power factor correction device is the capacitor. It improves
the power factor because the effects of capacitance are exactly opposite from those of
inductance.
The var of KVAR rating of a capacitor shows how much reactive power the capacitor will supply.
Since this kind of reactive power cancels out the reactive power caused by inductance, each
kilovar of capacitance decreases the net reactive power demand by the same amount. A 15

KVAR capacitor, for example, will cancel out 15 KVA of inductive reactive power.
Capacitors can be installed at any point in the electrical system and will improve the power
factor between the point of application and the power source. However, the power factor
between the load and the capacitor will remain unchanged. Capacitors are usually added at
each piece of offending equipment, ahead of groups of motors (ahead of motor control centers
or distribution panels) or at main services.
Xxxx
3.1. INTRODUCTION:
The attention devoted to the quality of the currents absorbed from the utility line by
electronic
equipment is increasing due to several reasons. In fact, a low power factor reduces
the power
available from the utility grid, while a high harmonic distortion of the line current
causes EMI
problems and cross-interferences, through the line impedance, between different
systems
connected to the same grid. From this point of view, the standard rectifier
employing a diode
bridge followed by a filter capacitor gives unacceptable performances. Thus, many
efforts are
being done to develop interface systems which improve the power factor of
standard electronic
loads.
An ideal power factor corrector (PFC) should emulate a resistor on the supply side
while
maintaining a fairly regulated output voltage [1]. In the case of sinusoidal line
voltage, this
means that the converter must draw a sinusoidal current from the utility; in order to
do that, a
suitable sinusoidal reference is generally needed and the control objective is to
force the input
current to follow, as close as possible, this current reference. The most popular
topology in PFC

applications is certainly the boost topology, shown in Fig.1 together with a generic
Controller.
A diode rectifier effects the ac/dc conversion, while the controller operates the
switch in such a
way to properly shape the input current ig according to its reference. The output
capacitor
absorbs the input power pulsation, allowing a small ripple of the output voltage VL.
The boost topology is very simple and allows low-distorted input currents and
almost unity
power factor with different control techniques. Moreover, the output capacitor is an
efficient
energy storage element (due to the high output voltage value) and the groundconnected switch
simplifies the drive circuit. The main drawbacks of this topology are:1) start-up
overcurrents,
due to the charge of the large output capacitor; 2) lack of current limitation during
overload and
short circuit conditions, due to the direct connection between line and load;
3)difficult insertion
of a high-frequency transformer for insulating the input and output stages; 4) output
voltage
always greater than peak input voltage.
In spite of these limitations, many PFC's based on the boost topology have been
proposed in the
literature. Various control strategies have also been implemented. In the following,
the most
popular control techniques are reviewed and compared, in order to highlight
advantages and
drawbacks of each solution, also referring to the availability of commercial control
IC's.