CH 04 PDF

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 117 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM
Algebra
4
Ships use the speed of sound in
water to help find the waters
depth. A sonar pulse from a
ship is sent to the bottom of
the ocean floor. The time taken
for the pulse to hit the ocean
floor and return to the ship is
used to calculate the distance.
If the sonar pulse returns in
1.5 seconds, what is the ocean
depth? Assume that the speed
of sound in water is 1470
metres per second.
How could you set up a
procedure to quickly calculate
the ocean depth for any time
measurement?
This chapter looks at using
pronumerals to represent
quantities in different
situations. You will learn how
to form and use algebraic
expressions and how to
express them in simpler forms.
118
Maths Quest 8 for Victoria
Using pronumerals
The basic purpose of algebra is to solve mathematical problems involving an unknown.
Equations where an unknown quantity is replaced with a letter, for example x, can be
used to solve problems like:
At what speed should I ride my bicycle to arrive at school on time?
How do I convert a recipe for different numbers of guests?
What volume of cement is needed to build a path?
A pronumeral is a letter that is used in place of a number. In Year 7 we saw that

pronumerals could be used to make expressions and equations. Often a pronumeral is
used to represent one particular number. For example, in the equation
x+1=7
the pronumeral x has the value 6.
Pronumerals can also be used to show a relationship between two or more numbers,
for example
a + b = 10
Can you find some different pairs of values for a and b which fit this rule?
Algebra allows us to show complex rules in a more simple way, and to solve
problems involving unknown numbers.
Chapter 4 Algebra
119
The worked example below shows some of the ways pronumerals can be used.
WORKED Example 1
Suppose we use b to represent the number of ants in a
nest.
a Write an expression for the number of
ants in the nest if 25 ants died.
b Write an expression for the number of
ants in the nest if the original ant
population doubled.
c Write an expression for the number
of ants in the nest if the original
population increased by 50.
d What would it mean if we said that
a nearby nest contained b + 100
ants?
e What would it mean if we said that
another nest contained b 1000 ants?
f Another nest in very poor soil contains
b
--- ants. How much smaller than the
2
original is this nest?
THINK
WRITE
a The original number of ants (b) must be

reduced by 25.
a b 25
b The original number of ants (b) must be

multiplied by 2. It is not necessary to
show the sign.
b 2b
c 50 must be added to the original number

of ants (b).
c b + 50
d This expression tells us that the nearby

nest has 100 more ants.
d The nearby nest has 100 more ants.
e This nest has 1000 fewer ants.
e This nest has 1000 fewer ants.
b
f The expression --- means b 2, so this
2
nest is half the size of the original nest.
f This nest is half the size of the original nest.
remember
remember
1. A pronumeral is a letter that is used in place of a number.
2. Pronumerals may represent a single number, or they may be used to show a
relationship between two or more numbers.
120
4A
WORKED
Example
Using pronumerals
1 Suppose x people are in attendance at the start of a football match.

a If a further y people arrive during the first quarter, write an expression for the
number of people at the ground.
b At half-time 170 people leave. Write an expression for the number of people at the
ground after they have left.
2 The canteen manager at Browning Industries orders m vanilla slices each day. Write a
paragraph which could explain the table below:
Time
Number of vanilla slices
9.00 am
9.15 am
m1
10.45 am
m 12
12.30 pm
m 12
1.00 pm
m 30
5.30 pm
m 30
3 Imagine that your cutlery drawer contains a knives, b forks

and c spoons.
a Write an expression for the total number of knives and
forks you have.
b Write an expression for the total number of items in the
drawer
c You put 4 more forks in the drawer. Write an expression
for the number of forks now.
d Write an expression for the number of knives in the
drawer after 6 knives are removed.
4 If y represents a certain number, write expressions for the
following numbers.
a A number 7 more than y
b A number 8 less than y
c A number which is equal to five times y
d The number formed when y is subtracted from 14
e The number formed when y is divided by 3.
5 Using a and b to represent numbers, write expressions for:
a the sum of a and b
b the difference between a and b
c three times a subtracted from two times b
d the product of a and b
e twice the product of a and b
f the sum of 3a and 7b
g a multiplied by itself.
Chapter 4 Algebra
121
6 If tickets to a Brisbane Bullets/Melbourne Tigers basketball match cost $27 for adults
and $14 for children, write an expression for the cost of:
a y adult tickets
b d child tickets
c r adult and h child tickets.
7 If Naomi is now t years old.

a Write an expression for her age in 2 years time.
b Write an expression for Steves age, if he is g years older than Naomi.
c How old was Naomi 5 years ago?
d Naomis father is twice her age. How old is he?
8 Charles places p coins into a poker machine. He plays the machine and counts his
coins every 3 minutes. The table below shows how many coins he has.
Time
Number of coins
7.10 pm
7.13 pm
2p
7.16 pm
2p + 12
7.19 pm
4p + 12
7.21 pm
4p + 7
7.24 pm
7.27 pm
p+1
7.30 pm
p8
7.33 pm
p 12
a Write a paragraph explaining what happened.

b When did Charles start to lose money?
c If he used $1 coins, how much did Charles win or lose, overall?
122
9 A microbiologist places m bacteria onto an

agar plate. She counts the number of
bacteria at approximately 3 hour intervals.
The results are shown in the table below:
Time
Number of
bacteria
9.00 am
12.00 pm
2m
3.18 pm
4m
6.20 pm
8m
9.05 pm
16m
12.00 am
32m 1240
a Explain what happens to the number of

bacteria in the first 5 intervals.
b What might be causing the number of
bacteria to increase in this way?
c What is different about the last bacteria
count?
d What may have happened to cause this?
QUEST
GE
EN
M AT H
10 If n represents an even number:

a is the number n + 1 odd or even?
b is 3n odd or even?
c Write expressions for:
i the next three even numbers which are greater than n
ii the even number which is 2 less than n.
CH
AL
1 Licia has bought her lunch from the school canteen for $3.00. It consisted of a roll, a carton of milk and a piece of fruit. She paid 60 cents
more for the milk than the fruit and 30 cents more for the roll than the
milk. How much did the roll cost her?
2 Find at least two 2-digit numbers that are
5
equal to 7 times the sum of their digits.
3 Find 5 consecutive numbers that
add to 120.
4 Im thinking of a number. If I
multiply it by 5 and subtract
4, I get the same number as
If this pattern continues, how many
when I multiply it by 4 and
cubes will it take to make 10 layers?
add 2. What is the number?
Chapter 4 Algebra
123
Substitution
When a pronumeral is replaced by a number, we say that the number is substituted for
the pronumeral. If the value of the pronumeral (or pronumerals) is known, it is possible
to evaluate (work out the value of) an expression.
For example, if we know that x = 2 and y = 3, the expression x + y can be evaluated
as shown:
x+y=2+3
=5
When writing expressions with pronumerals:
1. We leave out the multiplication sign.
For example: 8n means 8 n and 12ab means 12 a b.
2. The division sign is rarely used.
y
For example, y 6 is shown as --- .
6
When substituting pronumerals, replace the multiplication signs, as shown in the
worked example below.
WORKED Example 2
Find the value of the following expressions if a = 3 and b = 15.

2b
a 6a
b 7a -----3
THINK
WRITE
a 6a
Substitute the pronumeral (a) with

its correct value and replace the
multiplication sign.
Multiply.
Substitute each pronumeral with its

correct value and replace the
multiplication signs.
Do the first multiplication.
Do the next multiplication.
Do the division.
Do the subtraction.
=63
= 18
2b
b 7a -----3
2 15
= 7 3 --------------3
2 15
= 21 --------------3
30
= 21 -----3
= 21 10
= 11
The same methods are used when substituting into a formula or rule.
124
WORKED Example 3
The formula for finding the area (A) of a rectangle of
length l and width w is A = l w. Use this formula to
find the area of the rectangle at right.
THINK
270 m
32 m
WRITE
Write down the formula.
A=lw
Substitute each pronumeral with its

correct value.
= 270 32
Multiply to find A and state the correct

units.
A = 8640 m2
remember
remember
1. Replacing a pronumeral with a number is called substituting.
2. When writing expressions with pronumerals:
(a) We leave out the multiplication signs.
For example: 8n means 8 n and 12ab means 12 a b.
(b) The division sign is rarely used.
y
For example, y 6 is shown as --- .
6
4B
4.1
WORKED
Example
SkillS
HEET
Mat
d
hca
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
Substitution
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
Substitution
Substitution
game
Substitution
1 Find the value of the following expressions, if a = 2 and b = 5.

a 3a
b 7a
e a+7
b
i 5 + --5
25
m -----b
q 6b 4a
b4
g a+b
3a + 9
k 2a + 3b
6b
a
d --2
h ba
8
l --a
n ab
o 2ab
p 7b 30
ab
r -----5
2 Substitute x = 6 and y = 3 into the following expressions and evaluate.
x y
24 9
a 6x + 2y
b --- + --c 3xy
d ------ --3 3
x y
12
7x
e ------ + 4 + y
f 3x y
g 2.5x
h -----x
2
4xy
13y
i 3.2x + 1.7y
j 11y 2x
k --------- 2x
l --------15
3
Chapter 4 Algebra
3 Evaluate the following expressions, if d = 5 and m = 2.

a d+m
b m+d
c md
e 2m
i
3d
m 25m 2d
md
g 5dm
2m
k 6m + 5d
7d
-----15
o 4dm 21
4 The formula for finding the

perimeter (P) of a rectangle
3
of length l and width w is
P = 2l + 2w. Use this formula to find the perimeter
of the rectangular swimming pool at right.
125
d dm
md
h ------10
3md
l ----------2
15
p ------ m
d
WORKED
Example
25 m
50 m
5 The formula F = 2c + 30 is used to convert temperatures measured in degrees Celsius

to an approximate Fahrenheit value. F represents the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit
and c the temperature in degrees Celsius.
a Find F when c = 100.
b Convert 28 Celsius to Fahrenheit.
c Water freezes at 0 Celsius. What is the freezing temperature of water in Fahrenheit?
6 The formula for the perimeter (P) of a square of side length l is P = 4l.
Use this formula to find the perimeter of a square of length 2.5 cm.
7 The formula C = 0.1a + 42 is used to calculate the cost in dollars (C) of renting a car
for one day from Pooles Car Hire Ltd, where a is the number of kilometres travelled
on that day. Find the cost of renting a car for one day if the distance travelled is
220 kilometres.
8 Distances in the USA and Canada are often expressed in both miles and kilometres.
The formula D = 0.6T can be used to convert distances in kilometres (T) to the approximate equivalent in miles (D). Use this rule to convert the following distances to miles:
a 100 kilometres
b 248 kilometres
c 12.5 kilometres.
time
9 The area (A) of a rectangle of length l and width w can be found using the formula
GAME
A = lw. Find the area of the rectangles below:
Algebra
a length 12 cm, width 4 cm
001
b length 200 m, width 42 m
c length 4.3 m, width 104 cm.
126
Working with brackets

Brackets are grouping symbols. For example, the expression 3(a + 5) can be thought
of as three groups of (a + 5), or (a + 5) + (a + 5) + (a + 5).
When substituting into an expression with brackets, remember to place a multiplication () sign next to the brackets.
For example, 3(t + 2) means 3 (t + 2)
6(h 4) means 6 (h 4)
g(2 + 3k) means g (2 + 3k)
(3 + 2k) 4 means (3 + 2k) 4
(x + y) (6 2p) means (x + y) (6 2p).
We evaluate expressions inside a bracket first, then multiply by the value outside
the bracket.
WORKED Example 4
a Substitute r = 4 and s = 5 into the expression 5(s + r) and evaluate.

b Substitute t = 4, x = 3 and y = 5 into the expression 2x(3t y) and evaluate.
THINK
WRITE
Put the multiplication sign back into

the expression.
Substitute the pronumerals with their
correct values.
Work out the bracket first.
Complete the multiplication.
a 5(s + r)
= 5 (s + r)
= 5 (5 + 4)
Put the multiplication signs back

into the expression.
correct values.
Do the multiplication inside the
brackets.
Do the subtraction inside the
brackets.
Do the final multiplication.
b 2x(3t y)
= 2 x (3 t y)
= 2 3 (3 4 5)
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
=59
= 45
= 2 3 (12 5)
=237
= 42
remember
remember
1. Brackets are grouping symbols.
2. When substituting into an expression with brackets, remember to place a
multiplication () sign next to the brackets.
3. Work out the brackets first.
Chapter 4 Algebra
Working with brackets
1 Substitute r = 5 and s = 7 into the following expressions and evaluate.

a 3(r + s)
b 2(s r)
c 7(r + s)
d 9(s r)
4
e s(r + 3)
f s(2r 5)
g 3r(r + 1)
h rs(3 + s)
i 11r(s 6)
j 2r(s r)
k s(4 + 3r)
l 7s(r 2)
m s(3rs + 7)
n 5r(24 2s)
o 5sr(sr + 3s)
p 8r(12 s)
WORKED
Example
HEET
2 Evaluate each of the expressions below, if x = 3, y = 5 and z = 9.
d (x + y) (z y)
y
g --- ( 7 x + 3 )
5
j
6
--- ( xz + y 3 )
x
m 12(y 1) (z + 3)
Math
z 2y
--- ------ + x 2
3 10
zy(17 xy)
12
b ------ ( z y )
x
e (z 3)4x
h (8 y) (z + x)
7 12
------ 4y
z
k ( y + 2 ) -x
2x(xyz 105)
27
n ( 3x 7 ) ------ + 7
x
3 The formula for the perimeter (P) of a rectangle

of length l and width w is P = 2l + 2w. This
rule can also be written as P = 2(l + w). Use
the rule to find the perimeter of rectangular
comic covers with the following measurements.
a l = 20 cm, w = 11 cm
b l = 27.5 cm, w = 21.4 cm
27.5 cm
4 A rule for finding the sum of the interior

angles in a many-sided figure such as a
pentagon is S = 180(n 2) where S represents the
sum of the angles inside the figure and n represents
the number of sides. The diagram at right shows the
interior angles in a pentagon.
Use the rule to find the sum of the interior angles for
the following figures:
a a hexagon (6 sides)
b a pentagon
c a triangle
d a quadrilateral (4 sides)
e a 20-sided figure.
21.4 cm
cad
a xy(z 3)
4.2
SkillS
4C
127
Substitution
(brackets)
128
Join the dots next

to the values of the expressions
in the orders given below using:
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, x = 5
and y = 10.
Im now in Australia!
51
64
52
41
32
Start
2y c =
17
6(x + a) =
y+xb=
3c =
Start
Stop
Start
28
74
5
12
Start
Start
12x c =
6(b + c) =
2bx =
yc=
cx =
a2
a + b= =
4by
x(2y c) =
12(x + c) =
7(a + b) =
11c =
9c =
bcy =
8x =
11x =
3cy =
20x =
7c + 2x =
c+8=
cy a =
3bc =
x(b + c) =
10(x + b) 4 =
10c =
27 =
xb=
y(c + x) =
7x + b =
xy =
2y + c =
Stop
Start
xy
30 + 2b =
b(y + c) =
7bc =
3x + 5 =
x(y 1) =
11(a + b + c) =
xy a =
y bc =
xy c =
6y + b =
x(y + b) =
bcb =
2(y + b) =
Stop
Start
b+c=
Stop
Start
cy b =
Stop
Start
4b + 2c =
Orange
c+x=
6c + xy =
7y cx b =
7(c + x) =
a + 9y =
11y 4c + a =
Join these points with thick lines.

Start
Start
8y
a=
80 + x + c =
40b + 2b =
7(a + 4b) =
6(x + c) =
12x + y + b =
yxa=
c + 2b + 3a =
Stop
Start
Stop
Start
8(c + x) =
6x 4b =
20b + c =
9y 2x + a =
4y x b =
8x + 7c =
7y + 8b =
11(x + c)
7x =
4(x + b) =
13x =
5(x + y) =
8b =
bc =
bcx + b =
b+c+x=
x(y + a + c) =
9y x =
10y x =
ya+b=
ax =
Stop
2bx a =
Coloring guide:
7x + c =
4(c + y) =
black
20c + y a =
y2 =
Stop
29
16
a+b=
81
90
20 85
57
33
66
70
19
8
48
4
96 27
37
34
39
95
6
84
68
35
60
49
7
42
22
45
13 9
1
75 25
53
62 65
30 100
80
99 2 40
36
91
11
23
69
10
72
24
56
44
15
31
54
88
14
63
50
3
18
77
21
61
55
38
43
46
26
4cy
86
47
2x 3b =
Stop
Start
8x + b a =
4x + 2c =
Stop
Stop
Start
9x + a =
12c + 3y =
Stop
Start
8y c =
12x 3c =
cxy + 4c =
c
5y
+
b+c=
10x + 8c =
Stop
3cx + b =
Stop
Chapter 4 Algebra
129
Substituting positive and negative

numbers
If the pronumeral you are substituting has a negative value, simply remember the
following rules for directed numbers:
1. For addition and subtraction, signs that occur together can be combined.
Same signs positive
for example, 7 + +3 = 7 + 3
and 7 3 = 7 + 3
Different signs negative
for example, 7 +3 = 7 3
and 7 + 3 = 7 3
2. For multiplication and division.
Same signs positive
for example, +7 +3 = +21
and 7 3 = +21
for example, +7 3 = 21
and 7 +3 = 21
WORKED Example 5
a Substitute m = 5 and n = 3 into the expression m n and evaluate.

b Substitute m = 2 and n = 1 into the expression 2n m and evaluate.
12
c Substitute a = 4 and b = 3 into the expression 5ab ------ and evaluate.
b
THINK
WRITE
Replace the pronumerals with their

correct value.
Combine the two negative signs and
add.
a mn
= 5 3
=5+3
=8
Replace the multiplication sign.

correct values.
Do the multiplication.
add.
b 2n m
=2nm
= 2 1 2
1
2
3
4
Replace the multiplication signs.

correct values.
Do the multiplications.
Do the division.
add.
= 2 2
= 2 + 2
=0
12
c 5ab -----b
12
= 5 a b -----b
12
= 5 4 3 -----3
12
= 60 -----3
= 60 4
= 60 + 4
= 56
130
remember
remember
When substituting, if the pronumeral you are replacing has a negative value,
simply remember the rules for directed numbers:
1. For addition and subtraction, signs that occur together can be combined.
Same signs positive
for example, 7 + +3 = 7 + 3
and 7 3 = 7 + 3
for example, 7 +3 = 7 3
and 7 + 3 = 7 3
2. For multiplication and division.
Same signs positive
for example, +7 +3 = +21
and 7 3 = +21
for example, +7 3 = 21
and 7 +3 = 21
4D
4.3
1 Substitute m = 6 and n = 3 into the following expressions and evaluate.

a m+n
b mn
c nm
d n+m
5a
e 3n
f 2m
g 2n m
h n+5
m
i 2m + n 4
j 11n + 20
k 5n m
l ---2
WORKED
Example
SkillS
HEET
Mat
d
hca
Substitution
(positive/
negative)
Work
ET
SHE
4.1
Substituting positive and

negative numbers
mn
m ------9
4m
-----------n5
4m
o ------n
9 m
q --- + ---n 2
6mn 1
12
p -----2n
3n
------ + 1.5
2
mn
14 ------9
2 Substitute x = 8 and y = 3 into the following expressions and evaluate.

a 3(x 2)
b x(7 + y)
c 5y(x 7)
5b
d 2(3 y)
e (y + 5)x
f xy(7 x)
x
g (3 + x) (5 + y)
h 5(7 xy)
i --- ( 5 y )
2
WORKED
Example
--x- 1
4
2y
------ + 4
6
9
--- ( 6 x )
y
y
3 ( x 1 ) --- + 2
3
3 Substitute a = 4 and b = 5 into the following expressions and evaluate.

a a+b
b ab
c b 2a
d 2ab
5c
e 12 ab
f 2(b a)
g ab4
h 3a(b + 4)
4
6b
8
16
i --j --k -----l -----b
5
a
4a
WORKED
Example
m 45 + 4ab
n 8ab 3b
q 11a + 6b
(a 5)(8 b)
a 3b
o --- + -----2 5
s (9 a)(b 3)
p 2.5b
t
1.5b + 2a
Chapter 4 Algebra
131
Rules of thumb
A rule of thumb is a rule or pattern which people use to estimate things. They
obtain this rule by observing a pattern.
1 Write an algebraic expression for each of the following rules of thumb.
Explain what each pronumeral represents in your expressions.
a Your adult height will be twice your height when you were 2.
b To estimate the number of kilometres you are from a thunderstorm,
count the number of seconds between the lightning and the thunder and
divide by 3.
c To convert temperature in degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit, double it
and add 30.
2 Write a question that could be solved for each of the algebraic expressions
found and clearly show how you would solve it.
3 How would you go about verifying the accuracy of these rules of thumb?
4 If the accurate expression for converting temperature in degrees Celsius (C) to
9
degrees Fahrenheit (F) is F = --- C + 32, investigate at which temperatures the
5
rule of thumb expression gives the best results.
1
1 If a kilogram of oranges cost $0.89 and a kilogram of carrots cost $0.99, what is
the cost of p kg of oranges and q kg of carrots.
2 If d represents a certain number, write an expression for the number formed when
d is divided by 5.
12
3 True or false? If y = 4 and z = 1 then ------ + 3z = 4 .
y
2
4 The area of a circle is p r where p = 3.14 and r = radius of the circle. Find the
area of the circle when r = 0.5 cm.
5 If p = 1, what is the value of q, when pq(5p 2) = 9?
12
6 Evaluate ------ ( rs + 4 s ) if r = 4 and s = 6.
s
7 multiple choice
n
When m = 7 and n = 4 are substituted into the expression 3m + --- , the value is:
4
A 21
B 22
C 22.25
D 25
E 28
14
8 Substitute p = 7 and q = 2 into ------ 1 ( pq + 3 ) .
p
a b
9 From the list 2, 1, 3, 4 choose the value of a and b when --- + --- = 0 .
2 4
12
10 Substitute x = 3 and y = 5 into the expression ------ + 3y and evaluate.
x
132
Simplifying expressions
Expressions can often be written in a more simple form.
For example, the expression 3x + 4x can be written more simply as 7x.
Notice that the expression was simplified (put into a more simple form) even though
we did not know the value of the pronumeral (x).
When simplifying expressions, we can collect (add or subtract) only like terms.
Like terms are terms that contain the same pronumeral parts.
For example:
3x and 4x are like terms.
3ab and 7ab are like terms.
2bc and 4cb are like terms.
3g2 and 45g2 are like terms.
3x and 3y are not like terms.

7ab and 8a are not like terms.
8a and 3a2 are not like terms.
WORKED Example 6
Simplify the following expressions.
a 3a + 5a
b 7ab 3a 4ab
c 2c 6 + 4c + 15
THINK
WRITE
a 3a + 5a
Write down the expression and

check that the pronumeral parts of
the 2 terms are the same. They are.
Add the 2 terms.
Write down the expression.
Rearrange the terms so that the like

terms are together. Remember to
keep the correct sign in front of each
term.
= 7ab 4ab 3a
Simplify by subtracting the like

terms.
= 3ab 3a
Rearrange the terms so that the like

terms are together. Remember to
keep the correct sign in front of each
term.
= 2c + 4c 6 + 15
Simplify by collecting the like terms.
= 6c + 9
= 8a
b 7ab 3a 4ab
c 2c 6 + 4c + 15
Chapter 4 Algebra
133
remember
remember
1. When simplifying expressions, we can collect (add or subtract) only like terms.
2. Like terms are terms that contain the same pronumeral parts.
4E
Simplifying expressions
1 multiple choice
Simplifying 3a + 9a gives:
A 12
B 12a
C 6a
D 12a2
E The expression cannot

be simplified.
2 multiple choice
Simplifying 6x 2x gives:
A 4
B 4x2
C 4x
D 2x

be simplified.
3 multiple choice
Simplifying 6a + 6b gives:
A 12ab
B 6ab
C 36ab
D 12a

be simplified.
cad
Math
4 Simplify the following expressions.

a 4c + 2c
b 2c 5c
6a
d 6q 5q
e h 2h
g 3a 7a 2a
h 3f + 7f
j 3h + 4h
k 11b + 2b + 5b
m 9m + 5m m
n x 2x
p 5p + 3p + 2p
q 9g + 12g 4g
s 13t 4t + 5t
t 11j + 4j
v 13m 2m 4m + m
w m + 3m 4m
WORKED
Example
5 Simplify the following expressions.

a 3x + 7x 2y
6b, c
c 11 + 5f 7f
e 2m + 3p + 5m
g 11a 5b + 6a
i 12 3g + 5
k 5k 5 + 2k 7
m 2b 6 4b + 18
o 12y 3y 7g + 5g 6
q 11s 6t + 4t 7s
s 3h + 4k 16h k + 7
u 2g + 5 + 5g 7
c
f
i
l
o
r
u
x
3a + 5a 4a
7x 5x
4p 7p
7t 8t + 4t
7z + 13z
18b 4b 11b
12l + 2l 5l
t + 2t t + 8t
WORKED
Example
b
d
f
h
j
l
n
p
r
t
v
3x + 4x 12
3u 4u + 6
3h + 4r 2h
9t 7 + 5
6m + 4m 3n + n
3n 4 + n 5
11 12h + 9
8h 6 + 3h 2
2m + 13l 7m + l
13 + 5t 9t 8
17f 3k + 2f 7k
Simplifying
expressions
134
6 Simplify the following.

a x2 + 2x2
d d 2 + 6d 2
g 2b2 + 5b2
j a2 + 4 + 3a2 + 5
m 3a2 + 2a + 5a2 + 3a
p 11g3 + 17 3g3 + 5 g2
s 4fg + 2s fg + s
b
e
h
k
n
q
t
3y2 + 2y2
7g2 8g2
4a2 3a2
11x2 6 + 12x2 + 6
11b 3b2 + 4b2 + 12b
12ab + 3 + 6ab
11ab + ab 5
c
f
i
l
o
r
a3 + 3a3
3y3 + 7y3
g2 2g2
12s2 3 + 7 s2
6t2 6g 5t2 + 2g 7
14xy + 3xy xy 5xy
Multiplying pronumerals
When multiplying pronumerals, remember that order is not important. For example:
36=63
6w=w6
ab=ba
Also keep in mind that the sign is usually left out:
3 g h = 3gh
2 x2 y = 2x2y
Although order is not important, the pronumerals in each term are usually written in
alphabetical order.
For example: 2 b2 a c = 2ab2c
WORKED Example 7
Simplify:
a 5 4g
b 3d 6ab 7.
THINK
WRITE

replace the hidden multiplication
signs.
Multiply the numbers.
Remove the multiplication sign.
a 5 4g
=54g

signs.
Put the numbers at the front.
Multiply the numbers.
Remove the multiplication signs.
b 3d 6ab 7
= 3 d 6 a b 7
2
3
2
3
4
= 20 g
= 20g
= 3 6 7 d a b
= 126 d a b
= 126abd
remember
remember
When multiplying pronumerals:
1. The order is not important.
For example, d e = e d.
2. Put the numbers at the front of the expression and leave out the sign.
Chapter 4 Algebra
4F
a 4 3g
7
d 3z 5
g 4 3u
j 2 11ht
m 9m 4d
p 2.5t 5b
s 2ab 3c
v 11ab 3d 7
y 11q 4s 3
135
Multiplying pronumerals
WORKED
Example

a 3 5f
c 11a 3g
e 5t 4dh
g 3 2w 7d
i 11ab 3f
k 5h 5t 3q
m 7a 3b g
o 3.5g 2h 7
q 75x 1.5y
s 2ab 3c 5
b
e
h
k
n
q
t
w
z
7 3h
6 5r
7 6p
4x 6g
3c 5h
13m 12n
4f 3gh
16xy 1.5
4a 3b 2c
b
d
f
h
j
l
n
p
r
t
c
f
i
l
o
r
u
x
4d 6
5t 7
7gy 3
10a 7h
9g 2x
6a 12d
2 8w 3x
3.5x 3y
6 2d
9t 3g
6 3st
4a 3b 2c e
3as 3b 2x
4 3w 2 6p
17ab 3gh
5h 8j k
12rt 3z 4p
4w 34x 3
Sonar measurements
At the start of the chapter, we introduced the situation where a sonar pulse took
1.5 s to travel from the ship to the ocean floor and back again. (The speed of sound
in water is assumed to be 1470 m/s.) Let us look at this problem again.
1 Draw a diagram to show this situation.
2 How far does the sonar pulse travel in:
a 1 second?
b 2 seconds?
c 1.5 seconds?
3 Calculate the ocean depth when the pulse took 1.5 seconds to return.
4 Write a rule to find the ocean depth for any time measurement. Explain what
each pronumeral represents.
5 Use the rule found in part 4 to calculate the ocean depth for the following
pulse-return time measurements.
a 1.8 seconds
b 4.22 seconds
c 0.64 seconds
6 The speed of sound in water is about 5 times the speed of sound in air. A person
standing on the deck of the ship sends a sonar pulse through the air to a nearby
cliff face. If the pulse takes 3 seconds to travel to the cliff face and return,
calculate the distance to the cliff face. Write a rule to represent this situation.
136
History of mathematics
T H E R H I N D PA P Y R U S ( c . 1 8 5 0
BC)
During this time . . .

The Sumerians built the
first cities, invented
writing and made
wheels from date palm
trunks.
Papyrus reeds were
used to make boats,
baskets and paper.
The Bronze Age began.
The ancient Egyptians differed from the

ancient Greeks in that Egyptians thought
about mathematics in a practical rather than
an abstract way. They didnt like fractions
which had numerators other than one (except
the fraction two-thirds for reasons still
unknown). They found that fractions with
numerators of one, unit fractions, were easy
to multiply, since the numerator would
always be one: for example
1
--2
1
--3
= 1--6- .
The Egyptians developed ingenious

methods to avoid using any fraction other
than those with a numerator of one. Solutions
to many Egyptian problems concerned with
beer and bread were recorded on papyri. The
most famous of these is the Rhind papyrus,
which contains 84 problems and their
solutions including the calculation of the
ancient Egyptian value for pi () of 3.1605.
A part of the papyrus is shown in the
photograph above.
The Rhind papyrus was named after the

Scottish Egyptologist, A. Henry Rhind, who
bought the 6 m scroll in 1858. A scribe
named Ahmes is believed to have copied it in
around 1650 BC from a document originally
written about 200 years before that. This
papyrus shows a method for multiplying
numbers using only addition and subtraction.
Also known as the aha papyrus: aha meaning
unknown quantity to be determined, an early
pronumeral, it is now in the British Museum
in London.
Questions
1. Which numerator did the Egyptians use
in their calculations with fractions?
2. Which fraction was an exception to this
rule?
3. What practical problems did most of the
solutions deal with?
Research
How was Egyptian multiplication done with
only addition and subtraction?
Chapter 4 Algebra
137
Dividing pronumerals
When dividing pronumerals, rewrite the expression as a fraction and simplify by
cancelling.
Remember that when the same pronumeral appears on both the top and bottom lines
of the fraction, it may be cancelled. Follow the worked examples given below.
WORKED Example 8
16 f
a Simplify ---------- .
4
b Simplify 15n 3n.
THINK
WRITE
16 f
a --------4
Simplify the fraction by cancelling

16 with 4 (divide both by 4).
No need to write the denominator

since we are dividing by 1.
Write down the expression and then

rewrite it as a fraction.
Simplify the fraction by cancelling

15 with 3 and n with n.
No need to write the denominator

since we are dividing by 1.
4f
= -----1
= 4f
b 15n 3n
15n
= --------3n
5
= --1
=5
WORKED Example 9
Simplify 12xy 27y.

THINK
1
Write down the expression and then

rewrite it as a fraction.
Simplify the fraction by cancelling 12

with 27 (divide both by 3) and y with y.
WRITE
12xy 27y
12xy
= -----------27y
4x
= -----9
138
remember
remember
1. When dividing pronumerals, rewrite the expression as a fraction and simplify it
by cancelling.
2. When the same pronumeral appears on both the top and bottom lines of the
fraction, it may be cancelled.
4G
4.4
SkillS
HEET
Dividing pronumerals

8f
8
a -----2
d 9g 3
WORKED
Example
g 8r 4r
3x
-----6x
8f
m --------24 f
p y 34y
15 fg
a -----------b
3
11xy
e -----------f
11x
5 jk
i -------j
kj
m 13xy x
132mnp
q -------------------60np
6h
b -----3
e 10r 5
16m
h ---------8m
12h
k --------14h
n 35x 70x
o 24m 36m
q 27h 3h
12cd 4
9 pq
---------18q
55rt 77t
16cd
-----------40cd
11ad
-----------66ad

4a
11ab
9
a --------b --------------8
33b
32g
e -----------f 12xy 48y
40gl
rt
i 4xyz 6yz
j ------6rt
ab
m 34ab 17ab n -------- 3a
15x
--------3
4x 2x
14q 21q
50g 75g
20d
--------48d
8xy
--------12
21ab
g -----------28b
10mxy
k ---------------35mx
d 24cg 24
o 14abc 7bc
p 3gh 6h
9dg
--------12g
36bc 27c
bh
-----7h
18adg 45ag
60jk 5k
d 3h 6dh
WORKED
Example
Work
ET
SHE
4.2
12ab
g -------------- 14ab
6 fgh
-------------30ghj
k 5mn 20n
14st 28
7dg
o -----------35gh
p 60mn 55mnp
Chapter 4 Algebra
139
2
1 If Betty is now x years old, how old was Betty 6 years ago?
2 Find the area of a rectangle with length of 225 cm and width of 1.3 m.
p
3 Evaluate ( r + 10 ) --- if p = 4, q = 2 and r = 7.
q
4 multiple choice
m 6n
If m = 6 and n = 3 are substituted into the expression ---- + ------ , it would have
2 9
a value of:
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 5
E 6
5 Simplify 11x 8y 9x + 4y 3.
6 Simplify 10z2 5y 3z2 + 4y + 4.
7 True or false? 6p 4q r 2t = 48pqrt
30ab
8 Simplify --------------- .
18abc
9 Find the
--------------- =
12 pr
missing term from the list 2, 4, 12pq, 48pq to replace in

4q
------ .
r
9 p
10 Simplify ---------------- .
36 pq
Expanding brackets
We have seen that the expression 3(a + 5) means 3 (a + 5) or (a + 5) + (a + 5) +
(a + 5).
Simplifying this expression further gives us the expression 3a + 15:
(a + 5) + (a + 5) + (a + 5) = a + a + a + 5 + 5 + 5
= 3a + 15
Look at the pattern below:
With brackets
Expanded form
1. 3 (2 + 1)
32+31
=33
=6+3
=9
=9
2. 4 (3 + 2)
43+42
=45
= 12 + 8
= 20
= 20
Removing brackets from an expression is called expanding the expression. The rule
that we have used to expand the expressions above is called the Distributive Law.
140
WORKED Example 10
Use the Distributive Law to expand the following expressions.
a 3(a + 2)
b x(x 5)
THINK
WRITE
a 3(a + 2)
= 3 (a + 2)

sign.
Use the Distributive Law to expand

the brackets.
=3a+32
Simplify by multiplying.
= 3a + 6
b x(x 5)
= x (x 5)
= x x + x 5
= x2 5x
b Repeat the steps in part a.
remember
remember
1.
2.
3.
4.
Brackets are grouping symbols

Removing brackets from an expression is called expanding the expression.
When expanding brackets, put the sign before the bracket.
The rule that is used to expand brackets is called the Distributive Law.
4H
1 Use the Distributive Law to expand the following expressions.

a 3(d + 4)
b 2(a + 5)
c 4(x + 2)
10
d 5(r + 7)
e 6(g + 6)
f 2(t + 3)
g 7(d + 8)
h 9(2x + 6)
i 12(4 + c)
j 7(6 + 3x)
k 45(2g + 3)
l 1.5(t + 6)
m 11(t 2)
n 3(2t 6)
o t(t + 3)
p x(x + 4)
q g(g + 7)
r 2g(g + 5)
s 3f(g + 3)
t 6m(n 2m)
2 Expand the following.
a 3(3x 2)
b 3x(x 6y)
c 5y(3x 9y)
d 50(2y 5)
e 3(c + 3)
f 5(3x + 4)
g 5x(x + 6)
h 2y(6 + y)
i 6(t 3)
j 4f(5 2f)
k 9x(3y 2)
l 3h(2b 6h)
m 4a(5b + 3c)
n 3a(2g 7a)
o 5a(3b + 6c)
p 2w(9w 5z)
q 12m(4m + 10)
r 3k(2k + 5)
WORKED
Example
Mat
d
hca
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
Expanding
brackets
Expanding
brackets
GC p
am
rogr
Expanding
brackets
Expanding brackets
Chapter 4 Algebra
141
History of mathematics
J O H N C OAT E S ( 1 9 4 5
During his time . . .

Space travel men walk on the moon.
The Cold War ends.
Ecological awareness grows.
Miniaturisation of computers.
John Coates, a world-renowned Australian
mathematician, was born in 1945. He
attended Taree High School and studied for
his Bachelor of Science at the Australian
National University (ANU). After further
studies in Paris, he completed a PhD at the
University of Cambridge in England, where
he later lectured.
He taught mathematics at Harvard and
Stanford, both very prestigious universities in
the United States. Later he held positions as a
professor at the ANU and two institutes in
France. In 1986 he returned to Cambridge as
Sadleirian Professor and was appointed Head
of Department.
He still works at Cambridge in arithmetical
algebraic geometry and his research interests
include elliptic curves, the Iwasawa theory,
Fermats Last Theorem and explicit
reciprocity laws! As well as this, his work
includes the algebraic approximation of
functions.
Coates is not just a brilliant mathematician

and outstanding researcher, he is also praised
for being a great teacher who has inspired
many students to pursue careers in
mathematical research. He is also known for
his valuable contributions as an editor of one
of the best known journals in research
mathematics, Inventiones Mathematicae.
During his international career he has also
received numerous awards, including election
as a fellow of the Royal Society of London in
1985 and the Senior Whitehead Prize from
the London Mathematical Society in 1997.
Questions
1. What country did John Coates grow
up in?
2. Reciprocity is about expressions
involve reciprocals. What are
reciprocals?
3. What three career areas does John
Coates work in?
4. What mathematical prize did John
Coates win?
Research
What was Fermats Last Theorem?
142
Expanding and collecting like terms

Some expressions can be simplified further by collecting like terms after any brackets
have been expanded.
WORKED Example 11
Expand the expressions below and then simplify by collecting any like terms.
a 3(x 5) + 4
b 4(3x + 4) + 7x + 12
c 2x(3y + 3) + 3x(y + 1)
d 4x(2x 1) 3(2x 1)
THINK
WRITE
a 3(x 5) + 4
Write the expression.
Expand the brackets.
= 3 (x 5) + 4
= 3x 15 + 4
Collect the like terms (15 and 4).
= 3x 11
= 12x + 16 + 7x + 12
Rearrange so that the like terms are

together. (Optional)
= 12x + 7x + 16 + 12
Collect the like terms.
= 19x + 28
= 2x 3y + 2x 3 + 3x y + 3x 1
= 6xy + 6x + 3xy + 3x
Rearrange so that the like terms are

together. (Optional)
= 6xy + 3xy + 6x + 3x
= 9xy + 9x
Expand the brackets. Take care with

negative terms.
= 4x 2x + 4x 1 3 2x 3 1
= 8x2 4x 6x + 3
= 8x2 10x + 3
b 4(3x + 4) + 7x + 12
c 2x(3y + 3) + 3x(y + 1)
d 4x(2x 1) 3(2x 1)
remember
remember
After expanding brackets, collect any like terms.
Chapter 4 Algebra
4I
143
Expanding and collecting like

terms
1 Expand the expressions below and then simplify by collecting any like terms.
a 7(5x + 4) + 21
b 3(c 2) + 2
11
c 2c(5 c) + 12c
d 6(v + 4) + 6
e 3d(d 4) + 2d2
f 3y + 4(2y + 3)
g 24r + r(2 + r)
h 5 3g + 6(2g 7)
i 4(2f 3g) + 3f 7
j 3(3x 4) + 12
k 2(k + 5) 3k
l 3x(3 + 4r) + 9x 6xr
m 12 + 5(r 5) + 3r
n 12gh + 3g(2h 9) + 3g
o 3(2t + 8) + 5t 23
p 24 + 3r(2 3r) 2r2 + 5r
WORKED
GC pro
Expanding
GAME
time
2 Expand the following and then simplify by collecting like terms.

a 3(x + 2) + 2(x + 1)
b 5(x + 3) + 4(x + 2)
c 2(y + 1) + 4(y + 6)
d 4(d + 7) 3(d + 2)
e 6(2h + 1) + 2(h 3)
f 3(3m + 2) + 2(6m 5)
g 9(4f + 3) 4(2f + 7)
h 2a(a + 2) 5(a2 + 7)
2
i 3(2 t ) + 2t(t + 1)
j m(n + 4) mn + 3m
gram
Example
Algebra
Work
3 Simplify the following expressions by removing the brackets and then collecting like 002
terms.
a 3h(2k + 7) + 4k(h + 5)
b 6n(3y + 7) 3n(8y + 9)
c 4g(5m + 6) 6(2gm + 3)
d 11b(3a + 5) + 3b(4 5a)
ET
SHE 4.3
e 5a(2a 7) 5(a2 + 7)
f 7c(2f 3) + 3c(8 f)
g 7x(4 y) + 2xy 29
h 11v(2w + 5) 3(8 5vw)
i 3x(3 2y) + 6x(2y 9)
j 8m(7n 2) + 3n(4 + 7m)
Factorising
Factorising is the opposite process to expanding. Factorising a number or expression
involves breaking it down into smaller factors.
3 and 2 are factors of 6, because 6 = 3 2
2, 4, 5 and 10 are factors of 20, because:
20 = 4 5 and
20 = 2 10.
Common factors
Two numbers may have common factors; for example, 5 is a factor of both 15 and 20.
The numbers 9 and 12 have the common factor 3.
The numbers 14 and 21 have the common factor 7.
The numbers 4 and 8 have two common factors, 2 and 4.
Highest common factor

The highest common factor (HCF) of 4 and 8 is 4 (not 2). It is the largest factor
common to a given set of numbers or terms.
The highest common factor of 12 and 18 is 6.
The highest common factor of 8 and 20 is 4.
144
Algebraic terms can also be broken down into factors. For example, the factors of 3x
are 3 and x. The expression, 6m, can be broken down into factors as shown below:
6m = 6 m
=32m
Here are some other examples:
8x = 8 x
=42x
=222x
3ab = 3 a b
6a2b = 6 a a b
=32aab
To find the highest common factor, HCF, of algebraic terms follow these steps.
1. Find the highest common factor of the number parts.
2. Find the highest common factor of the pronumeral parts.
3. Multiply these together.
WORKED Example 12
Find the highest common factor (HCF) of 6x and 10.
THINK
1
Find the highest common factor of the

number parts.
Break 6 down into factors.
The highest common factor is 2.
pronumeral parts.
There isnt one, because only the first
term has a pronumeral part!
WRITE
6=32
10 = 5 2
HCF = 2
The HCF of 6x and 10 is 2.
WORKED Example 13
Find the highest common factor (HCF) of 14fg and 21gh.
THINK
1

number parts.
The highest common factor is 7.
pronumeral parts.
Break fg down into factors.
Break gh down into factors.
Both contain a factor of g.
Multiply these together.
WRITE
14 = 7 2
21 = 7 3
HCF = 7
fg = f g
gh = g h
HCF = g
The HCF of 14fg and 21gh is 7g.
Chapter 4 Algebra
145
To factorise an expression we place the highest common factor of the terms

outside the brackets, and the remaining factors for each term inside the brackets.
WORKED Example 14
Factorise the expression 2x + 6.

THINK
WRITE
2x + 6
=2x+23
Break down each term into factors.
Write the common factor outside the

brackets and the other factors inside the
brackets.
= 2 (x + 3)
Remove the multiplication sign.
= 2(x + 3)
WORKED Example 15
Factorise 12gh 8g.

THINK
WRITE
12gh 8g
=43gh42g
Break down each term into its factors.
Write the highest common factor

outside the brackets.
Write the other factors inside the
brackets.
= 4 g (3 h 2)
Remove the multiplication signs.
= 4g(3h 2)
remember
remember
1. Factorising is the opposite process to expanding.
2. Factorising a number or expression involves breaking it down into smaller
factors.
3. To find the highest common factor, HCF, of algebraic terms, follow these steps.
(a) Find the highest common factor of the number parts.
(b) Find the highest common factor of the pronumeral parts.
(c) Multiply these together.
4. To factorise an expression we place the highest common factor of the
terms outside the brackets, and the remaining factors for each term inside the
brackets.
146
4J
Factorising
1 multiple choice
a The highest common factor (HCF) of 12 and 16 is:
A 12
B 4
C 8
D 2
Mat
d
hca
Factorising
E 3
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
b The highest common factor (HCF) of 10 and 18 is:

A 4
B 10
C 2
D 9
Finding
the HCF
E 180
The highest common factor (HCF) of 4 and 16 is:

A 4
B 16
C 2
D 20
E 8
d The highest common factor (HCF) of 2x and 8xy is:

A 2
B x
C 2x
D 16x2y
E 8
e The highest common factor (HCF) of 4f and 12fg is:

A 2
B fg
C 48f 2g
D 4f
E 2f
2 Find the highest common factor (HCF) of the following.

a 4 and 6
b 6 and 9
c 12 and 18
12
e 14 and 21
f 2x and 4
g 3x and 9
WORKED
Example
3 Find the highest common factor (HCF) of the following.

a 2gh and 6g
b 3mn and 6mp
Example
d
4ma
and
6m
e 12ab and 14ac
13
g 20dg and 18ghq
h 11gl and 33lp
j 28bc and 12c
k 4c and 12cd
WORKED
4 Factorise the following expressions.

a 3x + 6
b 2y + 4
14
d 8x + 12
e 6f + 9
g 2d + 8
h 2x 4
j 11h + 121
k 4s 16
m 12g 24
n 14 4b
p 48 12q
q 16 + 8f
d 13 and 26
h 12a and 16
c
f
i
l
11a and 22b

24fg and 36gh
16mnp and 20mn
x and 3xz
c
f
i
l
o
r
5g + 10
12c + 20
12g 18
8x 20
16a + 64
12 12d
WORKED
Example
5 Factorise the following.

a 3gh + 12
15
c 12pq + 4p
e 16jk 2k
g 12k + 16
i 14ab + 7b
k 8r + 14rt
m 4b 6ab
o ab 2bc
q 11jk + 3k
s 12ac 4c + 3dc
u 28s + 14st
WORKED
Example
b
d
f
h
j
l
n
p
r
t
v
2xy + 6y
14g 7gh
12eg + 2g
7mn + 6m
5a 15abc
24mab + 12ab
12fg 16gh
14x 21xy
3p + 27pq
4g + 8gh 16
15uv + 27vw
147
Chapter 4 Algebra
Doctor I
Ive swallo
swallow
wed the film out of
my camera!
6(3 7x)
y(x 1)
x(y 2)
8y(x 9)
2(4 x)
2y(3x 5)
3(4x + 7)
(2x 1)
7(7 + 4x)
2y(x 4)
2(3x 7)
5(4x + 5)
4(3x + 5)
(x 2)
5(3x + 2)
3(2x 1) 8(x + 3) 7(8x 5) 3x(2y + 1) y(2x 3)
2(x + 1)
3(x 4)
The factorised
factorised form of the expr
expressions
essions and
the letter beside each gives
gives the puzzle code.
code.
D = 6x 3 =
E = 6xy + 3x =
E = 8 2x =
H = 20x 25 =
G = 15x + 10 =
L = 8xy 72y =
H = 2x + 1 =
I = 12x + 20 =
N = x + 2 =
E = 6x 14 =
L = 2xy 3y =
O = xy + y =
N = 18 42x =
O = 2x 2 =
P = 2xy 8y =
P = 3x 12 =
E = 8x 24 =
S = 12x 21 =
S = 3xy 2y =
T = xy 2x =
T = 6xy 10y =
V = 56x 35 =
O = 49 28x =
y(3x 2)
148
summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.
1
Replacing a pronumeral with a number is called
When dividing pronumerals, the
is a letter that is used in place of a number.
Normally we rewrite the expression as a

cancelling.
.
sign () is rarely used.
and simplify it by
When multiplying pronumerals, leave out the sign. The term 3y means
.
Brackets are
or 3 x + 3 4.
When simplifying an expression, terms may be collected only if they are

.
Expanding an expression involves

3(x + 2) = 3x + 6.
The
Factorising an expression means breaking it down into smaller

, or putting brackets back into the expression.
WORD
substitution
Distributive
3y
symbols. For example, 3(x + 4) means 3 (x + 4)
brackets. For example
Law gives the rule for expanding expressions.
LIST
factors
pronumeral
removing
grouping
division
like terms
fraction
Chapter 4 Algebra
149
CHAPTER
review
1 Using x and y to represent numbers, write expressions for:
a the sum of x and y
b the difference between y and x
c five times y subtracted from three times x
d the product of 5 and x
e twice the product of x and y
f the sum of 6x and 7y
g y multiplied by itself.
4A
2 If tickets to the school

play cost $15 for adults
and $9 for children, write
an expression for the cost
of:
a x adult tickets
b y child tickets
c k adult tickets and
m child tickets.
4A

a 2a
b 6a
a
c 5b
d --2
e a+8
f b2
g a+b
h ba
b
i 5 + --j 3a + 7
2
4B
k 2a + 3b
20
-----a
4 The formula C = 2.2k + 4 can be used to calculate the cost in dollars, C, of travelling by taxi
for a distance of k kilometres. Find the cost of travelling 4.5 km by taxi.
4B
150
4C
5 Substitute r = 3 and s = 5 into the following expressions and evaluate.

a 2(r + s)
b 2(s r)
c 5(r + s)
d 8(s r)
e s(r + 4)
f s(2r 3)
g 2r(r + 1)
h rs(7 + s)
4D

a a+b
b b+a
ab
c ab
d -----5
e 2ab
f 5a
g 12 ab
h a2 2
i 3(a + 2)
j b(a 4)
k 12 a(b 3)
l 5a + 6b
4E
7 Simplify the following by collecting like terms.

a 4d + 3d
c 3d + 5a 4a
e 4x + 11 2x
g 2xy + 7xy
b
d
f
h
4F

a 3 7g
c 7d 6
b 6 3y
d 3z 8
4G

2a
a -----8
c 6rt 2t
32t
e ------------40stv
12ab
g -------------- 14ab
4H
3c 5c
6g 4g
2g + 5 g 6
12t 2 + 3t + 3t 2 t
11b
b --------44b
d 3gh 6g
f
36xy 12y
5egh
-------------30ghj
10 Use the Distributive Law to expand the following expressions.

a 2(x + 3)
b 5(2x 1)
c 2(f + 7)
d 3m(b m)
e 3y(7 y)
f 9b(c 2)
4I
11 Expand the following and then simplify by collecting like terms.

a 3(4v + 5) 15
b 6t + 5(2t 7)
c 23 + 5(3p 4) + 2p
d 2(x + 5) + 5(x + 1)
e 2g(g 6) + 3g(g 7)
f 3(3t 4) 6(2t 9)
4J
12 Factorise the following expressions.

a 3g + 12
c 5n 20
e 12g 6gh
CHAPTER
test
yourself
b xy + 5y
d 12mn + 4pn
f 12xy 36yz

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MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 117 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 118 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

A pronumeral is a letter that is used in place of a number. In Year 7 we saw that

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 119 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

a The original number of ants (b) must be

b The original number of ants (b) must be

c 50 must be added to the original number

d This expression tells us that the nearby

d The nearby nest has 100 more ants.

e This nest has 1000 fewer ants.

e This nest has 1000 fewer ants.

f This nest is half the size of the original nest.

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 120 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

1 Suppose x people are in attendance at the start of a football match.

Number of vanilla slices

3 Imagine that your cutlery drawer contains a knives, b forks

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 121 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

7 If Naomi is now t years old.

a Write a paragraph explaining what happened.

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 122 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

9 A microbiologist places m bacteria onto an

a Explain what happens to the number of

10 If n represents an even number:

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 123 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

Find the value of the following expressions if a = 3 and b = 15.

Substitute the pronumeral (a) with

Substitute each pronumeral with its

Do the first multiplication.

Do the next multiplication.

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 124 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Write down the formula.

Substitute each pronumeral with its

Multiply to find A and state the correct

1 Find the value of the following expressions, if a = 2 and b = 5.

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 125 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

3 Evaluate the following expressions, if d = 5 and m = 2.

4 The formula for finding the

5 The formula F = 2c + 30 is used to convert temperatures measured in degrees Celsius

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 126 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Working with brackets

a Substitute r = 4 and s = 5 into the expression 5(s + r) and evaluate.

Put the multiplication sign back into

Put the multiplication signs back

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 127 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

Working with brackets

1 Substitute r = 5 and s = 7 into the following expressions and evaluate.

2 Evaluate each of the expressions below, if x = 3, y = 5 and z = 9.

3 The formula for the perimeter (P) of a rectangle

4 A rule for finding the sum of the interior

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 128 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Join the dots next

Join these points with thick lines.

MQ 8 Ch 04 Page 129 Thursday, December 7, 2000 1:48 PM

Substituting positive and negative

a Substitute m = 5 and n = 3 into the expression m n and evaluate.

Replace the pronumerals with their