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INTERNATIONAL/NATIONAL
TOPIC: General Studies 2
and
Children accounted for nearly half of all refugees, with the number
of child refugees having doubled in the decade.
About one in three children who live outside their country of birth is a
refugee. The much smaller ratio of displacement for adults less than
one in 20 according to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees
reveals the starkness of the situation.
28 million of the 50 million children who have migrated or been
forcibly displaced across borders are said to have fled violence. There
were 10 million child refugees and one million child asylum-seekers,
whose status had not yet been determined. The remaining 17 million
children displaced by conflict remained within their home countries
borders.
45% of the children refugees came from just two countries: Syria and
Afghanistan.
Increasingly, these children are traveling alone, with 100,000
unaccompanied minors applying for asylum in 78 countries in 2015,
three times the number in 2014.
20 million children are migrants, driven from their homes by poverty
and gang violence among other things.
This highlights the brutal impact of the war on a segment of society that
had little to do with the conflict directly or otherwise and has become the most
vulnerable.
However, the refugees find no peace even when their motto is to get it
when they leave their home which is in conflict zone.
Problems faced
The report points to six specific actions that will protect and help
displaced, refugee and migrant children:
Protecting child refugees and migrants, particularly unaccompanied
children, from exploitation and violence.
Ending the detention of children seeking refugee status or migrating by
introducing a range of practical alternatives.
Keeping families together as the best way to protect children and give
children legal status.
Keeping
all
refugee
Pressing
causes
of
and giving
large-scale
India is not a part to 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention nor its 1967
Protocol. Hence, it is among the few liberal democracies to not have signed,
supported or ratified the international convention that governs how nations
should treat distressed people who are forced to leave their homes under
harrowing conditions. India also does not have any domestic law or regional
South Asian framework.
Reasons:
Borders in South Asia are extremely porous and any conflict can result
in a mass movement of people. Any commitment by such law can have:
o A strain on local infrastructure and resources of developing
countries that are poorly equipped to deal with sudden spikes in
population.
Critically examine if India should have a law for refugees and asylum
seekers.
Recent UNICEF report presents a grim picture of condition of refugee
children. What according to you should be measures taken by countries,
irrespective of refugee laws, to protect the refugee children for a better
future?
Related articles:
Refugees as citizens
European Migrant Crisis: The Humanitarian Crisis that has
made the world awkward
TLP 2015
NATIONAL
TOPIC:
General Studies 3
There is a huge new divergence in the world economy, with both global
and within-country dimensions. The distance between the extremes of
the income distribution of the world as a whole has increased.
In increased divergencebetween the richest people in the world and the
very poorest, despite the broad convergence of average incomes, higher
inequality within countries appears to be spawning divergence between
top and bottom incomes.
In the year 1960, the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of
Maharashtra, then Indias richest state, was twice that of Bihar, the
poorest. By the year 2014, the gulf between the richest state (now
Kerala) and Bihar, still the poorest, had doubled.
The basic objective of federalism is unity in diversity, devolution in
authority and decentralization in administration. The basic condition of
federalism is plurality, its fundamental tendency is harmonization and
its regulative principle is solidarity.
Inter-state disparities resulting from divergence may set up a struggle
between centrifugal and centripetal forces. What factors shows the
sharp relief in Indias inter-state income disparity?
Growing Inter-State Disparities
1. DEMOGRAPHIC
According to World Bank data, the three poorest states, Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are also the three with the highest TFR in India
(The total fertility rate (TFR)or the average number of children a woman
bears during her entire reproductive period). Hence the evolution of income
distribution is absent in these poor states and are unable to participate in the
broad convergence. The inter-state disparity based on a potent combination of
incomes and fertility rates, however, carries immense economic, social,
political and hence policy implications.
2. SOCIAL
rates, reducing the room for states to extract resources. Also, the opportunity
to use tax policy to attract investment to the state will also reduce.
While GST is undoubtedly a net positive for the Indian economy, the
interstate disparities may set the stage for some clashes in the GST council.
The poorer and more populous states which are simultaneously net consumers
will demand lower GST rates while the prosperous and net producing states
will vie for higher rates.
4. POLITICAL