National Law University, Jodhpur

2016-2017
SEMESTER I
History-I
Project on:
TWO NATION THEORY
Submitted by:Saksham

Gupta

Sankalp Agnihotri
UG-I Semester
B.A. LL.B. (Hons.)

Submitted to:&

Mr. Om Prakash
Associate Professor
Faculty of History

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On the completion of this project, we take the opportunity of thanking the people who
contributed in the completion of it, without whose aid, contribution and help this project
wouldnt have seen practicability.
First we extend my heartfelt gratitude to, our mentor and History Teacher, Mr. Om Prakash
Mishra, Faculty of History-I whose continuous guidance and support provided us with the
much needed impetus and gave me a better insight into the topic. We are grateful to the IT
Staff for providing all necessary facilities for carrying out this work. We thank all members of
the Library Staff for providing me the assistance anytime needed.
We also thank my friends and batch mates for providing me the much needed aid whenever
needed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................2
Evolution of Two Nation Theory.............................................................................................4
Profounder of Two Nation Theory.............................................................................................6
1.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.................................................................................................6

2.

Allama Iqbal................................................................................................................6

3.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah....................................................................................................7

4.

Choudhry Rehmat Ali.....................................................................................................8

Proposition of Other Major Leaders........................................................................................10

1.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan............................................................................................10

2.

Veer Damodar Savarkar................................................................................................10

Reactions of the Hindu Mahasabha..........................................................................................11

Ideology of Pakistan.................................................................................................................12
Implications of Government of India Act, 1935, and The Lahore Resolution, 1940...............13
Major Political Developments in 1945....................................................................................15
The Tragedy of 1971- The Birth of Bangladesh......................................................................16
Two Nation Theory At Present.................................................................................................17
Conclusion................................................................................................................................19

EVOLUTION OF TWO NATION THEORY

Concept of Muslims as a Nation developed before the establishment of Pakistan. Pakistan
was the product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of
nationhood. Retrospectively the Muslim nationalism emerged with the advent of Islam that
introduced new principles pertinent to every sphere of life. It pledged the redemption of the
humankind establishing a benign society based on teachings of Quran. The beginning of the
Muslim nationalism in the Sub-Continent may be attributed to the first Indian who accepted
Islam. And gradually a strong Muslim community had emerged in India who had its own way
of life, traditions, heroes, history and culture. Islam could not be absorbed in Hinduism.
Deen-e-Ilahi, Bakhti movements, etc. created reaction amongst the Muslim ulama to
preserve the pure Islamic character and save it from external onslaught.
The British won over the Muslim rulers due to the industrial and scientific developments and
modern war strategy. The War of Independence (1857) was a shattering setback to the Indians
and more specifically to Indian Muslims who were held responsible for the rebellion by the
British. The Muslims were put into the backwardness. This was one of the outstanding
motivations that paved the way to declare the separate identity of nationalism, the Muslim
nationalism. In 1885 the Indian National Congress was founded to indicate the beginning of
the Indian nationalist movement under the British. The Congress worked and helped the
British rule. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advised the Muslims not to join it because, he thought, the
Muslims were not in position to involve into the anti-government activities. It has been
argued that Sir Syed's fear of Hindu domination sowed the seeds for the "Two Nations
Theory" later espoused by the All-India Muslim League, founded in 1906 and led to its
demand for a separate state for the Muslims of India. All India Muslim League had been
founded in Dhaka in 1906 to promote loyalty to the British and to protect and advance the
political rights and interests of the Muslims of India. Thus the concept of separate
electorates was put forward to dawn a new day for the Indian Muslims. The Two-Nation
Theory served as the basis of demand for Pakistan by the Muslims in British India. There are
two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community but a nation with a
distinctive history, heritage, culture, civilization, and future aspirations.
The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and advance their interests
in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their ideals and philosophy of
4

life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority. Initially, they demanded

safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system of government with powers to the
provinces for protection and advancement of their heritage, identity and interests. Later, they
demanded a separate state when neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was
willing to offer those guarantees and safeguards.

PROFOUNDER OF TWO NATION THEORY

1.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

In beginning Sir Syed believed in Indian Nationalism but later due to Hindi-Urdu
controversy, Sir Syeds faith in a united India was shaken and he began to advocate the two
nation theory. He made the Muslims realize that they are separate nation. Their religion is
very powerful. Muslims should demand for separate homeland of their own. Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan was the first Muslim leader who used the word NATION for the Muslims of Subcontinent. According to Sir Syed in India there exist two nations, the Hindus and Muslims.
They could not live together and that as the time would pass the hostility between the twonation would grow. Sir Syed was of the view that Hindus and Muslims are two separate
nations because their religion, history, culture and civilization were different from each other.
Sir Syeds political views could be summed up as:
1. That India was a continent, not a country.
2. That it was inhabited by a vast population of different races and different creeds. That
among these, Hindus and Muslims, was the major nations on the basis of nationality,
religion, customs, and cultures, cultural and historical traditions.
3. After the British quit, they could not share the political power equally. That was
simply impossible and inconceivable.
4. The Indian National Congress was not acceptable to the Muslims.
5. There would be a disastrous civil war if the Congress persisted in its policy of yoking
together the two nations.1
The above discuss leads us to conclude that Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the staunch
believer and eminent preacher to Two-Nation Theory; on account of which, he may be
called the real founder to two-Nation Theory in sub-continent.
2.

Allama Iqbal

Allama Iqbal was a great poet, philosopher and a politician. Iqbal had a sensitive heart and a
deep-thinking inquisitive mind. He was dismayed at the pathetic conditions of the Muslims in
general and of the Indian Muslims in particular. Allama Iqbal delivered historical address
at Allahabad.

1 Reassessing Pakistan: Role of Two Nation Theory, Anand K. Verma, pg. 135
6

The units of Indian society are not territorial as in the European countries. India is a
continent of human groups belonging to different races speaking different languages and
professing different religions. Their behaviour is not at all determined by a common raceconsciousness.
Under such circumstances, Allama Iqbal proposed a separate state of the Muslims. In his
presidential address to the Allahabad session of the Muslim League in 1930, he said:
Personally I would go further. I would like to see the Punjab, North West Frontier
Province, Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within
the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a single consolidated
North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims at least
of North West India.
Allama Iqbal claimed that the Muslims were a separate nation in every respect. His own
words in this regard were as follows:
We have a population of seven crore among all nations of the sub-continent, we are the most
united. In fact, of all the nations inhabiting the country, Muslims are the only true nation
according

to

the

most

modern

definition

of

the

world.

In short the prophecy of Iqbal acted as a spur for the Muslims of India who craved out an
independent state Pakistan for themselves, Seventeen years later (Allahabad Address 1930)
on 14th August 1947.

3. Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Quaid-e-Azams struggle also based on two-nation theory: Quaid-e-Azam said:
Difference in India between the two major nations, the Hindus and the Muslims are
thousand

times

greater

when

compared

with

the

continent

of Europe.

Quaid-e-Azam further said:

India is not a national state. India is not a country but a Sub-continent composed of
nationalities, the two major nations being Hindus and the Muslims whose culture and
civilizations, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of
value and proportion, laws and jurisprudence, social moral codes, customs and calendar,
history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions, outlook on life and of life are fundamentally
different. By all canons of international law we are nation.2
2 Jinnah of Pakistan, Oxford University Press, 1984
7

In 1940, Muslim League embraced the creed of Choudhry Rehmat Ali and the historic
session on March 23, 1940 in Lahore demanded the establishment of Pakistan. On that
occasion, Quaid-e-Azam in his presidential address said:
Islam and Hinduism are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact,
different and distinct social orders The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different
religious philosophies, social customs, and literatures. They neither inter-marry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly
on conflicting ideas and conceptions.
He refuted the claim of All Indian Nation Congress that India had only one single nation, in
the name of Indian by the following statement:
The history of the last twelve hundred years has failed to achieve the unity and has
witnessed, India always divided into Hindu India and Muslim India.
Quaid-e-Azam made the English rulers realize the fundamental deep rooted spiritual
economic, social and political differences. He said that their efforts would frustrate which
they were making to bind all Indians through central Government.

4. Choudhry Rehmat Ali

He was involved actively in the activities for the protection of rights of the Indian Muslims
along with some other students at Cambridge University. His activism goes back to his
student days in Lahore when he talked of separate state for Muslims of India. He said that
North Western areas are Muslim majority ares. We will not only keep these majorities but
will turn them into a Muslim state. He proposed the name of Muslim state, PAKISTAN.
P
A
K
S
TAN

Punjab
Afghania (North-West Frontier Province)
Kashmir
Sind
Balochistan

India cannot be described as a state/country or home of single nation. This state did not exist
as one political entity before the advent of the British. The Muslims are a distinct nation who
has maintained its identity throughout. They are a separate nation. They have as much right to
live as the Hindus. Pakistan should be separated from the rest of India. He further said that
8

the conflict between Muslims and Hindus is not religious, sectarian or economic but an
international. The Muslims are striving for survival; Hindus are trying for domination over
the other nations living in the Sub-Continent particularly the Muslims.
He established the Pakistan National Movement in 1940. He began to talk about Bengal and
Hyderabad as Muslim areas and separate states. Bang-i-Islam would comprise of Bengal and
Assam and Osmanistan of Hyderabad Deccan.
He visited Pakistan in 1948 but the atmosphere of the motherland did not suit him and so he
returned to Cambridge. He died there on 11 February 1951.
It is the ever-shining contribution of Rahmat Ali that he coined the name of the Muslim state.
He said that being nation, the Indian Muslims deserved a separate homeland. He gave the
future Lines to the Muslims considering Islamic thoughts universal and true in comparison
with the contemporary Musims. When the Lahore Resolution was passed, it was instantly
described as Pakistan Resolution. It, the division of India, was the solution of Hindu-Muslim
question but Rahmat Ali proposed this long before the Lahore Resolution.

PROPOSITION OF OTHER MAJOR LEADERS

1 Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Also known as "Frontier Gandhi" or "Sarhadi Gandhi", was not convinced by the two-nation
theory and wanted a single united India as home for both Hindus and Muslims. He was
from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, in present-day Pakistan. He believed that the partition
would be harmful to the Muslims of the subcontinent. Post partition, Ghaffar Khan was a
strong advocate of the Pashtunistan movement.3

5. Veer Damodar Savarkar

The Hindu Maha Sabha under the presidency of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, presented a
stance of complete opposition to the formation of Pakistan.
Mr. Savarkar... insists that, although there are two nations in India, India shall not be divided
into two parts, one for Muslims and the other for the Hindus; that the two nations shall dwell
in one country and shall live under the mantle of one single constitution;... In the struggle for
political power between the two nations the rule of the game which Mr. Savarkar prescribes is
to be one man one vote, be the man Hindu or Muslim. In his scheme a Muslim is to have no
advantage which a Hindu does not have. Minority is to be no justification for privilege and
majority is to be no ground for penalty. The State will guarantee the Muslims any defined
measure of political power in the form of Muslim religion and Muslim culture. But the State
will not guarantee secured seats in the Legislature or in the Administration and, if such
guarantee is insisted upon by the Muslims, such guaranteed quota is not to exceed their
proportion to the general population.4

3 Tinderbox, The Past And Future of Pakistan, M.J. Akbar, pg. 186
4 Pakistan, or The Partition of India(1945), Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
10

REACTIONS OF THE HINDU MAHASABHA

The political party supported the partition and even thought of it much before Quaid-e-Azam
did. In fact in the true sense Vinayak Damodar Savarkar the then president of the Hindu
Mahasabha is the father of Pakistan.
In 1937 at the open session of the Hindu Mahasabha held at Ahmedabad, Vinayak Damodar
Savarkar in his Presidential address asserted:
"India cannot be assumed today to be Unitarian and homogenous nation, but on the contrary
there are two nations in the main - the Hindus and the Muslims."5
In 1945, he had stated:
"I have no quarrel with Mr. Jinnah's two nation theory. We, the Hindus are a nation by
ourselves, and it is a historical fact that the Hindus and the Muslims are two nations."6
He pronounced the two-nation theory, first, in 1923 in his essay Hindutva and next in 1937
in his presidential address to the Mahasabha. In 1923 he wrote:
"We Hindus are bound together not only by the love we bear to a common fatherland and by
the blood that courses through our veins. But also by the tie of the common homage we pay
to our great civilisation - our Hindu culture. We are one because we are a nation, a race and
own a common Sanskriti (civilisation)."

5 Vide writings Veer Savarkar, Vol. 6 page 296, Maharashtra Prantiya Hindu Mahasabha,
Pune
6 vide Indian Educational Register 1943 vol. 2 page 10
11

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is deeply ingrained
in the social consciousness of the people. It is a set of principles, a framework of action and
guidance system that gives order and meaning to life and human action.7
The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience
provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated
it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives
Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of the Muslims
of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates.
However when they realized that their future in a Democratic India dominated by Hindu
majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state.
The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Muslim community of South Asia
to maintain their individuality in the Hindu society. The Muslims believed that Islam and
Hinduism are not only two religions, but are two social orders that produced two distinct
cultures. There is no compatibility between the two. A deep study of the history of this land
proves that the differences between Hindus and Muslims are not confined to the struggle for
political supremacy but are also manifested in the clash of two social orders. Despite living
together for more than one thousand years, they continue to develop different cultures and
traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, all are poles apart.

7 www.dictionary.com
12

IMPLICATIONS OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1935, AND THE LAHORE

RESOLUTION, 1940
The first provincial elections under The Government of India Act, 1935 were held in 1937 8,
as a result of these elections, the congress was invited to form ministries in seven provinces.
The hostile attitude of Congress government towards the Muslims was by itself a proof of
Hindus being a separate Nation. The experience of living under Congress rule was one major
factor which shook the Muslims from their political slumber and made them instantly
conscious of their distinct national identity. From the factual analysis of the relationship
which had developed between the two major Communities of India i.e. the Hindus and the
Muslims, it should no longer be a questionable proposition as to why the communities
insisted on the partition of India.
The experience of Congress Rule compelled the Muslims to launch the movement for
separate homeland. The Hindus made them realize that Hindu government would mean an
anti-Muslim rule in India. The Muslims disappointment from the Congress leadership
decided to open a new phase of history. Quaid-i-Azams article in Time and Tide concluded
that Muslims are a nation. No Constitution can be enforced by ignoring Muslims. His
comments on March 13, 1940 are remarkable:
If some satisfactory settlement cannot be found for Muslims in united India, the Muslim will
have to demand for division of the country.
The Muslim League held its annual session at Lahore on 22-24 March 1940. The Lahore
Resolution was moved by Maulvi Fazlul Haq and seconded by Ch. Khaliquzzaman that was
finally approved on March 24, 1940. Jinnah rightly expressed his valuable remarks about the
political circumstances of India and the Muslims stand. He said:
Indian problem is not communal but international. No Constitution can work without
recognizing this reality. Muslims of India will not accept a constitution that establishes a
government of the Hindu majority on them. If Hindus and Muslims are placed under one
democratic system, this would mean Hindu Raj.
8 Tinderbox, The Past And Future of Pakistan, M.J. Akbar, pg. 198
13

This Resolution did not specify any demarcation of the territory but it defined the future plan
of struggle for the establishment of the Muslims states (later the word states was replaced by
state in 1946) in the North western and Eastern areas where the Muslims were in
overwhelming majority. It also intended to give importance to the autonomy of the states.
There was no use of the word Pakistan but Pakistan was kernel of the Resolution.9

9 Reassessing Pakistan: Role of Two Nation Theory, Anand K. Verma, pg. 185
14

MAJOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN 1945

During the World War II, the British sought Indian military cooperation and offered political
and constitutional changes after the war. They desired to expand the Viceroys Executive
council. Lord Wavell arranged Shimla Conference during June-July 1945 in which all the
political parties participated by sending their representatives. Jinnah and Abul Kalam Azad
represented the Muslim League and the Congress respectively. Maulana Azad claimed
Congress as sole representative party of all the peoples living in India. Jinnah considered the
Muslim league the only political party of the Indian Muslims and on this the Muslim league
had right to appoint Muslim members to the Council. This issue could not be dissolved and
the differences between the Muslim league and the Congress increased.
Lord Wavell announced elections in August 1945. He visited England and after consultations
he presented new political steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Self government with the cooperation of Indian leaders.

New Elections in the winter.
Provincial governments in the provinces
Constitutional Assembly to be convened. The basis of constitution making was to be

settled.
5. Executive Council to be set up. It will have representation of major parties.
The Muslim league stand was very clear i.e. the Muslim league is a sole representative of
Muslims and Pakistan is its ultimate goal. The Muslim league launched the massive
campaign for these destinations. The Islamic slogans became massively popular. In this way,
the struggle for the establishment of Pakistan was motivated on the basis of Islam. The role of
students was also prominent during the Political drive. On the other hand, the Congress put
the slogan of independence from British in the shape of undivided India. They proclaimed
that their stand was for all the Indian communities.
In December 1945 the elections of Central Legislature were held and the Muslim league won
all 30 Muslim seats. The Congress won 57 seats. In the provincial elections, the Muslim
league won most of the Muslim seats. The Muslim league also showed an impressive
performance in the Muslim minority provinces. The Muslim league formed its ministry in
Sind, Khudai Khidmatgar in NWFP, coalition government by Muslim league in Bengal, and
Unionist (20), Akalis and the Congress in Punjab (Khizr Hayat Tiwana).

15

THE TRAGEDY OF 1971- THE BIRTH OF BANGLADESH

The separation of East Pakistan was no doubt the biggest tragedy in the history of Pakistan.
However, it should not be regarded as death of Two Nation Theory. First of all Bangladesh,
though no more a part of Pakistan but still is neither a Hindu state nor a secular state rather is
a Muslim State. The elite of West Pakistan were not able to understand the real situation in
East Pakistan and they absolutely failed to tackle it. In spite of all these mistakes by the
government, the involvement of the foreign hand in separation of East Pakistan is a solid
reality. Those who cry today upon the cross-border terrorism in Kashmir (in spite of the fact
that there is no international border in Kashmir) have totally forgotten the hands and faces
behind the Muktibahini. The way the Bangla youth was brain washed by Hindu teachers and
scholars is an open secret. The fact is that not much literature was available in the Bangla
language about Islam, neither any translation of Iqbal nor of Moududi.
Ms. Indira Gandhi statement about the creation of Bangladesh was by itself a proof of the
existence of the Two-Nation Theory. Then what was she referring to by mentioning the 1000
years? Definitely she was talking about the era when Muslims ruled India. This means
Pakistan didnt emerge with the advent of British to India, nor is a result of Divide and
Conquer, nor is a conspiracy of the Muslim League, nor is a symbol of nationalism based on
territory. Pakistan-based on the Two-Nation theory existed long before August 47 in the heart
of every Muslim of the Sub-Continent, who wanted the revival of the Muslim Ummah.

16

TWO NATION THEORY AT PRESENT

Keeping in view the above discussion in light of facts and figures from history, it can be
claimed that The Two Nation Theory is a reality even today. Unfortunately, the Hindu
community of the sub-continent has never accepted this reality from the very beginning and
they still want to convert the Indo-Pak sub-continent to a Unified India. The top leadership of
the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently ruling India, has not only publicly
denounced the two-nation theory but has also declared that it does not accept the partition of
the Sub-Continent in 1947 which was based on this theory. On the same analogy, the BJP
claims that Kashmir is an integral part of India.
It may be recalled that Mohan Bhagwat, the head of the RSS, while branding the Muslims of
India as enemies belonging to foreign races, recommended that the foreign races in Hindustan
must either adopt Hindu culture and language, must entertain no idea but those of the
glorification of the Hindu race and culture, i.e. ; of the Hindu nation, must lose their separate
existence to merge in the Hindu race, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the
Hindu race, claiming nothing, deserving no privilege, far less any preferential treatment not
even citizen right. The enormous difficulties, which the Muslims are encountering for the
protection of their religious beliefs and for the restitution of their political, economic and
other rights in the so-called secular but Hindu-dominated India, bear testimony to the political
acumen and far sightedness of Quaid-e-Azam-aka-Muhammad Ali Jinnah who so rightly had
perceived the establishment of a separate state for the Muslims of the Sub-Continent to save
them from unfair treatment by the Hindu Majority.
Many opponents of the Two-Nation theory, base their arguments on the fact that India at
present has a Muslim community, which is larger in population than the Muslim population in
Pakistan. Therefore, according to the Two-Nation theory, Pakistan border should be opened to
all of them, and in case this is not done then the creation of Pakistan was a selfish act of the
Muslims living in the areas comprising Pakistan today, since, it has changed Muslims in India
to an even smaller minority.
First of all opening the borders of Pakistan to all the Muslims is a misinterpretation of the
Two-Nation theory, and is simply not applicable. Pakistan was created to have a fortress for
17

the Muslim Ummah. All the Muslim leaders had it very much clear in their mind that all the
Muslims would never be the citizens of Pakistan. Many of them became the citizens of India,
after 1947, but had struggled for the creation of Pakistan, throughout their lives. Pakistan
movement in the Hindu majority provinces was much stronger than in the Hindu minority
areas.
The condition of the Indian Muslims after sixty-nine years reveals the truth of the so-called
Indian secularism. The Muslims in India are still getting a raw deal in every sphere of life.
They are still living in the curse of poverty and backwardness. And above all they are still
fighting the threats to their religious and cultural identity. The sense of insecurity experienced
by the Indian Muslims in the post partition period has been compounded in recent years. In
terms of numbers, the Muslims are only next to the Hindus, totalling 82.7 million (2011
census) and constituting about 12 percent of the population10. Yet they are considered by the
Hindus even less important than the Jains and Buddhists who are only 0.43 and 0.41 percent
of the population respectively (2011 census). A prominent Hindu writer S. Harrison admits
that the dominant note in the Hindu attitude towards Muslim today is that, Hindus have a
natural right to rule in modern India as a form of long overdue retribution for the sins of the
Mughal overlords. It is not enough that unified state with a Hindu majority, clearly dominant
over a Muslim minority now reduced to 12 percent, has been established at long last in the
Indian sub-continent. The fulfilment of Indian nationalism requires an assertion of Hindu
hegemony over the Muslims of the subcontinent in one form or the other.
They also have been subjected to the interference in their religion. It usually takes the form of
communal riots m in schools, or in the press, desecration of mosques and temples, or
deliberate incitement of feelings of religious hatred against the Muslims. In most of the
Hindu dominated Indian states Hindu religious beliefs, philosophy and methodology have
been introduced into the text books in the name of Indian culture. This is to an extent that a
glance through the officially prescribed school textbooks leaves an impression that those
responsible for them regard India (a supposedly multi religious country) as the home of
Brahmans and attach value only to their deities, temples, religious customs and practices.
Countless incidents can be cited of the desecration of mosques by the Hindu communists
during the last few decades.
10 www.censusindia.gov.in
18

CONCLUSION
The Two Nation Theory is still alive. Had there been no Two Nation Theory today, the issues
like Kargil, nuclear arms race, and tension on the borders would have never risen. The basic
conflict between India and Pakistan nation is still the same. Indians believe in nationality
based on territory and therefore want to merge Pakistan back into India. While Pakistan have
been fighting for the last 69 years, to safeguard the land which they got in the name of Islam.
The Kashmir issue, if alive even after 69 years, in spite of India utmost effort to crush the
lovers of freedom, is crystal clear proof of the reality of the Two Nation Theory.
It should be understood that the creation of Pakistan was not the result of an accident but it
had a meaning. The meaning of Pakistan was not to have a separate homeland for the
Muslims of Indo-Pakistan to have a better living; it was not to have industries or nuclear
capability.
The significance of the creation of the fortress of Islam was to give the Muslims of the SubContinent in particular and the Muslims of the world in general an idea of brotherhood. A
brotherhood based on irrespective of colour or creed. Pakistan wanted to have unity among
the Muslims from Morocco to Indonesia and to create a sense of spiritual vision that could be
left and understand beyond this materialistic world in which man is fighting with man. The
Muslim brotherhood has disagreements and the world is dominated by imperial powers and
destined according to their wishes.

19