Wall Street is a 0.7-mile-long (1.

1 km) street running eight blocks, roughly northwest

to southeast, from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan in
the financial district of New York City.[2] Over time, the term has become a metonym
for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial sector
(even if financial firms are not physically located there), or signifying New York-based
financial interests.[3]
Wall Street is the home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock
exchange by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of
its listed companies.[1] Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the
Wall Street area, including NASDAQ, the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New
York Board of Trade, and the former American Stock Exchange. Anchored by Wall
Street, New York City has been called the world's principal financial center, only
rivalled by the City of London & Canary Wharf in London.

Samuel Johnson (18 September 1709 [O.S. 7 September] 13 December 1784), often
referred to as Dr Johnson, was an English writer who made lasting contributions to
English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and
lexicographer. Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory, and has been
described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history".[1] He is
also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of
literature": James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson.[2]
Born in Lichfield, Staffordshire, Johnson attended Pembroke College, Oxford for just
over a year, before his lack of funds forced him to leave. After working as a teacher he
moved to London, where he began to write for The Gentleman's Magazine. His early
works include the biography The Life of Richard Savage, the poems "London" and "The
Vanity of Human Wishes", and the play Irene.
After nine years of work, Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language was
published in 1755. It had a far-reaching effect on Modern English and has been
described as "one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship".[3] This work
brought Johnson popularity and success. Until the completion of the Oxford English
Dictionary 150 years later, Johnson's was viewed as the pre-eminent British dictionary.
[4]
His later works included essays, an influential annotated edition of William
Shakespeare's plays, and the widely read tale Rasselas. In 1763, he befriended James
Boswell, with whom he later travelled to Scotland; Johnson described their travels in A
Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland. Towards the end of his life, he produced the
massive and influential Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets, a collection of
biographies and evaluations of 17th- and 18th-century poets.
Johnson was a tall and robust man. His odd gestures and tics were disconcerting to
some on first meeting him. Boswell's Life, along with other biographies, documented

Johnson's behaviour and mannerisms in such detail that they have informed the
posthumous diagnosis of Tourette syndrome,[5] a condition not defined or diagnosed in
the 18th century. After a series of illnesses, he died on the evening of 13 December
1784, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. In the years following his death, Johnson
began to be recognised as having had a lasting effect on literary criticism, and he was
claimed by some to be the only truly great critic of English literature.[6]

William James (January 11, 1842 August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher
and psychologist who was also trained as a physician. The first educator to offer a
psychology course in the United States,[2] James was one of the leading thinkers of the
late nineteenth century and is believed by many to be one of the most influential
philosophers the United States has ever produced, while others have labelled him the
"Father of American psychology".[3][4][5] Along with Charles Sanders Peirce and John
Dewey, he is considered to be one of the major figures associated with the philosophical
school known as pragmatism, and is also cited as one of the founders of functional
psychology. He also developed the philosophical perspective known as radical
empiricism. James' work has influenced intellectuals such as mile Durkheim, W. E. B.
Du Bois, Edmund Husserl, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Hilary Putnam, and
Richard Rorty.[6]
Born into a wealthy family, James was the son of the Swedenborgian theologian Henry
James Sr and the brother of both the prominent novelist Henry James, and the diarist
Alice James. James wrote widely on many topics, including epistemology, education,
metaphysics, psychology, religion, and mysticism. Among his most influential books
are The Principles of Psychology, which was a groundbreaking text in the field of
psychology, Essays in Radical Empiricism, an important text in philosophy, and The
Varieties of Religious Experience, which investigated different forms of religious
experience, which also included the then theories on Mind cure.[7]

Google Translate is a multilingual service provided by Google Inc. to translate written

text from one language into another. It supports 90 languages.[1]
Before October 2007, for languages other than Arabic, Chinese and Russian, Google
Translate was based on SYSTRAN, a software engine which is still used by several
other online translation services such as Yahoo! Babel Fish, AOL, and Yahoo. Since
October 2007, Google Translate has used proprietary, in-house technology based on
statistical machine translation instead.[2][3]
On May 26, 2011, Google announced that the Google Translate API for software
developers had been deprecated and would cease functioning on December 1, 2011,
"due to the substantial economic burden caused by extensive abuse."[4][5] Because the
API was used in numerous third-party websites, this decision led some developers to

criticize Google and question the viability of using Google APIs in their products.[6][7] In
response to public pressure, Google announced on June 3, 2011, that the API would
continue to be available as a paid service.[4][8]
The company stated in 2013 that it served 200 million people daily.[9]

Admonition: a criticism or warning about behavior

Composure: calmness especially of mind, manner, or appearance
Demanding: