a'4 / a'4wd{

a'4 / a'4wd{
;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg )^)
wd{b]zgf k|sfzgdfnf )#

a'4
/
a'4wd{

leIf' ;+3/lIFt :ylj/

kl/olQ ;4Dd sf]ljb
-$^&!^@#_

k|sfzsM

a'4 / a'4wd{

;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, sf7df8f}

Spiritual Preaching Publication, Kathmandu
Post Box No. : 11616, Kathmandu, Nepal
Email: sangha1000@hotmail.com, sangha1000@yahoo.com
Phone: 4671623/ 9841295242/ 9813602799, Fax: 01-4671623

wd{bz] gf k|sfzgdfnf )#
sDKo"6/n]cfp6M ;To;Gb]z 8]:s -;Gh' dxh{g_
se/ l8hfOg/M leIf' ;+3/lIft
k|sfzgM

a'=;+= @%%%, lj=;+= @)^* Ho]i7

g]=;+= !!#!, O=;+= @)!! d]

k|ydfj[lQfM #))) k|lt dfq .

d"NoM wd{bfg
-This book is for free distribution, not for sale._

d'b|0fM l;4fy{ lk|lG6+u k|z

] , slgaxfn^, nlntk'/ .
"Buddha and Buddhadharma" by:
Bhikshu Sangharakshit "Saddhamma Kovid"
Published by:
Spiritual Preaching Publication-060, Ktm.
[Dhamma-Preaching publication]
Cover Design by:
Bhikshu Sangharakshit
Printed at:
Siddhartha Printing Press, Lalitpur
ISBN: 978-9937-8127-5-7

/ a'4wd{
k|sa'4fzsLo

wd{ ug]n
{ fO{ wd{n] /Iff ub{5, of] a'4jrg xf] .

dgn] /fd|f] lrtfpg'k5{, To;}cg';f/ kl/>d / d]xg] t ug'k{ 5{,
To;nfO{ k"/f x'g a]/ nfUb}g .

a'4sf] hGde"ld of] b]z g]kfndf w]/} dflg;nfO{ a'4sf] cd"No
pkb]zx b]vfpg', a'emfpg', ;Demfpg' clg /fd|f] af6f] klxNofOlbg'
h:tf k|dv
' p2]Zo lnP/ xfd|f] k|sfzgn] lg/Gt/ pkof]uL, nfebfoL
k':tsk'l:tsfx k|sfzg ul//x]sf] 5 .

xfn;Dd xfd|F] of] ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzgaf6 ^) j6f
k':tsx k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5 . o;/L g}, wd{bz
] gf k|sfzgdfnfaf6
t];f| ] k':tssf kdf of] k':ts k|sflzt eO/x]sf] 5 .

hLjgdf geOgx'g] clg hLjgnfO{ ;xL kdf ;kmn / ;fy{s
agfpg klg cTofjZos x'g] a'4f]kb]znfO{ k':tssf kdf k|sfzg
ug{ jftfj/0f ldnfOlbg] ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]uLxnfO{ of] ;dodf xflb{s
wGojfb, ;fw'jfb JoSt ub{5f}+ .

oxfxsf] ;Nnfx;'emfj tyf /rgfTds k|ltlqmof xfdLnfO{ x/xd]zf
h/L 5 . eGg'kbf{, o;}af6 xfd|F] cfufdL af6f] k|i6 x'g] ub{5 .

cfpg';,\ b'ne{ ;j{>i] 7 dfgj h'gLnfO{ ;kmn / ;fy{s agfpg]
lzIff al9;] al9 hgdfg;df k'ofpg], cfkm" v'zL eO{ ;a}nfO{ v'zL
;'vL agfpg] wd{ ;a}lt/ lkmhfpg], dxfsfl0fs dxfdfgj a'4sf]
dfgjLo lzIff / zflGt;Gb]z k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ sfo{df xft]dfnf] u/f}+ .

k|:t't k':tsnfO{ olt a[xb\kdf k|sflzt u/L lgMz'Ns wd{bfg
ug{ kfpg' xfd|f] v'zLsf] s'/f xf] . of] v'zLsf] sf/0f alglbg] ljb]zL
bftf ;d"xnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb, ;fw'jfb . a'4zf;lgs sfo{df ;b}j
;xof]u k'ofO/xg ;s"g\ eGg] sfdgf ub{5f}+ .

;a}sf] d+un xf];\ . ejt' ;Aa d+un+ .
;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg

a'4 / a'4wd{

ljifo;"rL
ljifo

k[i7

a'4 / a'4wd{

ljifo

k[i7

;Dos\:d[lt ==================!)

k[i7e"ld ======================!

sfofg'k:;gf ================!)

k[i7e"ld ======================!

j]bgfg'k:;gf ================!)

a'4sf] kl/ro ================!

lrQfg'k:;gf ================!!
wDdfg'k:;gf ================!!

sf] x'g\ a'4 < ================@

;Dos\;dflw ================!!
dxfdfgj a'4 ===============@
a'4 s] xf] < ==================!!
cf;|jSn]z =================#
bzkf/ldtf wd{ =============!@
b'Mvaf6 d'Qm ================$

a'4sf] 5f]6f] hLjgL =========!$

rt'cfo{;To =================%

l;4fy{sf] n'lDagLdf hGd ==!$

cfo{ci6f+lus dfu{ ==========^

l;4fy{sf] b/af/L hLjg ====!$

;Dos\b'li6 ==================&

l;4fy{sf] rf/ b[Zo cjnf]sg==!%

l;4fy{sf] b/af/ Tofu ======!%

;Dos\;+sNk ================&
l;4fy{sf] a'4 aGg] ;+3if{ ===!^
;Dos\jrg ==================*
l;4fy{sf] a'4Tj k|flKt ======!^
;Dos\sdf{Gt ================*
ax'hg lxtfo ax'hg ;'vfo===!&
;Dos\cfhLljsf =============*

;Ifd leIf'x ==============!$

;Dos\Jofofd ================(

;Ifd leIF'0fLx ============!*

a'4 / a'4wd{

ljifo

k[i7

ljifo

k[i7

;Ifd pkf;sx ==========!* jrgaf6 x'g] kfksd{ =======@(

;Ifd pkfl;sfx ==========!( dgaf6 x'g] kfksd{ ==========#)
a'4sf] clGtd jrg ========!( cltdfu{ TofUg] wd{ ===========#)
a'4sf d"n u'0fx ============@) Xbo k|;Gg x'g' wd{ ==========#!
dxTjk"0f{ s]xL ljz]iftfx===@) a'4wd{ s] xf] < ================#!
a'4df k|dv
' ^ j6f u'0fx====@! wd{sf d"n u'0fx ============#!
!= c/x+ ======================@@ a'4sf cd[tf]kb]zx =========#@
@= ;Ddf;Da'4f] ==============@@ csf] ulNt vf]Hb} glx8g\ =' ===#@
#= ljHhfr/0f;DkGgf] =========@@ qmf]wnfO{ d}qLn] lhTg' ========##
$= ;'utf] ====================@# ulNt :jLsf/]/ km]l/ gbf]xf]ofpg'===#$
lgjf{0fsf ljljw zAb / cy{x===@# b'Mv;Gtfk x'g] s'/f gaf]Ng]====#%
%= nf]sljb" ==================@$ cfkm\g} dg lhTg] ljhoL =======#^
hGdn] xf]Og,
^= cg'Q/f] k'l/;bDd ;f/ly===@%
sd{n] pRrgLr x'g=] ====#&
&= ;Tyf b]jdg':;fg+ =========@%
a:t'n] xf]Og, /fd|f] Jojxf/n]
*= a'4f] =======================@%
k"hf ug]{ ==================#*
(= eujf =====================@^ cfvf lrDn]/ g:jLsfg'{ =======#(
a'4f/f b]lzt wd{ s] xf] <====@& nf]e x6fpg bfg lbg] =========$)
wd{ s] xf] < =================@& b'ne
{ hLjg ===================$)
a'4sf] Jojxfl/s wd{ =======@& pk;+xf/ =======================$!
z/L/af6 x'g] kfksd{ ========@( ;Gbe{ ;|ft] sf u|Gyx? =========$@
!!

a'4 / a'4wd{

a'4 / a'4wd{

k[i7e"ld
;+;f/nfO{ 1ft eO;s]sf] 5, a'4sf] hGd g]kfnsf] kfjg
n'lDagLdf ePsf] xf] . oxf ef/tjif{sf ;d|f6\ czf]sn] a'4 hGd]sf]
:yfg egL lznf:tDe klg :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . cem oxfsf] pTvgg\af6
dfs{/:6f]g klg e]fO;s]sf] 5 . o;af6 klg k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5,
a'4sf] hGd g]kfns} n'lDagLdf ePsf] xf] . cfh n'lDagL pTvgg\n]
eujfg\ a'4 g]kfnsf] n'lDagLdf hGdg' ePsf] 7fp;d]t c+lst ul/;s]sf]
5 . Toxfsf] lznf:tDedf sf]l/Psf] 5 lxba'wh
] ft] ;fSod'gLlt
cyf{t\ oxf zfSod'lg a'4sf] hGd ePsf] xf] .

a'4sf] kl/ro
a'4 sf] x'g\ < of] k|Zg hf] sf]xLn] h'g;'s} a]nf klg xfdL;u
/fVg ;S5 . cem egf},+ o:tf k|Zgx k|FoM xfdLnfO{ cfOg} /x]sf]
x'G5 . To;f] xf] eg], sf] x'g\ t a'4 <
!

a'4 / a'4wd{

sf] x'g\ a'4 <

s;}n] eG5g\, a'4 xfd|} b]z g]kfnsf ;k"t x'gx' G' 5, ;Dk"0f{
g]kfnLdfqs} uf}/j x'gx' G' 5 . s;}n] eG5g\, a'4 clx+;fsf k|tLs x'gx' G' 5 .
s;}n] eG5g\, a'4 zflGtsf cu|gfos x'gx' G' 5 . cem s;}n] eG5g\, a'4
;+;f/el/ zflGtsf] lju'n km's/] ljZjdfem g]kfnnfO{ lrgfpg] dxfk'if
x'gx' G' 5 . clg s;}n] eG5g\, a'4 df]Ifbftf tf/0fstf{ x'gx' G' 5 .
a'4 zflGtsf cu|gfos x'gx' G' 5, h;n] ljZjel/ zflGtsf]
;Gb]z lkmhfpg' eof] . pxf zflGtIf]q g]kfn agfpg'sf k|dv
' ;|ft]
x'gx' G' 5 . cem t, pxf b]jdg'ioxsf zf:tf jf u' x'gx' G' 5, cnf}lss
dxfdfgj JolQmTj x'gx' G' 5 .

dxfdfgj a'4
eujfg\ a'4nfO{ hf] sf]xLn] h];s
' } elgPtf klg, pxf b]jtf eg]
kSs} xf]Ogg\ . pxf xfdLh:t} g} dflg; x'gx' G' 5 . pxfsf] z/L/ klg xfd|}
z/L/ h:t} xf8, 5fnf / /utn] ag]sf] xf] . pxf klg dft[ue{af6}
hGdg' ePsf] xf] . To;f] ePtf klg, pxfsf] dxfg\ ljrf/ / dxfg\ 1fgn]
ubf{, pxfsf] cEof; / kl/k"0f{tfn] ubf{ pxf a4 x'ge
' of], dfgjdfqsf]
dfemdf dxfdfgj dxfk'if x'g' eof] .
eGg'kbf{, zflGtsf cu|gfos, g]kfnLdfqsf] geO{ zflGtsfdL
;a}sf] uf}/j dxfg\ ;k"t, ;Towd{sf k|jQmf ;'vsf bftf, b'Mvd'lQmsf
kyk|bz{s, ;To;Gb]zsf cg'ejL Pj+ k|rf/s, ;j{nf]s lxtsf/s,
;j{1ftf, dxfsfl0fs JolQmTj g} a'4 x'gx' G' 5 .!
;a} lsl;dsf cf;|jSn]z gfz ul/;s]sf, nf]sdf ljBdfg
;Dk"0f{ b'Mvaf6 d'Qm eO;s]sf, rt'/fo{;TonfO{ af]w ul/;s]sf JolQmTj
g} a'4 x'g'x'G5 .
!= leIf' ;+3/lIft, j}zfvk"l0f{df a'4k"l0f{df -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,
@)%*_, k[= !%
@

a'4 / a'4wd{

cf;|jSn]z
cf;|jSn]z eGgfn] d}n jf kmf]xf]/ eGg] a'lemG5 . oxf eg],
cf;|jSn]z eGgfn] dgleqsf] d}n cyjf lrQdn elgPsf] xf] .
t;y{, dgleq ;'if'Kt g/fd|F ljrf/efj tyf kfklrQnfO{ g} cf;|j
Sn]z elgG5 .
g/fd|f] sfds'/f aflx/ cfpg] klg xfdLleqsf] Sn]zn] ubf{ g}
x'g\ . o;y{, o;nfO{ dgsf] d}n klg eGg] ul/G5 .
ha;Dd of] d}n xfd|f] dgdf ljBdfg /xG5, ta;Dd xfdL s'g}
klg b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g' t stf xf] stf, emg\ ToxL b'Mvsf] e'd/Ldf
g/fd|/L kml;/xg afWo x'G5f}+ .
o;y{ g} eujfg\ a'4n] o;af6 :jo+ cfkm" klg 5'6sf/f kfpg'eO{
cnfO{ klg To;af6 d'Qm x'gk' g]{ pkb]z lbg'eof] .
Sn]z ljleGg k|sf/sf /x]sf] s'/f af}4 ;flxTodf pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . d"ntM oxf !) k|sf/sf Sn]zx af/] pNn]v ul/G5@
!_ nf]e -csf] a:t'df nf]e /fVg'_,
@_ ]if -csf] g/fd|f] ;f]rL qmf]w pTkGg ug'_{ ,
#_ df]x -d"vt{ f_,
$_ dfg -cledfg_,
%_ b[li6 -ldYofb[li6_,
^_ ljlrlsR5f -grflx+bf] z+sf pkz+sf_,
&_ yLg -clN;kg_,
*_ p4Rr -dfgl;s r+rntf_,
(_ clxl/s -s'sd{ ug{df lgn{Hh_, /
!)_ cgf]tKk -s'sd{ ug{df g8/fpg'_ .
@= k|sfz jh|frfo{, af}4 bk{0f -sf7df8f},+ a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt / wd{sLlt{
k|sfzg, @)%#_, k[= $%_
#

a'4 / a'4wd{

b'Mvaf6 d'Qm
:jefljskdf cfkm"nfO{ dg gkg],{ kL8f / 56k6L x'g] h'g
cj:yf xf], To:tf] cj:yfnfO{ g} b'Mvsf] kdf lng] ul/G5 . eujfg\
a'4n] klg o:t} xfdLnfO{ dg gkg]{ / clk|o nfUg] sf/0fxnfO{ g} b'Mvsf]
kdf JofVof ug'{ ePsf] 5 . b'Mvsf w]/} cj:yfx /x]sf 5g\, w]/}
k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\ . d"ntM pxfn] of] ;+;f/df ePsf b'MvxnfO{
;f/f+zdf o;/L eGg' ePsf] 5#
!_ hfltlk b'Svf hGd x'g' b'Mv,
@_ h/flk b'Svf hGd]/ a"9fa"9L x'g' b'Mv,
#_ Joflwlk b'Svf] /f]uL x'g' b'Mv,
$_ d/0flDk b'Sv+ dg'{ b'Mv,
%_ lko]lx ljKkof]uf] b'Svf] lk|o;+u lj5f]8 x'g' b'Mv,
^_ clKko]lx ;Dkof]uf] b'Svf] clk|o;+u a:g'kg]{ b'Mv,
&_ olDk OR5+ gnelt tlDk b'Sv+ OR5fPsf] k"/f gx'g' b'Mv,
*_ ;+lvQ]g k~r'kfbfgSvGwf b'Svf ;+lIfKtdf k~r:sGw
-gfd / k_ kL z/L/ wf/0f ug'{ g} b'Mv xf] .
eujfg\ a'4 oL ;a} b'Mvaf6 k"0f{tM d'Qm x'g' ePsf] lyof] .
pxfn] k/d zfGtdo, k/d ;'vdo lgjf{0fnfO{ k|fKt ul/;Sg' ePsf]
lyof] . pxfn] ljd'lQm ;'v kfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
bL3lgsfosf] dxf;ltk6\7fg ;'Qdf eujfg\ a'4n] b'Mvsf]
af/]df leIf'xnfO{ o;/L pkb]z ug'e
{ Psf] 5$
#= leIf' ;+3/lIft, b'Mvd'lQm dfu{cfo{;ToM Ps lh1f;f -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z
k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^#_, k[= !)
$= b'08axfb'/ jh|frfo{ -cg'=_, bL3lgsfo -nlntk'/, jL/k"0f{ k':ts ;+ux| fno,
@)%^_, k[= #%#
$

a'4 / a'4wd{

leIf'x bL3{sfn;Dd cfdf d/]sf] b'Mv ;x\of], afa' d/]sf]

b'Mv ;x\of], 5f]/f d/]sf] b'Mv ;x\of], 5f]/L d/]sf] b'Mv ;x\of], hGdg'kg]{
b'Mv ;x\of], ;DklQ ljgfz ePsf] b'Mv ;x\of], /f]uL ePsf] b'Mv ;x\of],
cfdf d/]sf] b'Mv, afa' d/]sf] b'Mv, 5f]/f d/]sf] b'Mv, 5f]/L d/]sf] b'Mv,
hGdgkg'{ b'Mv, ;DklQ ljgfz ePsf] b'Mv, /f]uL ePsf] b'Mv ;xg'kbf{
o; ;+;f/df af/Daf/ hGd lnP/ clk|o ;+of]u / lk|o ljof]usf]
sf/0faf6 h;n] /f]O, s/fO{ cf;' aufPsf] 5, Tof] g} a9L 5, oL rf/
dxf;d'bs
| f kfgL xf]Og .
leIf'x s'grflx+nfO{ a9L ;Dem]sf 5f} < rf/ dxf;d'bs
| f kfgL
a9L x'G5 ls o; ;+;f/df af/Daf/ hlGd+b} 6fpsf] s6fp+bf ax]sf] /ut <
leIF'x rL/sfn;Dd u|fd3f6s rf]/ xf] egL zL/ sf6\g
nufp+bf, 8s}tL ug]{ rf]/ xf] egL zL/ sf6\g nufp+bf, hlt /ut aU5,
Tof] g} a9L x'G5, oL rf/ dxf;d'bs
| f] kfgL xf]Og .
s] s;/L ePsf] < leIf'x ;+;f/ cgflb 5 . cljBf /
gLj/0fsf] >f]tdf aUb} o; ;+;f/rqmdf 3'ld/x]sf] k|f0fLsf] cf/De
slxn]bl] v eof], of] yfxfkfpg ;lsGg .
o;/L, leIf'x bL3{sfn;Dd b'Mvsf] cg'ej uof}, tLa|
b'Mvsf] cg'ej uof}, 7"N7"nf xflg ;x\of}, slt d;fge"ld eof}, ca
leIf'x ;a} ;+:sf/nfO{ 5f]8, a}/fUo xf]pm / d'lQm k|fKt u/ .

rt'cfo{;To
l;4fy{ af]lw;Tjn] ;+;f/sf] rf/ oyfy{ ;TonfO{ af]w ug'{
ePsf]nfO{ g} rf/ cfo{;To elgG5, h'gnfO{ cjaf]w u/]/ g} pxf
cfkm"n] cfkm"nfO{ a'4sf] kdf 3f]if0ff ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . cGoyf of]
cfo{;To af]w ug'{ cl3;Dd pxfn] cfkm"nfO{ slxNo} s;}nfO{ klg a'4sf]
kdf eGg' ePsf] lyPg .
%

a'4 / a'4wd{

rt'/fo{;To eGgfn] a'4n] b]zgf ug'{ ePsf rf/j6f ;To eGg]

a'lemG5 . ;+lIfKtdf oL rf/cfo{;TonfO{ o;/L a'em\g ;lsG5%
!= b'Mv;To -b'Mv 5_,
@= b'Mv;d'bo;To -b'Mvsf] sf/0f 5_,
#= b'Mvlg/f]w;To -b'MvnfO{ gfz ug{ ;lsG5_ /
$= b'Mvlg/f]wufldlgk|ltkbf cfo{;To -b'MvnfO{ gfz ug]{
dfu{ 5g\, h'gnfO{ cfo{ci6f+lus dfu{ elgG5_ .

cfo{ci6f+lus dfu{
oxf b'MvnfO{ gfz ug{;Sg] dfu{ eg]s} cfo{ci6f+lus dfu{ eGg]
a'em\g'k5{ . o;nfO{ dWoddfu{ klg elgG5 .
cfo{ci6f+lus eg]sf] cf7 j6f /fd|f af6f]x eGg] a'lemG5 . tL
/fd|f cf7 k|sf/sf af6f]x eg]sf o;k|sf/ 5g\^
!_ ;Dos\ b[li6 -;xL wf/0ff_,
@_ ;Dos\ ;+sNk -;xL ;+sNk_,
#_ ;Dos\ jrg -;xL jrg_,
$_ ;Dos\ sdf{Gt -kl/z'4 sd{_,
%_ ;Dos\ cfhLljsf -;xL hLljsf_,
^_ ;Dos\ Jofofd -7Ls k|oTg_,
&_ ;Dos\ :d[lt -plrt :d[lt_ /
*_ ;Dos\ ;dflw -7Ls Psfu|tf_ .
%= leIF' ;+3/lIft, dfgj hLjgo\ a'4lzIff -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg
$), @)^$_, k[= ^
^= leIF' ;+3/lIft :ylj/, a|xd\ hfn ;"qM Ps cWoog -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z
k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^&_, k[= *@
^

a'4 / a'4wd{

;Dos\bl[ i6
rf/ cfo{;To wd{nfO{ oyfy{kdf hfGg', clgTo, b'Mv /
cgfTd :jefjnfO{ cjaf]w ug'{ ;Dos\bl[ i6 xf] . dlHemdlgsfosf]
;Ddflbl6\7 ;'Qcg';f/, ha cfo{>fjsn] cs'znnfO{ lrGb5,
cs'znsf] d"n sf/0fnfO{ lrGb5, s'znnfO{ lrGb5, s'znsf] d"n
sf/0fnfO{ lrGb5, ta p;df ;Dos\bl[ i6 x'G5 jf ;f]emf] b[li6 x'G5 .&
af}4 jf\docg';f/ oL kfr ljifoxdf 7Ls wf/0ff x'gn' fO{
;Dos\bl[ i6 dflgG5*
!= sd{;stf ;Dos\bl[ i6 sd{ / sd{kmnk|lt 7Ls wf/0ff x'g,'
@= Wofg ;Dos\bl[ i6 Wofgsf] dxTjaf/] 7Ls wf/0ff x'g,'
#= ljk:;gf ;Dos\bl[ i6 clgTotf / oyfaf]w af/] 7Ls wf/0ff x'g,'
$= dfu{ ;Dos\bl[ i6 Sn]zlgd"n{ kfg]{ dfu{af/] 7Ls wf/0ff x'g,'
%= kmn ;Dos\bl[ i6 lgjf{0fsf] dxTjaf/] 7Ls wf/0ff x'g' .

;Dos\;s
+ Nk
hlt klg g/fd|F ljrf/x 5g\, tL ;a}nfO{ Tofu]/ k/f]ksf/
Pj+ ;'vzflGt k|flKtsf] dfu{lt/ 8f]ofpg] ljrf/df c8Lu x'g;Sg'
;Dos\;+sNk xf] .
;Dos\;s
+ Nk cGtu{t d'VotM tLgj6f ljifox kb{5g\, h'g af}4
jf\dodf pNn]v ePsf 5g\ . tL x'g\ (
!= g}iqmDo ;+sNk sfdef]uaf6 d'Qm x'g] ljrf/,
@= cJofkfb ;+sNk enfOsf] lrGtg, /
#= cljlx+;f ;+sNk lgb{lotf/lxt s0ffo'Qm lrGtg .
&= b'08axfb'/ jh|frfo{ -cg'=_, dlHemdlgsfo -nlntk'/, jL/k"0f{ k':ts ;+ux| fno,
@)%$_, k[= #%
*= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL #, k[=$$
(= P]hg, k[= $&
&

a'4 / a'4wd{

;Dos\jrg
g/fd|F] af]nLjrgaf6 cnlUug' / /fd|f,] lk|o Pj+ ;fy{s ;To
jrg af]Ng' g} ;Dos\jrg xf] .
af}4 jf\dodf pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;Dos\jrgdf d"ntM rf/j6f
ljifox kb{5g\ . tL x'g\!)
!= d';fjfb lj/lt c;To jrg af]Ng'af6 6f9f /xg',
@= lk;'0fjfrf lj/lt r'unL / lgGbfaf6 6f9f /xg',
#= km;jfrf lj/lt s8f / ckzAb af]Ng'af6 6f9f /xg',
$= ;DkmKknfkjfrf lj/lt cgfjZos lgGbfrrf{af6 6f9f /xg' .

;Dos\sdf{Gt
cfkm\gf] z/L/af6 cnfO{ b'Mv, kL8f k'Ug] g/fd|f] zf/Ll/s
kfksd{ gu/L z'4kdf hLljsf ug'n{ fO{ g} ;Dos\sdf{Gt elgG5 .
;Dos\sdf{Gt cGtu{t d"ntM tLg k|sf/sf ljifox kb{5g\ .
!!
tL x'g\
!_ kf0ffltkftflj/lt cyf{t\ k|f0fLlx+;f gug',{
@_ clbGgfbfglj/lt cyf{t\ rf]/L gug',{
#_ sfd];l' dR5frf/lj/lt cyf{t\ sfdldYofrf/ gug'{ .

;Dos\cfhLljsf
g/fd|f] sfd u/L, c;To af]nL hLljsf gul/sg ;xL lsl;dn]
pBf]uL, d]xg] tL agL hLjg latfpg'nfO{ ;Dos\cfhLljsf elgG5 .
!)= gfgLd}o+ f dfgGw/ -cg'=_, dUu bLkgL -sf7df8f},+ u+uf nIdL wfVjf;lxt,
@)$@_, k[= ^
!!= P]hg
*

a'4 / a'4wd{

af}4 jf\dodf pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;Dos\cfhLljsf cGtu{t

d'VotM kfr ljifox kb{5g\ . tL x'g\ !@
!= ;Ty jl0fHhf cyf{t\ sf6df/ ug]{ z:qc:q agfO{ jf
agfpg nufO{ To;sf] qmoljqmo ug'{ / u/fpg' x'Gg,
@= bf; jl0fHhf cyf{t\ ;Tjk|f0fLx ljz]iftM dflg;x
qmoljqmo ug'{ / u/fpg' x'Gg,
#= ;Q jl0fHhf cyf{t\ lx+;f ug{ jf lx+;f u/L df;' qmo
ljqmo ug'{ / u/fpg' x'Gg,
$= dHh jl0fHhf cyf{t\ cDdnkbfy{ hf8, /S;L, ufhf,
clkmd h:tf s'g} klg gzfn' kbfy{x qmoljqmo ug'{ / u/fpg' x'Gg,
%= la; jl0fHhf cyf{t\ s'g} k|sf/sf] ljiffn' kbfy{ agfO{ jf
agfpg nufO{ To;sf] qmoljqmo ug'{ / u/fpg' x'Gg .

;Dos\Jofofd
g/fd|f] / cfkm}nfO{ ktg u/fpg] kfksfo{xnfO{ cfkm\gf] dg
dli6isaf6 ;b}j 6f9f g} /fVg] k|oTg ug'{ ;Dos\Jofofd xf] .
af}4 jf\dodf pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;Dos\Jofofddf d'VotM
rf/j6f ljifox kb{5g\ . tL x'g\ !#
!= cg'KkGgfg+ cs';nfg+ wDdfg+ cg'Kkfbfo jfofdf] cyf{t\
pTkGg gePsf cs'zn sfo{xnfO{ pTkGg x'g} glbg pT;fx Pj+
k|oTg ug{,'
@= pKkGgfg+ cs';nfg+ wDdfg+ kxfgfo jfofdf] cyf{t\
pTkGg eO;s]sf cs'zn sfo{xnfO{ gfz ug{ pT;fx Pj+ k|oTg ug'{ .
!@= k"jf]St kfbl6Kk0fL #, k[= %$
!#= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !), k[= &
(

a'4 / a'4wd{

#= cg'KkGgfg+ s';nfg+ wDdfg+ pKkfbfo jfofdf] cyf{t\

pTkGg gePsf s'zn sfo{xnfO{ pTkGg ug{sf lglDt pT;fx Pj+
k|oTg ug',{
$= pKkGgfg+ s';nfg+ wDdfg+ leof]efjfo jfofdf] cyf{t\
pTkGg eO;s]sf] s'zn sfo{xnfO{ cem a9fpgsf lglDt pT;fx Pj+
k|oTg ug'{ .

;Dos\:d[lt
cfkm\gf] z/L/af6 eO/x]sf] sfo{, dgdf cfO/x]sf] sNkgfnfO{
lrg] / v/fa kfksd{ n fO{ bdg ug{ ;ts{ jf hfus x' g '
;Dos\:d[lt xf] . cfkm\gf] dgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ / xf]z /fv]/ hfu[t x'g'
;Dos\:d[lt xf] .
af}4 jf\dodf pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;Dos\:d[lt cGtu{t rf/
k|sf/sf :d[ltx /x]sf 5g\ . tL o; k|sf/sf 5g\!$
!= sfofg'k:;gf,
#= lrQfg'k:;gf /
@= j]bgfg'k:;gf,
$= wDdfg'k:;gf .

sfofg'k:;gf
Zjf;k|Zjf; cflb zf/Ll/s c+u ;d"xdf efljtf ug',{ x]g,{'
ljrf/ ug'd{ f l:y/ /x]sf] :d[ltwd{nfO{ sfofg'k:;gf elgG5 .

j]bgfg'k:;gf
cfkm\gf] lrQn] cg'ej ug]{ ;'v, b'Mv jf g ;'v g b'Mvsf] j]bgf
;d"xdf efljtf ug',{ x]g,{' ljrf/ ug'd{ f l:y/ /x]sf] :d[ltwd{nfO{
j]bgfg'k:;gf elgG5 .
!$= k"jf{S] t kfbl6Kk0fL #, k[= %(
!)

a'4 / a'4wd{

lrQfg'k:;gf
/fu, ]if;lxtsf sNkgf / ljrf/x cfO/xg] lrQ ;d"xdf
efljtf ug',{[ x]g,{' ljrf/ ug'd{ f l:y/ /x]sf] :d[ltwd{nfO{ lrQfg'k:;gf
elgG5 .

wDdfg'k:;gf
sfdR5Gb cflb wd{ ;d"xdf efljtf ug',{ x]g,{' ljrf/ ug'd{ f
l:y/ /x]sf] :d[ltwd{nfO{ wDdfg'k:;gf elgG5 .

;Dos\;dflw
cfkm\gf] WofgnfO{ sxL+ st} hfg glbO{ dgnfO{ Psfu| ug'{ jf
lgoGq0f ug'{ ;Dos\;dflw xf] . xfdLleqsf] k~rgLj/0fnfO{ bdg ug',{
5]bg ug'{ ;Dos\;dflw xf] .
lrQsf] Psfu|tf cyjf ;dflwdf afwf cfpg] kfr ljz]if
tTjxnfO{ k~rgLj/0f elgG5 . oL k~rgLj/0fxnfO{ af}4 jf\dodf
o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5!%
!= sfdR5Gb ;'vef]u ug]{ cfzf,
@= Jofkfb ]ifefjn] l/;fpg', 8fxO{iof{ ug',{
#= yLgld4 zf/Ll/s / dfgl;skn] cN5L aGg',
$= p4Rrs'Ss'Rr zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s b'a} kn] r+rn x'g,'
%= ljlrlsR5f cgfjZos z+sfpkz+sf ug'{ .

a'4 s] xf] <

xfdLn] of] s'/f klg sbflk e'Ng'xG' g, a'4 s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf]
!%= k"jf{S] t kfbl6Kk0fL #, k[= ^!
!!

a'4 / a'4wd{

gfd xf]Og . of] t a ljz]if kb xf], u'0fjfrs gfd xf] . a'4sf] cy{
x'G5 af]lw1fg cyf{t\ a'4Tjsf] k|ltd"lt{ .!^
hGdb]lv d/0fko{Gt dfgj hLjgdf cfO/xg] hGd, h/f,
Joflw, d/0f h:tf dfgjLo ;d:of, ;d:of pTklQsf] sf/0f, ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg clg ;dfwfg ug]{ dfu{ /fd|/L afsL g/xg] u/L :jo+ cfkm}n]
a'em]sf] af]lwu'0fsf k|ltd"lt{ g} a'4 sxnfp5 .
rf/cfo{;TonfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'e
{ O{ :ki6 :ki6 kdf :jo+ af]w
x'g' ePsf] x'gfn] g} pxfnfO{ a'4 elgPsf] xf] .
a'4 hf] sf]xL klg x'g;S5 . tkfO{, d clg ;a} a'4 aGg
;lsG5 . s'/f olt g} xf] ls a'4 x'gsf] nflu af]lw1fg k|FKt x'gk' 5{,
a'4TjnfO{ ;fIFfTsf/ u/]sf] x'gk' 5{ .

bzkf/ldtf wd{
af]lw1fg k|fKt ug{, a'4 aGgsf] nflu bzkf/ldtf k"/f ug'k{ g]{
s'/f af}4 ;flxTodf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . bzkf/ldtf eGgfn] o;
k|sf/ 5g\!&
!= bfgkf/ldtf -bfg, Tofu ug{df k"0f{ x'g_' ,
@= zLnkf/ldtf -g}ltsu'0fdf k"0f{ x'g_' ,
#= g}iqmdkf/ldtf -cfzlQm x6fO{ j}/fu /fVg'_,
$= k|1fkf/ldtf -oyfy{ 1fgn] k"0f{ x'g' _' ,
%= jLo{kf/ldtf -pT;fx k/fqmdn] o'Qm x'g_' ,
^= IfflGtkf/ldtf -;xgdf lgk'0f x'g_' ,
!^= leIf' ;+3/lIft, dxfdfgj a'4 -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,
@)^@_, k[= @!
!&= leIf' ;+3/lIft, k|f/lDes af}4 lh1f;f -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,
@)^%_, k[= %#
!@

a'4 / a'4wd{

&= ;Tokf/ldtf -;To s'/f ug{df cl8u /xg'_,

*= clwi7fgkf/ldtf -;xL k|lt1f ug'_{ ,
(= d}qLkf/ldtf -k|f0fLx ;a}kl| t ;dtfefjn] x]g_{' /
!)= pk]Iffkf/ldtf -/fd|f] g/fd|f] tyf cg'sn" k|lts"ndf klg
t6:y /xg'_ .
bzkf/ldtfnfO{ cfkm\gf] z/L/sf] c+uk|To+u gfz eP klg glauf/L
kfng ug]n{ fO{ pkkf/ldtf elgG5 . To;/L g}, cfkm\gf] Hofgk|f0f lbg' k/]
klg bzkf/ldtfnfO{ glauf/L kfng ug]n{ fO{ k/dTykf/ldtf elgG5 .
h;n] bzkf/ldtf k"0f{ ub{5, tL >fjsa'4 cyf{t\ b'Mvd'Qm
cx{t\kmndf k'Ug ;lsG5 .
h;n] bzpkkf/ldtf;Dd k"0f{ ub{5, tL JolQm k|To]s a'4
-cfkm}+ a'4 x'g] t/ 1fgsf] k|rf/ gug]_{ x'g ;lsG5 .
h;n] bzk/dTykf/ldtf;d]t k"0f{ ub{5, tL JolQm g} ;Dos\
;Da'4 x'g ;lsG5 .
b'n{esf] ljifodf wDdkb u|Gysf] a'4ju{ cGtu{t a'4f/f
b]lzt Pp6f ufyf o;/L klg cfPsf] 5
ikCo mnuspixlABo, ikCM mcAn jIivtM
ikCM smsvnM, ikCo buAnmuFpAdo!*
cyf{t\ dg'io of]gLdf hGd lng' b'ne
{ 5, hGd]/ klg hLljt
/xg' sl7g 5 . hLljt /x] klg wd{ >j0f ug'{ sl7g 5 cf} a'4sf] hGd
x'g' klg b'n{e 5 .!(
!*= ;'Qlk6s] v'2slgsfo] wDdkbkfln -Outk'/L, ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;,
O{=;+= !((*_, k[= #^M a'4jUuf] .
!(= leIF' cd[tfgGb -cg'=_, wDdkb -sf7df8f}+, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ u'7L,
@)%&_, k[= *% .
!#

a'4 / a'4wd{

a'4sf] 5f]6f] hLjgL

a'4sf] hLjgLnfO{ lnP/ km/s km/s u|Gyxdf km/s km/s g}
dtx /x]sf] kfOG5 . oxf d"ntM ;fdfGo kaf6 ;a}n] hfg]sf],
a'em]sf] / yfxfkfpg] b[li6sf]0fdf a'4hLjgLnfO{ ;f/f+ztM ;d]l6g] k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 .

l;4fy{sf] n'lDagLdf hGd

af}4 jf\dodf pNn]v ePcg';f/, eujfg\ a'4sf] hGd g]kfns}
kfjg\ n'lDagL au}r+ fdf cfheGbf @^#$ -a'=;+= @%%$ + *) jif{ a'4sf]
pd]/_ jif{cl3 g} O=k"= ^@#^@$ df j}zfvk"l0f{dfsf] z'elbgdf ePsf]
lyof] . pxf slknj:t'sf /fhf zfSos'nsf ;"oj{ z
+ L Pj+ uf}td uf]qsf
z'4f]bg / dxf/fgL dxfdfofb]jLsf ;'kq' lyP . Toltv]/ pxfsf] gfd
lyof] l;4fy{ s'df/ .@)
l;4fy{ s'df/ hGd]sf] ;ftf}+ lbgdf pgsL cfdf dxfdfofb]jLsf]
b]xfj;fg eof] . o;kl5 pxfsf] ;Dk"0f{ x]/ljrf/ / dft[:g]x lbg] sfd
pxfs} cfkm\gL sfG5L cfdf dxfk|hfklt uf}tdLaf6 eof] .@!

l;4fy{sf] b/af/L hLjg

;do laTb} uof] . pxfsf] afNosfn /fd|/L g} Joltt eof] .
ha pxf !^ jif{sf] pd]/df k'Ug'eof], ta pxfsf] ljjfx b]jbxsL
k/d;'Gb/L /fhs'df/L ozf]w/fb]jL;u ;';DkGg eof] .@@
@)= leIf' ;+3/lIft, af}4 ;fdfGo 1fg -a'4hLjgL ljz]if_ -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z
k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^&_, k[= (
@!= leIf' ;+3/lIft, a'4sfnLg bz cu|0fL gf/Lx -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s
k|sfzg$@, @)^%_, k[=&
@@= P]hg
!$

a'4 / a'4wd{

pxfsf] afNosfnsf] eljiojf0fLcg';f/ z'4f]bg /fhfnfO{ pxf

rqmjtL{ /fhf eP x'GYof], u[xTofu u/]/ a'4 agf];\ eGg] rfxgf lyPgg\ .
t;y{ pgn] 5f]/f l;4fy{nfO{ x/t/xn] b/af/d} e'nfO/fVgsf] nflu
cg]s k|oTg u5{g\ . z'4f]bg /fhfn] l;4fy{sf] lglDt tLgj6f dxn
agfOlbG5g\ /Do, ;'/Do / z'e . udL{df, hf8f]df / jiff{t\ ;dodf
a:gsf] nflu 5'f5'} oL dxnx lyP .@#

l;4fy{sf] rf/ b[Zo cjnf]sg

l;4fy{ s'df/ la:tf/} @( jif{sf] pd]/df k'u] . b/af/sf]
;'v;on / ljnf;L hLjgdf pgsf] dg nfUb}gYof] . t;y{, Ps ;do
l;4fy{ s'df/ gu/ 3'Dgsf] nflu /fhb/af/af6 aflx/ lg:s] .
To;a]nf pgn] a"9f] dfG5], /f]uL dfG5] / d/]sf] dfG5] b]v/] pxf
c;fWo} j}/fUo x'ge
' of] . pxf af/af/ ToxL sNkgfdf 8'Ag yfNg'eof]
cxf] d klg Ps lbg a"9f] x'g5
] ,' d klg /f]uL x'g5
] ' clg d klg
;a}nfO{ 5f]8]/ dg{]5' .
l;4fy{n] k'gM Pshgf k|jl| ht >d0fnfO{ b]v] . ;+;f/nfO{ b'Mv
/ eoo'Qm b]v/] ;Dk"0f{ u[xh+hfn Tofu]/ b'Mvd'lQmsf] dfu{ vf]Hg
lx8s
] f k|jl| htxsf] p2]io klg hfg] .@$

l;4fy{sf] b/af/ Tofu

l;4fy{n] klg cfkm" j[4, /f]uL / d/0fkL b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'gsf]
nflu u[xTofu ug]{ k|an OR5f ug'e
{ of] . oxL s'/faf6 k|l] /t x'ge
' O{ @(
jif{sf] pd]/df pxfn] ev{/ hGd]sf] 5f]/f /fx'n, ;'Ts]/L kTgL ozf]w/f,
ddtfsf ckf/ e08f/ cfdfa'jf, 1fltaGw', /fHo>L ;'vj}ej
@#= ;fdfGo 1fg, k[= !#
@$= dxfdfjg a'4, k[= !#
!%

a'4 / a'4wd{

;Dk"0f{nfO{ y'ss
] f] y'snfO{ k'gM kms]/{ gx]/;] l/ Tofu u/]/ lx8g\ e
' of] .
@%
pxf u[xTofuL k|jl| ht x'ge
' of] .

l;4fy{sf] a'4 aGg] ;+3if{

pxfn] tTsfnLg 7"N7"nf ljfg\xsf] ;+ut ug'e
{ of] . pgLxaf6
w]/} 1fg xfl;n klg ug'e
{ of] t/ tL 1fgxaf6 cfkm"n] rfx]sf] b'Mvd'lQm
OR5f eg] k"0f{ x'g ;s]g . pxfn] j[4 x'g,] /f]uL x'g] clg dg]{ h:tf
b'Mvxaf6 d'Qm cj:yfnfO{ cjaf]w ug{ ;Sg' ePg .
cGttM pxfn] ljfg\xsf] ;T;+ut ug{ klg 5f]8g\ e
' of] . a
pxf jgdf k;]/ cfkm}+ tk:ofdf nLg x'ge
' of] . 5 jif{sf] b'is/ tk:off/f
klg pxfn] jf:tljs 1fg eg] k|fKt ug{ ;Sg' ePg . o:tf] b'is/rof{f/f
klg 1fg k|fKt gePkl5 pxfn] Pp6f lzIff cjaf]w ug'{eof]
cfkm\gf] z/L/nfO{ clt b'Mvdfq lbP/ cyjf clt ;'vdfq lbP/ klg
oyfy{ 1fg xfl;n gx'g] /x]5 . a dWo:ydf a;]/ dWoddfu{ ckgfpg'
kg]{ /x]5 .@^

l;4fy{sf] a'4Tj k|flKt

To;kl5 pxfn] b'is/rof{h:tf cltdfu{nfO{ 5f]8\g'eof] .
dWoddfu{df nfUg'eof] . clg a'4uofsf] af]lwj[Ifdf a:g' eP/ pxfn]
#% jif{sf] pd]/df j}zfvk"l0f{dfs} lbg cfkm\gf] lrQnfO{ lgoGq0f, ;+od
/ Wofg efjgff/f af]lw1fg k|fKt ug'e
{ of] . pxf a'4 x'ge
' of] .
{ of],
a'4 x'g] ;dodf eujfg\ a'4n] h'g af]lw1fg k|fKt ug'e
To;nfO{ af}4 jf\dodf d'VotM o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5@&
@%= leIf' cd[tfgGb, s]zjnfn sdf{rfo{ -cg'=_, ;+lIfKt a'4hLjgL -sf7df8f},+
cfgGbs'6L ljxf/u'7L, @)#(_, k[= @&
@^= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !^, k[= !^
@&= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL @), k[= @)
!^

a'4 / a'4wd{

!_ k"jf{g:' d[lt 1fg cyf{t\ k"jh

{ Gdsf s'/fx ;lj:t/ kdf
yfxf eP/ cfpg] 1fg,
@_ Ro'Tof]TklQ 1fg cyf{t\ pTklQ / ljgfz cyjf hGd /
d/0fsf] 1fg, /
#_ cf;|jIfo 1fg cyf{t\ dgleqsf] ;Dk"0f{ Sn]z gfz ePsf]
cx{td\ fu{ 1fg . o;nfO{ k|ltTo;d'Tkfb 1fg klg elgG5 .

ax'hg lxtfo ax'hg ;'vfo

pxfn] klxnf] wd{b]zgf ;f/gfysf] Clifktg d[ubfjgdf
k~reb|juL{o eGg] kfrhgf a|fx\d0fxnfO{ ug'e
{ of] . pgLxn] wd{rIF'
k|FKt u/]/ leIf' ag] / b'Mvd'Qm cx{t\ eP . To;kl5 a'4n] cfkm"n] k|fKt
u/]sf] af]lw1fgnfO{ cfhLjg -$% jif{;Dd_ ufpufpdf k'u/] , gu/
gu/df rxf/]/, b]zb]zfGt/ 8'n/] ax'hg lxtfo ax'hg ;'vfosf] nflu
k|rf/k|;f/ ug'e
{ of] . o; rof{f/f w]/s
} f] ;+Vofdf leIf'x aGg cfP,
leIf'0fLx aGg cfP, pkf;sx ag], clg pkfl;sfx ag] . cfkm\gf]
zf;gdf bIf Pj+ ;Ifd leIf'leIf'0fLx, pkf;spkfl;sfx b]v/]
pxf v'zL x'g'x'GYof] .

;Ifd leIf'x
a'4sf] zf;gdf PtbUu cyf{t\ cu|:yfg k|fKt ;Ifd s]xL leIf'x
o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5@*
leIf' xf] ;j{ky| d 1fgnfO{ a'em\g ;Sg] d]/f >fjs leIf'xdWo]
sf]08~` cu| 5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fjs leIf'xdWo] dxfk|1fjfgdf ;fl/k'Q
cu| 5g\ .
@*= leIF' af]lw;]g -cg'=_, c+uQ
' /lgsfo k|yd efu -sf7df8f},+ 1fgHof]lt s+;fsf/,
nIdLk|ef s+;fsf/, lj=;+=@)%*_, k[= @$M PtbUujUuf] .
!&

a'4 / a'4wd{

leIf' xf] d]/f >fjs leIf'xdWo] Cl4jfg\df dxfdf]UuNnfg

cu| 5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fjs leIf'xdWo] w'tu+ wf/Ldf dxfs:;k
cu| 5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fjs leIf'xdWo] ;]jsdf cfgGb cu| 5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fjs leIf'xdWo] ljgow/df pkfln cu| 5g\ .

;Ifd leIF'0fLx
a'4sf] zf;gdf ;Ifd cu|:yfg k|fKt leIf'0fLxdWo] s]xL o;
k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\@(
leIf' xf] ;j{k|yd 1fgnfO{ a'em\g;Sg] d]/f >fljsf
leIf'0fLxdWo]df dxfk|hfklt uf}tdL cu| l5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fljsf leIf'0fLxdWo]df dxfk|1fdf v]df cu|
l5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fljsf leIf'0fLxdWo]df Cl4jtLdf
pKknj00ff cu| l5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fljsf leIf'0fLxdWo]df ljgow/Ldf k6frf/f
cu| l5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fljsf leIf'0fLxdWo]df If lrj/wf/Ldf
ls;fuf]tdL cu| l5g\ .

;Ifd pkf;sx
eujfg\ a'4sf] zf;gdf cu|:yfg k|fKt ;Ifd s]xL pkf;sx
o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\#)
@(= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL @*, k[= #^
#)= P]hg, k[= #&
!*

a'4 / a'4wd{

leIf' xf] d]/f >fjs pkf;sxdWo] k|yd z/0fdf hfg]

tk:;' / elNns Jofkf/L cu| 5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fjs pkf;sxdWo] bfosdf cgfylkl08s
cu| 5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fjs pkf;sxdWo] ljZjf;sdf gs'nlktf
u[xklt cu| 5g\ .

;Ifd pkfl;sfx
eujfg\ a'4sf] zf;gdf cu|:yfg k|fKt ;Ifd s]xL pkfl;sfx
o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\#!
leIf' xf] d]/f >fljsf pkfl;sfxdWo]df k|yd z/0fdf
hfg] ;]gLo k'qL ;'hftf cu| l5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fljsf pkfl;sfxdWo]df bflosfdf ljzfvf
lduf/dftf cu| l5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fljsf pkfl;sfxdWo]df ax'>t' df v'Hh'Q/f
cu| l5g\ .
leIf' xf] d]/f >fljsf pkfl;sfxdWo]df d}qL ljxf/Ldf
;fdfjtL cu| l5g\ .

a'4sf] clGtd jrg

eujfg\ a'4n] cfhLjg wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'e
{ of] . pxfn] *)
jif{sf] pd]/df s'zLgu/sf] b'O{ j6f zfnj[Ifsf] aLrdf cfkm\gf] b]xnfO{
lj;h{g ug'e
{ of], dxfkl/lgjf{0f -b]xfj;fg_ x'ge
' of] .
eujfg\ a'4n] dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g] a]nfdf pkl:yt leIf'xnfO{
;Daf]wg ug'x{ b' } o;/L cf1f ug'{ ePsf] lyof]
#!= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL @*, k[= #&
!(

a'4 / a'4wd{

xGb, bflg leSvj] cfdGtofld jf], jowDdf ;+vf/f,

cKkdfb]g ;Dkfb]y .
o;sf] cy{ xf], x] leIf' xf] ca d eGb5' ls ;a} ;+:sf/x
gMZj/ x'g,\ ck|dfbk"js
{ ;Dkfbg u/ .#@
oxL zAb pxf eujfg\ a'4sf] clGtd jrg x'g\ . h'g} sfd
s'/f ubf{vl] / :d[lt /fv]/ xf]zk"js
{ ug'k{ g]{ k|/] 0ff pxfsf] pkb]zaf6
;a}n] kfO/x]sf] 5 . of] ;'vb\ ljifo xf] .

a'4sf d"n u'0fx

af}4 jf\donfO{ s]nfpb} hfbf a'4sf cgGt u'0fx b]vfOPsf]
kfOG5 . x'g t xfdLh:tf k[ys\hgn] pxfdf ljBdfg /x]sf u'0fxnfO{
x]g{ / a'em\g ;+ej 5}g . ljfg\x eGg] ul/G5, Pp6f a'4sf] u'0fwd{
hfGgsf] nflu csf]{ a'4 g} x'gk' 5{ . clgdfq a'4u'0fnfO{ hfGg / a'em\g
;+ej x'G5, gq t c;+ej k|foM 5 .
o;sf afjh"b klg, xfdL pxfsf u'0fxnfO{ s]xLdfq eP klg
:d/0f ub{5f}+ . pxfsf] k|ltdf;fd' gtd:ts /x]/ cfb/uf}/j bzf{p5
f},+
k"hf ub{5f}+ . oxflg/ klg xfdL :ki6 x'gk' b{5, a'4nfO{ ;Ddfg hgfpg'
/ k"hflb ug'{ eg]sf] g} pxfdf lglxt tL cgGt u'0fx :d/0f ug'{ xf],
clg tL u'0fxnfO{ af]w u/]/ s]xL eP klg xfdL cfkm"n] klg wf/0f
u/]/ Jojxf/df kfng ug{ k|of; ug'{ xf], b'ne
{ of] dfgj hLjgnfO{
;kmn / ;fy{s agfpg' xf] .

dxTjk"0f{ s]xL ljz]iftfx

af}4 ;flxTosf ljleGg u|Gyxdf eujfg\ a'4sf w]/} u'0fx,
ljz]iftfx clg JolQmTjxnfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . d'VotM
#@= k"jf{S] t kfbl6Kk0fL $, k[= @*)
@)

a'4 / a'4wd{

pxfsf JolQmTj / ljz]iftfsf kdf s]xL a'b+ fxnfO{ oxf ;f/f+zut

kdf pNn]v ug'{ plrt xf]nf .##
!= pxf eujfg\ a'4 #@ dxfk'if nIf0fn] o'Qm clt cfsif{s x'gx' G' 5,
@= eujfg\ a'4 bfz{lgs xf]Og, k|ToIFbzL{ x'gx' G' 5,
#= eujfg\ a'4 k/Dk/fjfbL xf]Og, df}lns ljrf/s x'gx' G' 5,
$= eujfg\ a'4 k/Dk/fut hfltjfbsf lj/f]wL x'gx' G' 5,
%= eujfg\ a'4 dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGtsf ;dy{s x'gx' G' 5,
^= eujfg\ a'4 zf:qLo xf]Og, cg'ejL x'gx' G' 5,
&= eujfg\ a'4 s/ l;4fGtjfbL x'gx' G' g,
*= eujfg\ a'4 nf]ssf cu| dxfsfl0fs x'gx' G' 5,
(= eujfg\ a'4 Jojxf/jfbL x'gx' G' 5,
!)= eujfg\ a'4 af]wjfbL x'gx' G' 5,
!!= ci6nf]s wd{ -;'vb'Mv, ozcoz, lgGbfk|z;+ f, nfexfgL_
af6 cljrlnt x'gx' G' 5,
!@= eujfg\ a'4 cltLo e}ifHo{ u' x'gx' G' 5,
!#= eujfg\ a'4 sfo{sf/0f l;4fGtsf kIfkftL x'gx' G' 5,
!$= eujfg\ a'4 cgfTdjfbL cgLZj/jfbL x'gx' G' 5,
!%= eujfg\ a'4 sd{jfbL x'gx' G' 5, cflb .

a'4df k|dv
' ^ j6f u'fifx
eujfg\ a'4sf x/]s cfr/0f, x/]s Jojxf/ Pp6f u'0fsf
kdf cfpg] ub{5 . lgZro klg, pxfdf cgGt u'0fwd{x /x]sf 5g\ .
k|dv
' tM pxfdf ljBdfg tL cgGt u'0fxnfO{ klg gf} efudf ljeQm
##= leIf' ;+3/lIft, kyk|bz{s -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, lj=;+=
@)%&_, k[= @@
@!

a'4 / a'4wd{

u/]/ ;f/f+zkdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 . eGg'kbf{ af}4dfqn] a'4d"lt{;fd'

/x]/ a'4k"hf ubf{ klg log} u'0fxnfO{ ufyff/f pRrf/0f u/]/ k"hf
ug]{ xf] . tL ( j6f u'0fx o; k|sf/sf 5g\ #$

!= c/x+
eujfg\ a'4nfO{ c/x+ u'0fo'St elgG5 . o;sf] d"n sf/0fx
o;/L pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5
pxfn] dgleqsf ;f/f Sn]zkL /fu, ]if, df]x cflb zq'nfO{
/fd|/L gfz ul/;s]sf] x'gx' G' 5,
pxf a|xd\ flb b]jdg'ioxn] k"hf ug{ of]Uo x'g' ePsf x'gx' G' 5,
pxf slxNo} s;}n] gb]lvg] u/L u'Kt kfk#% gug]{ x'gx' G' 5, /
pxfn] ;+;f/rqmsf] cf9#^ nfO{ efRg' eO;s]sf x'gx' G' 5 .

@= ;Ddf;Da'4f]
nf]sdf ljBdfg oyfy{ wd{nfO{ :jo+n] ljZn]if0f u/L oyfy{kdf
a'em\gx' g' ] ePsf]n] pxf ;Ddf;Da'4f] cyjf ;Dos\;Da'4 u'0fo'St x'gx' G' 5 .
b'Mv;To, b'Mv;d'bo;To, b'Mvlg/f]w;To, b'Mvlg/f]wufldgL
k|ltkbf;To kL rt'cfo{;TonfO{ oyfy{kn] :jo+ af]w x'g'eO{
nf]shgxnfO{ klg af]w u/fpg ;Ifd x'g' ePsf]n] pxfnfO{ ;Dos\;Da'4
elgPsf] xf] .

#= ljHhfr/0f;DkGgf]
ljBf / cfr/0f wd{n] ;DkGg, h] af]Ng'xG' 5 ToxL ug]{ clg h]
ug'x{ G' 5 ToxL af]Ng] oyfjfbL tyfsf/L tyfsf/L oyfjfbL u'0f ePsf] pxf
eujfg\ a'4 x'g'x'G5 .
#$= leIf' ;+3/lIft, >4fwg -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)%&_, k[= @#
#%= u'Kt kfk u'Kt kfk eGgfn] k/hgn] gb]Vg] u/L n'sfO{ ul/g] kfk xf] .
#^= ;+;f/rqmsf] cf9 ;fdfGo kf+uf| sf] 808L h:tf] ;+;f/rqmsf] 808L jf cf9 .
@@

a'4 / a'4wd{

pxf tLg ljBf, cf7 ljBf / kGw| cfr/0fwd{n] ;Dk"0f{ x'g'

ePsf] x'g'x'G5 .#&

$= ;'utf]
;'ultsf] dfu{df kl/k"0f{ x'ge
' O{ ;Dk"0f{ b'Mvaf6, ;Dk"0f{ Sn]z
cflbaf6 d'Qm eO;s]sf] lgjf{0fdf k'us
] f pxf eujfg\ a'4 x'gx' G' 5 .
lgjf{0f eg]sf] ;Dk"0f{ Sn]z gfz eO;s]sf], ;Dk"0f{ t[i0ff
xl6;s]sf], ;Dk"0f{ b'Mvaf6 d'Qm eO;s]sf] cj:yf eGg] a'lemG5 .
ljd'lQm ;'vsf] cj:yf xf] lgjf{0f .

lgjf{0fsf ljljw zAb / cy{x

k"0f{tM b'Mvd'Qm / ljd'lQm ;'vsf] cj:yf lgjf{0fsf] u'0f /
ljz]iftfcg'k o;nfO{ a'emfpgsf] nflu ljleGg zAb / cy{xsf]
k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . tL d"ntM o; k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\#*
!_ cdt -cd[t_ cyf{t\ slxNo} gfz gx'g,] cljgfzL :jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
@_ c;+vt -c;+:s[t_ cyf{t\ gagfOPsf], aGg g;lsg] c;+vt
:jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
#_ k/d+ ;'v cyf{t\ yf]/} klg b'Mv afsL g/x]sf] cIfo ;'vsf]
cj:yf jf k/d ;'vsf] cj:yf ePsf] lgjf{0f,
$_ clgldQ+ cyf{t\ cfsf/ k|sf/, /+u k s]xL gePsf] clgldQ
:jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
%_ cg'Tkfb cyf{t\ pTkGg g} gx'g] jf pTkGg gePsf] :jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
^_ lgTo cyf{t\ pTklQl:ylte+u gx'g,] ;bf To:t} /xg] jf gablng]
:jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
#&= tLg ljBf, cf7 ljBf / kGw| cfr/0fwd{sf af/]df yfxf kfpg n]vssf]
kyk|bz{s k':tssf] k[= @# / @$ x]g'{xf];\ .
#*= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL #, k[= @(
@#

a'4 / a'4wd{

&_ ck cyf{t\ k:jefj z"Go ePsf], x]g{ b]Vg g;lsg] :jefj

ePsf] lgjf{0f,
*_ ck|l0flxt cyf{t\ k|fy{gf jf rfkn';Laf6 k|fKt gx'g] jf x'g g;lsg]
ck|l0flxt :jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
(_ lj/fu cyf{t\ j}/fUoo'Qm, /fulnK;f gePsf] lj/fu :jefj
ePsf] lgjf{0f,
!)_ cj]blotJo cyf{t\ cfnDjg/lxt, ;+jb] gf cg'ej ug{ g;lsg]
jf gx'g] :jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
!!_ ce]B cyf{t\ 6'qmf 6'qmf u/]/ x]g{ g;lsg] jf gx'g] :jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
!@_ lgjf{0f cyf{t\ /fu, ]if / df]xaf6 d'Qm x'g] :jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
!#_ ch/fd/0f cyf{t\ pTklQ / ljgfz gx'g] :jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
!$_ lgik|k~r cyf{t\ ;a} k|k~r jf afwf aGwgaf6 d'Qm /xg] :jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
!%_ ;'~`t+ cyf{t\ Sn]z;+u} k:sGw / gfd:sGw klg z"Go ePsf] lgjf{0f,
!^_ s]jn+ cyf{t\ t'ngf ug{ g;Sg], b'O6f jf b'Oyl/ egL b]vfpg
g;Sg] s]jn Pp6} ePsf] lgjf{0f,
!&_ z'e cyf{t\ cToGt sNof0fsf/L d+unsf/L :jefj ePsf] lgjf{0f,
!*_ lg/f]w cyf{t\ ;a} OR5f, cfsf+Iff, ldYofb[li6, c1fgtf ;dfKt
eO;s]sf] lg/f]w :jefjsf] lgjf{0f,
!(_ t0xvo cyf{t\ ;Dk"0f{ t[i0ff Ifo jf gfz eO;s]sf] lgjf{0f,
@)_ ;lGt cyf{t\ Psgf;n] cb\e"t zflGt lbg] :jefj ePsf]
lgjf{0f . cflb, OToflb .

%= nf]sljb"
tLg} nf]ssf] ;a} s'/f a'em\g] pxf eujfg\ a'4 x'gx' G' 5 . oxf tLg
nf]s eGgfn] af}4 jf\dodf o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5#(
#(= oL tLg nf]ssf] ljifodf lj:t[t hfGgsf] nflu x]gx{ ' f];\ gfgLd}o+ f dfgGw/ -cg'=_,
lgofdbLkgL -sf7df8f},+ leIf' clg4 dxf:ylj/;lxt ;d"x, @)$)_, k[= ^)M tLg nf]s
@$

a'4 / a'4wd{

!_ ;Qnf]s cyf{t\ ;Tjk|f0fLx,

@_ ;+vf/nf]s cyf{t\ nf}lss gfd / k,
#_ cf]sf;nf]s cyf{t\ ;Tjk|f0fLx a:g] :yfg .

^= cg'Q/f] k'l/;bDd ;f/ly

bdg ug{ ufx|f] JolQmxnfO{ klg cfkm\gf] 1fgn] bdg ug]{ pxf
eujfg\ a'4 x'g'x'G5 .
af]w ug{ of]Uo b]j, dg'io, lto{s$)\ / j]g] o k|f0fL$! xnfO{
;Eo x'g] u/L 1fgn] bdg ug]{ cltLo ;f/yL x'gx' G' 5 .

&= ;Tyf b]jdg':;fg+

b]j tyf dg'ioxnfO{ cg'zf;g ug]{ zf:tf jf u' pxf eujfg\
a'4 x'g'x'G5 .
pxfn] leIF'leIf'0fL, pkf;spkfl;sfxnfO{ wd{sf pkb]zx
lbg'xG' Yof] . To;/L g} /fqLsf] ;dodf cfkm"sxf cfpg] ljleGg b]jtfxnfO{
klg wd{sf s'/fx ;'gfP/ ;Gt'i6 kfg'x{ g' ,] b'Mvaf6 d'Qm u/fpg] s'/f
klg af}4 jf\dodf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

*= a'4f]
rf/ cfo{;To -b'Mv 5, b'Mvsf] sf/0f 5, b'Mvsf] cGt 5, cGt
ug]{ dfu{ cfo{ci6f+lus xf]_ nfO{ /fd|/L a'em\g] pxf eujfg\ a'4 x'gx' G' 5 .
cljBf$@ kL cGwsf/df klxnf] k6s 1fgkL Hof]lt afnL
rf/ cfo{;TonfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L af]w ePsf x'gx' G' 5 pxf eujfg\ a'4 .
$)= lto{s\ lto{s\ eGgfn] kz', kG5L, sL/f cflb hLjx a'lemG5 .
$!= j]g] o k|f0fL ljgLt u/fpg of]Uo k|f0fLx .
$@= cljBf cljBf eg]sf] 1fg gePsf], c1fgtf eGg] a'lemG5 . o;nfO{ o;/L
:ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5
@%

a'4 / a'4wd{

(= eujf
/fu, ]if, df]xnfO{ lgd"n{ u/L ;f+;fl/s b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g'
ePsf, gfgf k|sf/sf] wdf{lb ef]u ;DklQf/f efUojfg\ eP/ eujfg\
x'g' ePsf pxf eujfg\ a'4 x'gx' G' 5 .
pxfnfO{ eujfg\ elgPsf] s'g} b]jtf eP/ elgPsf] xf]Og .
oxf eujfg\ eGg'sf] cy{ ^ k|sf/sf efUou'0fn] ;DkGg ePsf]n] xf] .
tL efUou'0fx o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\$#
!= O:;l/o cfkm\gf] dg cfkm"n] eg];l/ x'g] efUo,
@= wDd /fd|F] wd{n] kl/k"0f{ x'g] efUo,
#= o; kl/jf/ tyf ozsLlt{ ;DkGg x'g] efUo,
$= l;l/ >Lzf]efn] ;DkGg x'g] efUo,
%= sfd cfkm"n] lrtfP;l/ k"/f ug{;Sg] efUo, /
^= koQ 7"nf] pT;fx / k/fqmd x'g] efUo .
;du|df eGg'kbf{, pxf a'4 dxfdfgj x'gx' G' 5, eujfg\ x'gx' G' 5,
dxfk'if o'ukif x'gx' G' 5 . ljZjel/ zflGtsf] ;fd|Ho km}nfpg' x'g] pxf
zflGtsf cu|gfos x'gx' G' 5 . uj{sf] s'/f t of] 5 ls pxf xfd|} b]z
g]kfnsf ;k"t x'gx' G' 5 . t/ lj8Dagf a'4sf] b]zdf cfhsf] czfGt
sf]nfxn cj:yfsf] sNkgf s;n] kf] u/]sf xf]nfg\ / <
clgTonfO{ clgTo egL yfxf gkfpg' cljBf,
b'MvnfO{ b'Mv egL yfxf gkfpg' cljBf,
cgfTd :jefjnfO{ cgfTd egL yfxf gkfpg' cljBf,
b'Zrl/qtfn] dfu{kmndf afwf u5{ egL yfxf gkfpg' cljBf,
;Rrl/qtfn] dfu{kmndf ;xof]u u5{ egL yfxf gkfpg' cljBf,
ejrqmdf e'nfO/xg] sf/0faf6 d'Qm x'g ;lsG5 egL yfxf gkfpg' cljBf,
ejrqmdf e'nfO/xg] / d'Qm ug]{ sfo{x ghfGg' cljBf,
s'zn sfo{ ;'if'Kt /xL cs'zn clgolGqt x'g' cljBf .
$#= leIf' ;+3/lIft, a'4fkb]z -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)%^_, k[= ^
@^

a'4 / a'4wd{

a'4f/f b]lzt wd{ s] xf] <

oxf w]/} dflg;x e]l6G5g\, h;n] ;f]lw/x]sf x'G5g\, wd{ s]
xf] < wd{ lsg rflxof] < wd{n] ug]{ s] xf] < wd{ ePg eg] s] x'G5 <
oxL s'/fnfO{ lnP/ dflg;x g} eGg] ub{5g\, /fd|f] ug'{ wd{
xf] . cnfO{ pksf/ ug'{ wd{ xf] . s;}nfO{ gdfg'{ lx+;f gug'{ wd{ xf] .
b'Mv glbg' wd{ xf] . kfk gug'{ wd{ xf] . cflbOToflb .$$

wd{ s] xf] <

wd{ gx'bf dflg; kz' x'G5 . wd{ ePsf] dflg; cfgGbn]
/dfOnf] tj/n] afRg ;lsG5 . ;a};u d]nldnfksf ;fy /xg;S5 .
wd{ g} Tof] u'0f xf], h'gn] dflg;nfO{ dflg; agfOlbG5, dflg; eO{
dflg;nfO{ dflg;;l/ Jojxf/ ug{ l;sfp5 .$%
lgZro klg xf], cnfO{ b'Mv glbg', kfkaf6 6f9f eO/xg' wd{
xf] . wd{ x'b f hLjg lhpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . wd{n] xfdLnfO{ jf:tjd}
dflg; agfOlbG5 . wd{ g} 5}g eg] t, dflg; / kz'df cGt/tf g} s]
/xG5 / <

a'4sf] Jojxfl/s wd{

eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z xf], csf] pksf/ ug',{ sNof0f ug'{ wd{ xf] .
olb cnfO{ pksf/ ug{ ;s]g eg] sd;]sd cfkm"af6 cnfO{
b'Mv glbg', afwf gk'ofpg' g} wd{ xf] .
cfkm\gf] z/L/af6, af]nLjrgaf6 / dgaf6 ;d]t s;}nfO{ afwf
glbO{ lgbf]i{ f hLjg lhpg' g} wd{ xf] .
$$= leIF' ;+3/lIft, zflGtsf] nflu a'4lzIff -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s
k|sfzg, @)^^_, k[= ! .
$%= leIf' ;+3/lIft, wd{ s] xf] < -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^&_, k[= $
@&

a'4 / a'4wd{

cem eGg'kbf{, cfkm\gf] z/L/, jrg / dgnfO{ kl/z'4 kfg'{ g} wd{ xf] .
eujfg\ a'4n] lbg' ePsf] pkb]z wDdkb u|Gysf] sf]wjUuf]df
o;/L cfPsf] 5
sfoKksf]k+ /Sv]osfo]g ;+j'tf] l;of .
sfo b'Rrl/t+ lxTjfsfo]g ;'rl/t+ r/] ..$^
cyf{t\ zf/Ll/s b'/frf/af6 ar, zf/Ll/s ;+od u/, sflos
b'Zrl/q 5f]8L sflos ;bfrf/sf] cfr/0f u/ .$&
jrLksf]k+ /Sv]ojfrfo ;+j'tf] l;of .
jrLb'Rrl/t+ lxTjfjfrfo ;'rl/t+ r/] ..$*
cyf{t\ jflrs b'/frf/af6 ar, jflrs ;+od u/, jflrs
b'/frf/ 5f]8L jflrs ;bfr/0f u/ .$(
dgf]ksf]k+ /Sv]odg;f ;+j'tf] l;of .
dgf]b'Rrl/t+ lxTjfdg;f ;'rl/t+ r/] ..%)
cyf{t\ dfgl;s b'/frf/af6 ar, dfgl;s ;+od u/, dfgl;s
b'/fr/0f 5f]8L dfgl;s ;bfr/0f u/ .%!
sfo]g ;+j'tf wL/fcyf] jfrfo ;+j'tf .
dg;f ;+j'tf wL/ft] j] ;'kl/ ;+j'tf ..%@
cyf{t\ sflos, jflrs / dfgl;s ;+od x'g] wL/ kl08tnfO{
g} ;';+odL eGb5g\ .%#
$^= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= $@M sf]wjUuf]
$&= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= !)&
$*= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= $@
$(= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= !)&
%)= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= $@
%!= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= !)*
%@= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= $#
%#= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= !)*
@*

a'4 / a'4wd{

jf:tjdf, wd{n] ;b}j cfkm" klg xf:g / cnfO{ klg x;fpg

tyflk cfkm" klg afRg / cnfO{ klg arfpg cfwf/ alglbG5 .
hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s / ;kmn t'Nofpg / /fd|/L pRr:t/n]
hLljsf ofkg ug{ /fd|F] ;fyL alglbg], /fd|F] af6f] b]vfOlbg] g} wd{ xf] .

z/L/af6 x'g] kfksd{

z/L/af6 ug{;Sg] tLgj6f kfksfo{af6 6f9f a:g'kg]{ a'4sf]
pkb]z xf] . tL kfksd{ x'g\ %$
!_ kf0ffltkftf cyf{t\ cnfO{ b'Mvsi6 lbg', lx+;f ug',{
@_ clbGgfbfgf cyf{t\ csf] ;hLj tyf lghL{j j:t'x rf]/L
ug',{ g;f]lwsg lng',
#_ sfd];l' dR5frf/f cyf{t\ k/:qLk/k'if udg gug',{ Jolerf/ gug'{ .

jrgaf6 x'g] kfksd{

o;/L g}, af]nLjrgaf6 klg ug{;Sg] rf/j6f kfksfo{af6
cnUu x'gk' g]{ a'4sf] pkb]z xf] . tL kfksd{x o; k|sf/ 5g\%%
!_ d';fjfbf cyf{t\ c;To s'/f ug',{
@_ lk;'gjfrf cyf{t\ r'unL s'/f ug',{ ldn]sfxnfO{ 5'TofOlbg',
#_ km;jfrf cyf{t\ csf] dgdf laem\g] lsl;dsf] s8f /
ckzAb af]Ng', ufnL ug',{
$_ ;DkKkmnfkjfrf cyf{t\ sfd gnfUg] Joy{sf] lgGbfrrf{ ub}{
lx8\g', grflx+bf ukm ub}{ a:g' .
%$= leIf' ;+3/lIft :ylj/, clgTo :d/0f -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,
@)^&_, k[= @( .
%%= leIF' ;+3/lIft, l;OdfMu' hLjgo\ a'4of cd[tf]kb]z -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z
k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^)_, k[= ^^ .
@(

a'4 / a'4wd{

dgaf6 x'g] kfksd{

z/L/ / af]nLjrgaf6 ul/g] kfksd{h:t} dgaf6 ;DkGg x'g]
kfksd{ klg 5g\, h'gnfO{ TofUg'kg]{ s'/fdf eujfg\ a'4 hf]8 lbg'xG' 5 .
tL dgf/f x'g] kfksd{ d'VotM tLg k|sf/sf /x]sf] s'/f af}4 jf\dodf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tL x'g\ %^
!_ cleHemf cyf{t\ csf] ;'v;Dkltdf nf]e /fVg',
@_ Jofkfb cyf{t\ csf] nfe / pGgltdf O{iof{ /fVg', dgdf
]if efjgf hufP/ l/;fpg',
#_ ldR5flbl6\7 cyf{t\ sd{ / sd{kmndf ljZjf; gug',{ pN6f]
wf/0ffn] pN6f] pN6f] a'em\g' .

cltdfu{ TofUg] wd{

eujfg\ a'4n] bz kf/ldtfwd{ kl/k"0f{ ug'e
{ O{ af]lwa[Ifsf] sfvdf
a:g' eP/ a'4Tj 1fg nfe ug'e
{ of] . pxf a'4 eO;s]kZrft\ ;j{ky| d
k~reb|juL{o eGg] kfrhgf a|fx\d0fxnfO{ pkb]z lbg] qmddf b'O{ clt
dfu{ cyjf wd{nfO{ TofUg'kg]{ pkb]z cf1f ug'e
{ of] . tL b'O{ cltdfu{,
%&
5f]8g\ k' g]{ wd{ x'g\
!= sfd];'sfd ;'vlNnsfg'of]u cyf{t\ k~rsfd ljifodf
cfzQm eP/ ef]uljnfl;tfdo hLjg ofkg ug'{ . To;f] eg]sf] dtna
cfvfn] k x]/L, sfgn] zAb ;'gL, gfsn] uGw ;3' L, lha|fn] ] :jfb lnO{
clg z/L/n] :kz{ lnO{ kNs]/ ga:g', df]lxt gaGg' xf] .
@= cQlsndyfg'of]u cyf{t\ z/L/nfO{ grflxg] tj/n] clt
b'Mv lbP/ klg wd{ nfU5 eGg] cGwljZjf;nfO{ ljZjf; ug'{ . h:tf]
ls vfb} gvfO{ b'is/rof{ ug',{ cflb .
%^= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL %$, k[= #)
%&= leIf' ;+3/lIft, af}4 r]tgf -sf7df8f}+, ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,
@)^!_, k[= !@
#)

a'4 / a'4wd{

Xbo k|;Gg x'g' wd{

wd{sf] JofVof ug]{xn] eGg] ub{5g\ xbo+ k'gftLlt k'0o+
cyf{t\ cnfO{ s'g} lsl;dn] b'Mv glbg', kfksfd gu/L dgnfO{
skf;;l/ xn'sf] agfpg', dg k|;Gg x'g] h'g :jefj xf], ToxL g} wd{
xf] . To;f] eg]sf], dg k|;Gg ePsf] klg /fd|F] sfd u/]sf]af6 x'gk' 5{,
g/fd|F] sfd u/]/ s'g} lsl;dn] kmfObf k|FKt u/]/ rflx+ kSs} xf]Og .%*

a'4wd{ s] xf] <

a'4sf] hGde"ld g]kfndf al;/x]sf xfdL . To;}n] klg xfdLn]
emg\ a'em\g} kof] lg, a'4sf] wd{ eg]sf] s] xf] < :jb]zL xf];\ jf ljb]zL,
k|FoM dflg;xn] oL k|Zgx /flv/xg] ub{5g\ . jf:tjd}, a'4wd{ eg]sf]
s] xf] t <
dxfdfgj eujfg\ a'4n] a'4Tj 1fg k|fKt ul/;s]kZrft\ cfkm\gf]
hLjgko{Gt -$% jif{;Dd_ ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;xsf] b'Mv, si6, kL8f,
pTkL8g cflbnfO{ x6fpg k|sfzdf Nofpg' ePsf] lxtsf/Lax'ksf/L
tyf oyfy{ sNof0f Pj+ d+unsf/L pkb]z g} wd{ xf] . of] wd{ eg]sf]
;Dk"0f{ hflt, h/f, Joflw, d/0fkL b'Mvaf6 d'Qm ePsf], sfd qmf]w
nf]e df]x clg cx+sf/kL cf;|jSn]zaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg] Pp6f 7"nf]
v'8l\ snf g} ;flat ePsf] 5 .%(

wd{sf d"n u'0fx

zflGtgfos dxfdfgj eujfg\ a'4f/f b]vfOPsf] wd{sf cgGt
u'0fx 5g\ . To;dWo] af}4 u|Gydf plNnlvt wd{sf k|dv
' tM ^ j6f
u'0fx o;k|sf/ 5g\ ^)
%*= leIf' ;+3/lIft, a'4wd{df lq/TgM Ps cWoog -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s
k|sfzg, @)^#_, k[= $!
%(= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL $%, k[= !&
^)= leIf' ;+3/lIft, af}4 ;+ufnf] -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)%*_, k[= #*
#!

a'4 / a'4wd{

!= :jfSvftf] cyf{t\ cflb, dWo / cGTo;Dd sNof0f x'g] eujfg\

a'4f/f /fd|/L b]zgf ug'{ ePsf] wd{,
@= ;lGbl6\7sf] cyf{t\ o;} hGddf oxfsf] oxL+ kmn lbg] wd{,
#= csflnsf] cyf{t\ ;do glaTb} k|ToIf kmn lbg] wd{,
$= Plxkl:;sf] cyf{t\ cfpm, x]/ egL k/LIf0f ug{ of]Uo wd{,
% cf]kglosf] cyf{t\ lgjf{0f;Dd k'ofOlbg] wd{,
^= kRrt+ j]lbtAaf] lj~h"lx cyf{t\ ljfg\xn] cfkm\g} cg'ejf/f
a'em\g of]Uo wd{ .
wd{ / wd{sf] dd{nfO{ /fd|/L hfg]/ hLjg lhpg ;s]df hLjg klg
jf:tljs hLjg;l/ x'g5] , ;'vzflGtn] cfgGbdo hLjg ofkg ug{ kfpg]5,
clg ofjt\ b'MvnfO{ hfg]/ To;sf] h8;d]tnfO{ pv]n/] kmfNg ;Sg]5 .
hLjg wGo x'g5] . b'ne
{ dg'io hGd ;fy{s x'g5] , ;kmlne"t x'g5] .

a'4sf cd[tf]kb]zx
dxfsfl0fs dxfdfgj a'4n] hlt klg pkb]zx lbg'eof],
hlt klg lzIff l;sfpg' eof], tL ;a} xfdL h:tf b'lvt dflg;xnfO{
b'Mvd'St u/fpgsf nflu g} lyof], hLjg cfgGbdo agfpgsf nflu g}
lyof] . pxfn] ax'hg lxtfo ax'hg ;'vfosf lglDt g} cfhLjg rfl/sf
ug'e
{ O{ pkb]zx lbg' ePsf] lyof] . o;y{ klg xfdL ;xh} eGg ;S5f},+
pxfsf tL ;f/f pkb]z tyf lzIffx cd[tf]kb]z g} x'g\ . oxf s]xL
s'/fxnfO{ dfq rrf{df NofOPsf] 5 .

csf] ulNt vf]Hb} glx8g

\ '
csf] bf]if tyf uNtLnfO{ s]nfpb} lx+8 g\ ' 7Ls xf]Og . o;n]
cfkm\gf] dgnfO{ kmf]xf]/ agfOlbG5, l/;/fu h:tf Sn]z pTkGg
u/fOlbG5 . csf{n] s] uof], s] u/]g egL x]ge
{' Gbf a cfkm\g} bf]if tyf
uNtLxnfO{ s]nfpg' pQd x'G5 .
#@

a'4 / a'4wd{

eujfg\ a'4n] lbg' ePsf] pkb]z wDdkb u|Gysf] k'Kkmju{df

o;/L cfPsf] 5
g k/];+ ljnf]dflg, g k/];+ stfst+ .
cQgf]j cj]Sv]o, stflg cstflg r ..^!
cyf{t\ csf{sf] bf]if / csf{n] s] uof] s] u/]g egL x]ge
{' Gbf
^@
cfkm\gf] bf]if / cfkm"n] s] uof] s] u/]g egL x]g{' g} a]; 5 .
xfdL csf] bf]if t'Gt} yfxf kfpg ;S5f}+ t/ cfkm\gf] bf]ifnfO{
eg] gb]v] h:tf] ub{5f}+ cyjf egf}+ g, cn] b]Vnfg\, yfxf kfpnfg\ eg]/
5f]kL 5f]kL lx8\5f}+ . csf] bf]if xf]Og, cfkm"leq /x]sf] bf]ifnfO{ bf]if egL
/fd|/L yfxf kfpg' kof], To;nfO{ x6fpg' kof] . k'g[ M k'gM To:tf
s'/fnfO{ cfkm\gf] hLjgdf gbf]xf]ofpg' kof] . oxL a'4sf] lzIff xf] .
eujfg\ a'4n] lbg' ePsf] pkb]z wDdkb u|Gysf] s;/ju{df
o;/L cfPsf] 5
;'b:;+ jHh+ c~`];+, cQgf] kg b'2;+ .
k/];+ lx ;f] jHhflg, cf]k'0fflt oyf e';+ .
cQgf] kg 5fb]lt, sln+j lstjf ;7f] ..^#
cyf{t\ csf{sf] bf]if b]Vg ;lhnf] 5, lsGt' cfkm\gf] bf]if b]Vg
ufxf] 5 . csf{sf] bf]if eg] lxd 5/];l/ 5/]/ lx+85
\ t/ cfkm\gf]
^$
bf]ifrflx+ hfnL h'jfn] kf;f 5f]ke
] m}+ 5f]Kb5 .

qmf]wnfO{ d}qLn] lhTg'

cfhsf] ;dodf cfP/ eujfg\ a'4sf Ps Ps pkb]z clt
dxjk"0f{ tyf cTofjZos eO/x]sf] s'/fnfO{ t hf] sf]xLn] klg dx;";
^!= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= !(M k'KkmjUuf]
^@= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= @$
^#= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= $%M dnjUuf]
^$= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= !!^
##

a'4 / a'4wd{

ul//x]s} s'/f xf]nfg\ . h;/L klg cfkm"dfq ljhoL x'g] :jefj x'gn] fO{
eujfg\ a'4n] ;xLkdf ljhoL x'g] pkb]z o;/L lbg'xG' 5
cSsf]w]g lhg] sf]w+c;fw'+ ;fw'gf lhg] .
lhg] sbl/o+ bfg]g;Rr]g clnsjflbg+ ..^%
cyf{t\ qmf]wnfO{ cqmf]wn] lhTg'k5{, v/fanfO{ c;nn] lhTg'k5{,
s+r;' nfO{ bfgn] lhTg'k5{ / em"7f]nfO{ ;Ton] lhTg'k5{ .^^

ulNt :jLsf/]/ km]l/ gbf]xf]ofpg'

dflg; g xf], ;dfh tyf kl/jf/sf] hfnh+hfndf cNdlng} /xg]
/x]5 . oxL qmddf dflg;xn] slxn]sfxL+ To:tf sfds'/f klg ug{ k'Ub5g\,
h'g sfds'/fsf] ;Demgfdfqn] klg dg ux'u+ f] eP/ cfp5, 56k6L a9]/
cfp5 clg cfkm"cfkm"d} 8/fPsf] em},+ nhfPsf] em}+ x'gyfN5 .
dflg; xf], /fd|Fg/fd|F] eg]sf] eOg} /xG5 . s'/f olt xf] ls
Pp6f bf]ifnfO{ 5f]Kgsf] nflu km]l/ km]l/ c xhf/f}+ bf]ifk"0f{ sfds'/f ub}{
hfg' dfgju'0f xf]Og, g t dfgjwd{ g} xf] . a'4sf] pkb]z t ;bf o;/L
g} lyof] s'g} ck/fw u/]sf] eP To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug',{ km]l/ slxNo}
To:tf] ck/fw gbf]xf]ofpg", oxL g} cfo{ u[x:ysf] st{Jo xf] .
eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z wDdkb u|Gydf o;/L cfPsf] 5
cQgfj st+ kfkcQgf ;+lsln:;lt .
cQgf cst+ kfk+cQgfj lj;'Hemlt .
;'4L c;'4L kRrt+gf~`f] c~`+ lj;f]wo] ..^&
cyf{t\ cfkm"n] u/]sf] kfkn] cfkm}nfO{ ckljq kfb{5, cfkm"n]
u/]sf] k'0on] cfkm}nfO{ z'4 kfb{5 . z'l4 x'g] / cz'l4 x'g] cfkm\g}
f/af6 xf], s;}n] c s;}nfO{ z'4 kfg{ ;Sb}g .^*
^%= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= $!M sf]wjUuf]
^^= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= !)$
^&= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= #$M cQjUuf]
^*= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= &^
#$

a'4 / a'4wd{

b'Mv;Gtfk x'g] s'/f gaf]Ng]

eujfg\ a'4n] c;To s'/f af]Ng gx'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg' ePsf]
5 . k~rzLn cGtu{t klg rf}yf] zLnsf] kdf o;/L cfPsf] 5
d';fjfbf j]/d0fL l;Svfkb+ ;dflbofdL cyf{t\ c;To
s'/f gaf]Ng] lzIffkbnfO{ /fd|/L kfng ub{5' .^(
eujfg\ a'4n] VofnVofn}df klg c;To s'/f af]Ng gx'g] pkb]z
lbg' ePsf] 5 . eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z wDdkb u|Gydf o;/L cfPsf] 5
;Rr+ e0f] g s'Hem]o, bHhfKkl:dlDk oflrtf] .
Pt]lx tLlx 7fg]lx, uR5] b]jfg;lGts] ..&)
cyf{t\ ;To af]Ng', qmf]w gug'{ / dfUg cfpbf clnslt eP
klg lbg', oL tLg sfdn] dg'io b]jnf]sdf hfG5 .&!
SBUtvAdI inryM wpeit, yo vAip kvA n kroim cAh
wBoip te pec smA BvVt, inhInkmA mnujA prT&@
cyf{t\ c;TojfbL g/sdf hfG5, u/]/ klg u/]sf] 5}g eGg] klg gs{
hfG5, oL b'a} k|sf/sf gLr sfd ug]{ dflg;x d[To'kl5 ;dfg x'G5 .&#
c;To s'/f xf]Og, ;To s'/f ug'k{ 5{, cfkm\gf] / csf] klg lxt
/ sNof0f x'g] ;'eflift jrg af]Ng'k5{ . ;'eflift jrgnfO{ :ki6 kfg'x{ b' }
eujfg\ a'4n] eGg'ePsf] 5 ToxL s'/f] af]Ng'k5{, h;af6 cfkm"nfO{
;Gtfk gxf];,\ cnfO{ b'Mv gxf];\ . oxL g} ;'eflift jfSo xf] .
c;To gaf]Ng], em'7f] gaf]Ng] lzIffkb a'4lzIffdf /x]sf] 5 .
o;sf afjh"b klg, csf] lxt tyf pksf/sf nflu /fd|f] dg;fon]
^(= leIf' ;+3/lIft, a'4wd{df k~rzLn -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,
@)^$_, k[= ^
&)= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= $!M sf]wjUuf]
&!= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= !)$
&@= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= %@M lg/ojUuf]
&#= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= !$!
#%

a'4 / a'4wd{

c;To s'/f ul/xfn]df klg kfk gnfUg] tyf csf] xfgL / clk|o x'g]
;Tojrg eP/ klg kfk x'g;Sg] s'/f klg oxflg/ :d/0fLo x'gcfp5 .
oxf rfx] /fd|f] af]nf];\ cyjf g/fd|f,] yf]/} af]nf];\ cyjf w]/,}
h:tf] ;'s} JolQmnfO{ klg oxf lgGbf / k|z;+ f eg]sf] eOg} /xg] x'G5 .
o;y{ t eujfg\ a'4n] ct'n pkf;snfO{ pkb]z lbg'xb' fsf] ;Gbe{df
o;/L eGg' ePsf] 5
kf]/f0fd]t+ ct'ng]t+ cHhtgfldj .
lgGblGt t'l0xdf;Lg+lgGblGt ax' efl0fg+ .
ldtefl0fglDk lgGblGtglTy nf]s] clglGbtf] ..&$
cyf{t\ x] ct'n of] k'/fgf] s'/f xf], clxn]sf] xf]Og . gaf]Ng]nfO{
klg, w]/} af]Ng]nfO{ klg, ldtefifLnfO{ klg lgGbf u5{g,\ of] nf]sdf sf]xL
klg lgGbf/lxt x'b}g .&%
g rfx' g r elj:;ltg r]t/lx ljHhlt .
PsGt+ lglGbtf] kf];f]PsGt+ jf k;+l;tf] ..&^
cyf{t\ laNs'n lglGbt jf laNs'n k|zl+ ;t k'if g plxn]
lyof], g slxNo} lyof], g cfhsn x'G5 .&&

cfkm\g} dg lhTg] ljhoL

xfdL b'lgofnfO{ lhTglt/ nfU5f}+ t/ ljhoL slxNo} x'g ;Sb}gf}+ .
jf:tjdf, cnfO{ lhTg' Tof] s'g} 7"nf] s'/f gx'b f] /x]5 . cfkm"n]
cfkm}nfO{ /fd|f;] u lhTg ;Sof] eg] ToxL ;xL ljhoL x'b f] /x]5 .
eujfg\ a'4n] oxL s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbg'xb' } o;/L pkb]z lbg'
ePsf] 5
&$= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= $@M sf]wjUuf]
&%= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= !)^
&^= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= $@
&&= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= !)^
#^

a'4 / a'4wd{

yo shsM shsen, sAme mAnuse ijne

akc jeymAAnM, s ve sAmjuAmo&*
cyf{t\ o'4df xhf/f}+ ;}lgsxnfO{ lhTg'eGbf cfkm}n+ fO{ lhTg]
AolQm g} ;fRr}sf] ljhoL xf] .&(
eujfg\ a'4n] cfkm\gf] r+rn dgnfO{ ;+oldt tyf :d[ltk"0f{
ug'k{ g],{ dgsf] kl5 kl5 cfkm" xf]Og, dgnfO{ cfkm\gf] kl5 nufpg'kg],{
cfkm"dfly cfkm} ljhoL x'g ;Sg'kg{] ljz]if s'/fdf hf]8 lbg' ePsf] 5 .

hGdn] xf]Og, sd{n] pRrgLr x'g]

hfte]b, pr\gLrsf] ;fdflhs c;Gt'ng cfh klg xfd|} b]zsf s'g}
s'g} 7fpdf ljBdfg /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ xfdL hfGb5f},+ a'em\b5f}+ . oBlk o;
e]befjnfO{ ;/sf/L :t/af6 ;d]t /f]syfd ul/;s]sf] x'b f pNn]vgLokdf
sdL klg cfO;s]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg eujfg\ a'4sf] ;dodf klg o:tf]
e]befjk"0f{ ;dfh 5b} lyof] . a'4 o;sf lj/f]wL lyP .
eujfg\ a'4 s'g} hfte]bnfO{ dfGg' x'GgYof] . pxfn] cfkm\gf]
leIF';+3df 7"N7"nf /fhfxnfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ ePsf] 5 eg] tTsfnLg
;dfhsf gLr\ egfpbf JolQmxnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug'{ ePsf] 5, leIf'
leIf'0fL agfpg' ePsf] 5 .
hGdn] sf]xL pRr / hGd}n] sf]xL gLr\ gx'g] s'/fnfO{ eujfg\ a'4n]
ljz]ifkdf pkb]z lbg'xG' Yof] . pxfn] o; ljifodf pkb]z lbg' ePsf] s'/f
;'Qlgkft u|Gy p/ujUuleq j;n ;'Qdf o;/L cfPsf] 5*)
g hRrf j;nf] xf]lt, g hRrf xf]lt a|fx\d0ff] .
sDdgf j;nf] xf]lt, sDdgf xf]lt a|fx\d0ff] ..
cyf{t\ hGdn] dfq} r08fn x'b g} , g hGdn] sf]xL a|fx\d0f g}
x'G5 . sd{n] g} dflg; r08fn x'G5, sd{n] g} a|fx\d0f x'G5 .
&*= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= @^M ;x:;jUuf]
&(= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= $&
*)= wd{/Tg zfSo -cg'=_, ;'Qlgkft -nlntk'/, s'ng/l;+x zfSo, @)$(_, k[= #)
#&

a'4 / a'4wd{

a:t'n] xf]Og, /fd|f] Jojxf/n] k"hf ug]{

eujfg\ a'4n] d"lt{kh
" f tyf k"hfcfhfdf slxNo} hf]8 lbg'
ePg . pxfn] ;b}j cfkm\gf cg'ofoLxnfO{ k|ltklQ cyf{t\ wd{sf]
cEof;df hf]8 lbg'eof] .
To;f] ePtf klg, eujfg\ a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0f -b]xfj;fg_kZrft\
a'4sf oltw]/} d"lt{x aGb} uP ls cfh cfP/ ;+;f/df c b]jLb]jtfxsf]
t'ngfdf pxfs} d"lt{x cTolws ;+Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] d"n
sf/0f of] klg xf] ls dflg;xnfO{ 1fgu'0fsf s'/fx, pkb]zxeGbf
klg k"hf dgk5{, elQmefj dgk5{ .
a'4sf] df}lns pkb]z t o;/L /x]sf] 5 w"k lbk g}jB] n] k"hf
ub}d{ f tyfutnfO{ ;Tsf/ / k"hf u/]sf] 7xl/b+ g} . h;n] wd{cg';f/
cfr/0f u5{, p;}n] tyfutnfO{ k"hf u/]sf] 7xl/G5 .
o;y{ klg, ljxf/ljxf/xdf a'4k"hf ug]{ qmddf ufyff/f
o:tf] k|lta4tf klg hfx]/ ul/G5*!
Odfo wDdfg'wDdkl6klQof a'4+ k"h]ld .
Odfo wDdfg'wDdkl6klQof wDd+ k"h]ld .
Odfo wDdfg'wDdkl6klQof ;+3+ k"h]ld .
c4f Odfo kl6klQof hflt h/f Joflw d/0fDxf,
kl/d' l Rr:;fld .
cyf{t\ o; wd{ cg'sn" wd{ cfr/0ff/f a'4nfO{ k"hf ub{5' .
o; wd{ cg'sn" wd{ cfr/0ff/f wd{nfO{ k"hf ub{5' .
o; wd{ cg'sn" wd{ cfr/0ff/f ;+3nfO{ k"hf ub{5' .
o; wd{ cg'sn" wd{ cfr/0ff/f cjZo klg d hGd, h/f,
Joflw, d/0faf6 d'Qm x'g ;Sg] xf]pm .
*!= leIf' ;+3/lIft, af}4 1fg -sf7df8f}+, ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,
@)^$_, k[= #&
#*

a'4 / a'4wd{

cfvf lrDn]/ g:jLsfg'{

h'g} s'/f xf];,\ h'g} wd{ xf];,\ hlt g} afx\okdf /fd|f] nfu]sf]
xf];,\ To;nfO{ cfvf lrDn]/ :jLsf/ ug'{ x'b g} . of] dg'io h'lg eg]sf]
clt g} ;j{>i] 7 / b'ne
{ /x]sf] 5 .
Pshgf afns :s"ndf km]n eof] eg] p;sf] nflu klg 7"nf]
;d:of xf]Og, p;n] km]l/ csf]{ jif{df k/LIFf lbg;S5 .
sxL+ aflx/ hfg'kg]{ t/ a; 5'6o\ f] eg] klg Tof] 7"nf] ;d:of
xf]Og, km]l/ pm csf]{ a;df hfg;S5 .
olb ljb]z hfg'kg]{ t/ Pc/kf]6d{ f k'Ubfk'Ub} xhfOhxfh g}
5'6d] f klg vf;} 7"nf] ;d:of xf]Og, pm csf]{ xjfOhxfhaf6 hfg;S5 .
t/, PskN6 xfd|f] hLjg g/fd|F] af6f]df nfu]/ laTof] ls laTof],
laTof] . ;Sof] ls t ;Sof], ;Sof] . kl5 uP/ n, d]/f] hLjg t g/fd|f]
af6f]df nfu]/ laTof], ca PskN6 Tof] ;do kms]/{ cfP x'GYof], ca t
d /fd|F] af6f]df nfUg]5' eg]/ kZrfQfk ub}d{ f Tof] ;do / Tof]
lalt;s]sf] cj:yf k'gM kms]/{ cfpg] ub}g{ g\ .
o;y{ t dxfdfgj eujfg\ a'4 s'g} klg s'/f / wd{nfO{ :jLsf/
ug'{ cufl8 a8f] ;hu / ;ts{ x'gk' g]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'xG' 5 . pxfn] em}
:jLsf/ ug{ gx'g] s'/fsf] ljifodf c+uQ
' /lgsfo u|Gysf] s];d'lQm;'Qdf
o;/L cfPsf] 5*@
g;'gs
] f] s'/f x'b d} f :jLsf/ gug],{
k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf] eGb}df :jLsf/ gug],{
o;/L eg]sf] 5 eGb}df :jLsf/ gug],{
u|Gydf pNn]v ePsf] 5 eGb}df :jLsf/ gug],{
ts{ ;Ddt 5 eGb}df :jLsf/ gug],{
Gofo ;Ddt 5 eGb}df :jLsf/ gug],{
*@= k"jf]{St kfbl6Kk0fL @*, k[= !(!M s];d'lQm;'Q .
#(

a'4 / a'4wd{

cfsf/ k|sf/ /fd|f] 5 eGb}df :jLsf/ gug],{

dtsf] cg'sn" 5 eGb}df :jLsf/ gug],{
cfsif{s JolQmTj 5 eGb}df :jLsf/ gug],{ /
xfd|f] >d0f k"Ho 5g\ eGb}df :jLsf/ gug]{ .

nf]e x6fpg bfg lbg]

nf]en] b'MvnfO{ cfdGq0f ub{5 . nf]en] kfksf] ef/LnfO{
af]sfOlbG5 . hxf nf]e x'G5, Toxf cf;Sttf x'G5, t[i0ff x'G5 . hxf
t[i0ff x'G5, Toxf g/fd|f] kfksd{ x'G5 . hxf kfk x'G5, Toxf b'Mv x'G5,
g/fd|F] ljkfs x'G5 . cem eujfg\ a'4n] o;/L pkb]z ug'{ ePsf] 5
nf]eL dflg;n] g t zf]s Tofu ug{ ;S5, g t b'Mv / bfx g} .
of] nf]enfO{ x6fpg] Pp6} dfu{, Pp6} ;fwg / Pp6} pkfo
eg]sf] g} bfg xf], Tofu xf] . o;y{, cfkm\gf] >4f / uR5]cg';f/ csf]
lxt / pksf/sf] nflu bfg lbg hfGg' kb{5 .
t;y{, eujfg\ a'4 eGg'xG' 5 bfg+ bbGt' ;4fo*# cyf{t\ bfg
eg]sf] >4flrQn] lbg'k5{, TofulrQn] lbg'k5{, nf]elrQ x6fpg] dg;fon]
lbg'k5{ . o:t} bfgn] dfq xfd|f] jf:tljs sNof0f ub{5 .

b'ne
{ hLjg
lgZro klg, dg'io h'lg b'ne
{ 5 . of] hLjg cd"No 5,
;j{>i] 7 5 . of] hLjgnfO{ Joy{df kmfNg', kz'jt\ hLjg latfpg' xfd|f]
nflu 7"nf] kl/xflgsf] s'/f xf] .
dg'io hLjg kfpg' b'ne
{ xf] eg] oxf jf:tljs dflg; eO{ afRg
;Sg' klg b'ne
{ xf] . cem o:tf] pTs[i6 hLjgdf wd{sf] s'/f ;'Gg
kfpg', a'em\g kfpg' klg b'ne
{ xf] . cem ;+;f/df dxfdfgj eujfg\
a'4sf] hGd x'g' b'ne
{ xf] . Ps k6s of] ;+;f/df a'4sf] hGd x'b f nfvf},+
s/f]8f}+ k|f0fLx b'Mvaf6 d'St eP/ hfg] x'G5 .
*#= leIF' ;+3/lIft :ylj/, ;+lIfKt af}4 kf7 -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s
k|sfzg, @)^^_, k[= @#
$)

a'4 / a'4wd{

hLjg b'ne
{ 5 . a'4sf] hGd b'ne
{ 5 . o:tf] hLjgdf /fd|f] wd{
;'g/] , a'em]/ To;sf] cEof; ug{ kfP Tof] Hofb} ;'vs/ x'g] ub{5 . oL
o:tf ljifodf eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z wDdkb u|Gydf o;/L ;d]l6Psf] 5
;'vf] a'4fg+ pKkfbf], ;'vf ;4Ddb];gf .
;'vf ;+3:; ;fdUuL, ;dUufg+ tkf] ;'vf] ..*$
cyf{t\ a'4xsf] hGd x'g' ;'vbfos xf], ;4d{sf] pkb]z ;'vbfos
xf] cf} Pstfo'Qmxsf] tk:of klg ;'vbfos xf] .*%
;+;f/df nfvf},+ s/f]8f},+ c/af},+ v/af}+ dflg;x 5g\ . cem
egf},+ cgluGtL dflg;x 5g\ oxf . t/ oL cgluGtL dflg;xdWo]
jf:tljskn] /fd|f,] 1fgL dflg;x lgs} sddfq x'g] ub{5g\ . t;y{
o:tf pQd dflg; klg ;+;f/df b'ne
{ x'g] u5{ . o:tf dflg;xsf]
hGd h'g 7fpdf x'G5, Tof] k"/} jftfj/0f ;'vdo x'g] s'/f lglZrt 5 .
wDdkb u|Gydf eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z o;/L cfPsf] 5
b'Nnef] k'l/;fh~`f]g ;f] ;AaTy hfolt .
oTy ;f] hfolt wL/f]t+ s'n+ ;'vd]wlt ..*^
cyf{t\ pQd k'if b'ne
{ 5, To;sf] ;a} 7fpdf hGd x'b g} .
h'g s'ndf o:tf dxfk'ifsf] hGd x'G5, To; s'ndf ;'v a[l4 x'G5 .*&

pk;+xf/
eGg'kbf{, zflGtsf cu|gfos eujfg\ a'4f/f pkb]z ul/Psf
lzIffx ax'hg lxtsf] nflu, ax'hg ;'vsf] nflu, ljZjdfly bofsf]
nflu, b]j / dg'ioxsf] lxt, ;'v / sfdsf] nflu ;j{bf nfebfoL /
sNof0fsf/L ag]sf] 5 . pxff/f b]zgf ePsf *$,))) wd{:sGwx**
lqlk6s u|Gyleq ;d]l6Psf] 5, h'g ;a} Ps;]Ps /fd|F 5g\, nfebfoL
/x]sf 5g\ . eujfg\ a'4sf tL cgluGtL jrgxnfO{ lrGtgdggf/f
*$= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= #&M a'4jUuf]
*%= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= ()
*^= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= #&
*&= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= *(
$!

a'4 / a'4wd{

hfg]/ a'em]/ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;s]df xfd|f] cNkdo lsGt' b'ne

{ dfgjhLjg
;fy{s x'g5
] , ;'v;'ljwfk"js
{ ;a};u ldn]/ a:g;S5 clg ;Dk"0f{
ejb'Mvaf6 ;d]t kf/ nfUg ;lsG5 . gq t, a'4sf] pkb]zdfq hfGg],
a'em\g,] s07:y;d]t kfg]{ t/ Jojxf/df eg] s]xL klg kfngf gug]{ xf] eg]
To;sf] s'g} cf}lrTo x'b g} , s'g} kmfObf klg /xbg} . o:tf] dflg; t Tof]
JolQm ;dfg x'G5, h;n] d]xg] tsf ;fy dflnssf] ufO{xnfO{ kxf8
sGb/fh+undf 8'n/] r/fpg t nfG5 t/ b"w vfg] a]nfdf dflnsn]
vfG5, cfkm"n] vfg kfpbg} . a'4f]kb]zsf] d"n ;f/ o;/L /x]sf] 5
;Aa kfk:; cs/0f+, s';n:; pk;Dkbf .
;lrQ kl/of]]bkg+, Pt+ a'4fg;f;g+ ..*(
cyf{t\ s'g} k|sf/sf] kfksd{ gug',{ /fd|F] s'znsd{ ug'{ /
cfkm\gf] dgnfO{ ;j{bf kl/z'4 kfg',{ oxL a'4xsf pkb]z x'g\ .()

;Gbe{ ;|ft
] sf u|Gyx? (Bibliography)
!= leIf' ;+3/lIft, j}zfvk"l0f{df a'4k"l0f{df, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)%* .
@= jh|frfo{, k|sfz, af}4 bk{0f, sf7df8f},+ a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt / wd{sLlt{
k|sfzg, @)%# .
#= leIf' ;+3/lIft, b'Mvd'lQm dfu{cfo{;ToM Ps lh1f;f, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z
k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^# .
$= jh|frfo{, b'08axfb'/ -cg'=_, bL3lgsfo, nlntk'/, jL/k"0f{ k':ts ;+ux| fno, @)%^ .
%= leIF' ;+3/lIft, dfgj hLjgo\ a'4lzIff, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg$), @)^$ .
^= leIF' ;+3/lIft :ylj/, a|xd\ hfn ;"qM Ps cWoog, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z
k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^& .
&= jh|frfo{, b'08axfb'/ -cg'=_, dlHemdlgsfo, nlntk'/, jL/k"0f{ k':ts ;+ux| fno, @)%$ .
*= dfgGw/, gfgLd}o+ f -cg'=_, dUu bLkgL, sf7df8f},+ u+uf nIdL wfVjf;lxt, @)$@ .
(= leIf' ;+3/lIft, dxfdfgj a'4, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^@ .
**= leIf' ;+3/lIft, ljgolk6sM Ps cWoog -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s
k|sfzg$!, @)^%_, k[= (^
*(= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !*, k[= #^M a'4jUuf]
()= k"jf]S{ t kfbl6Kk0fL !(, k[= *^
$@

a'4 / a'4wd{
!)= leIf' ;+3/lIft, k|f/lDes af}4 lh1f;f, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^% .
!!= ;'Qlk6s] v'2slgsfo] wDdkbkfln, Outk'/L, ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;, O{=;+= !((* .
!@= leIF' cd[tfgGb -cg'=_, wDdkb, sf7df8f},+ cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ u'7L, @)%& .
!#= leIf' ;+3/lIft, af}4 ;fdfGo 1fg, -a'4hLjgL ljz]if_, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z
k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^& .
!$= leIf' ;+3/lIft, a'4sfnLg bz cu|0fL gf/Lx, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s
k|sfzg$@, @)^% .
!%= leIf' cd[tfgGb, s]zjnfn sdf{rfo{ -cg'=_, ;+lIfKt a'4hLjgL, sf7df8f},+
cfgGbs'6L ljxf/u'7L, @)#( .
!^= leIF' af]lw;]g -cg'=_, c+uQ
' /lgsfo k|yd efu, sf7df8f},+ 1fgHof]lt s+;fsf/,
nIdLk|ef s+;fsf/, @)%* .
!&= leIf' ;+3/lIft, kyk|bz{s, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)%& .
!*= leIf' ;+3/lIft, >4fwg, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)%& .
!(= dfgGw/, gfgLd}o+ f -cg'=_, lgofdbLkgL, sf7df8f},+ leIf' clg4 dxf:ylj/;lxt ;d"x,@)$) .
@)= leIf' ;+3/lIft, a'4fkb]z, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)%^ .
@!= leIF' ;+3/lIft, zflGtsf] nflu a'4lzIff, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,
@)^^ .
@@= leIf' ;+3/lIft, wd{ s] xf] <, sf7df8f}+, ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^& .
@#= leIf' ;+3/lIft :ylj/, clgTo :d/0f, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^& .
@$= leIF' ;+3/lIft, l;OdfMu' hLjgo\ a'4of cd[tf]kb]z, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z
k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^) .
@%= leIf' ;+3/lIft, af}4 r]tgf -sf7df8f}+, ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,
@)^!_, k[= !@
@^= leIf' ;+3/lIft, a'4wd{df lq/TgM Ps cWoog, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s
k|sfzg, @)^# .
@&= leIf' ;+3/lIft, af}4 ;+ufnf], sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)%* .
^*= leIf' ;+3/lIft, a'4wd{df k~rzLn -sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg,
@)^$_, k[= ^
@(= leIF' ;+3/lIft :ylj/, ;+lIfKt af}4 kf7, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^^ .
#)= leIf' ;+3/lIft, ljgolk6sM Ps cWoog, sf7df8f},+ ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)^% .
#!= zfSo, wd{/Tg -cg'=_, ;'Qlgkft, nlntk'/, s'ng/l;+x zfSo, @)$( .

$#

a'4 / a'4wd{