Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Completed by,
Project Name
Construction of overhead bridge over existing railway crossing
NO.94-C Hathras Jn. Ladpur Tundla-Ghaziabad rail section (94-C)
Duration
20 June to 30 July, 2016
Submitted by
Ankit Gautam
1334000007
B.Tech- 3rd Year
Contents
1. Site location
2. Introduction to UPSBC
3. Some important things
4. Acknowledgement
5. Features of project
6. Machines and equipment used
Hydraulic crane
Portable concrete mixer
Auto level
Pre-stressing jacks
Pressure grouting machine
Needle vibrator
7. Component of bridge
Reinforced earth wall panels
Geomats
Geotextile
Pier
Bearing
Bridge deck
Abutment
Pre-stressing
1
Sheathing or ducts
Strands
Pre-stressed concrete
Production of concrete
needed expertise to plan, build and manage the projects within the
country, but also bring the foreign currency from assignments abroad,
besides promoting transfer of technologies more effectively and
providing professional inputs for industrial & technological
developments. Due to the liberalization policy Indian consultants and
contractors need considerable impulse to expand and grow, and realize
its
high
potential
at
home
and
aboard.
The main theme and activities of UPSBC always remain to provide a
strong support in the field of Bridge and highways construction and
Consultancy in design, planning and maintenance which has a large
scope not only in our country but also aboard. UPSBC has successfully
constructed a number of bridges and roads in Iraq, Yemen and Nepal
also in addition to U.P. along with other States of India and earned
reputation and foreign currency for the country. Since UPSBC is a
Govt. undertaking, therefore all the profit earned by UPSBC ultimately
adds to State Govt.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The internship opportunity I had with UPSBC was a great chance for learning and
professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was
provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet
so many wonderful people and professionals who led me though this internship period.
Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and
special thanks to the Mr.R.K Singh, Project Manager of this project who in spite of being
extraordinarily busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct
path and allowing me to carry out my project at their esteemed organization and extending
during the training.
I express my deepest thanks to Mr.Satyendra Singh, Assistant engineer for taking part in
useful decision & giving necessary advices and guidance and arranged all facilities to make
training easier. I choose this moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully.
It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to
Mr.Sarvesh Kumar Pal, Junior Engineer and Mr.Pawan Singh, Site Engineer for their
careful and precious guidance which were extremely valuable for my study both theoretically
and practically.
I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use
gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their
improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives. Hope to continue cooperation with
all of you in the future,
Sincerely,
Salient Features
Project cost
Agency
: UPSBC
Date of commencement
: May, 2015
: March, 2017
Physical features
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
729.550m
16
2.5m
17+1(RLWY)
PSC
GIRDERS
8.5m
1 in 30
0.25 in 1
37.5m
HYDRAULIC CRANE
A Hydraulic crane is a cable-controlled crane mounted on crawlers or rubbertired carriers or a hydraulic-powered crane with a telescoping boom mounted
on truck-type carriers or as self-propelled models. They are designed to easily
transport to a site and use with different types of load and cargo with little or no
setup or assembly. A mobile crane is a cable-controlled crane mounted
on crawlers or rubber-tired carriers or a hydraulic-powered crane with a
telescoping boom mounted on truck-type carriers or as self-propelled models.
They are designed to easily transport to a site and use with different types of load
and cargo with little or no setup or assembly.
AUTO LEVEL
An automatic level, builder's auto level, levelling instrument or dumpy level is a
professional levelling tool that is used by land surveyors, builders, contractors
and engineers. The automatic level is known for providing users with consistent
levelling accuracy every time while also being fast, low cost and easy to use.
The automatic level is most commonly used in measuring, surveying, and setting
horizontal and vertical levels. The instrument is normally situated on a tripod and
then calibrated to a levelled position using levelling screws. The operator of the
automatic level then looks through the telescope attached to the instrument, while
a second person holds a graduated staff or tape measure at the position under
measurement.
PRE-STRESSING JACKS
The tensioning of the steel strand (or individual wires) is usually by means of
hydraulic jacks. In pre-tensioning, single strand jacks may be used. In posttensioning the strands are often grouped to form tendons. These may be stressed
by large, multi-strand jacks. The load induced into the strand is determined from
the pressure in the hydraulic oil supplied to the jack or from the extension of the
strand. Wedge grips are used to grip each strand during stressing and to hold the
strand permanently in the tendon anchor after stressing. The jack is removed after
stressing and anchoring. In post-tensioning the pre-stressing force is applied
directly to the concrete. In the case of pre-tensioning the anchor holds the strands
until after the concrete has gained sufficient strength; the strands are then
released, transferring the pre-stressing force to the concrete.
12
13
NEEDLE VIBRATORS
These are also known as immersion vibrators. It has a steel tube, called a poker,
with one end being closed and rounded. There is an eccentric vibrating element
inside it. The poker is connected to an electric motor, sometimes a diesel motor,
through a flex tube.
These needle vibrators come in a variety of sizes from 40 to 100 mm in diameter.
The pokers diameter is determined by the spacing between the reinforcing bars
in the form work. The general range of vibrations for a needle vibrator is between
3000 to 6000 rpm. The period of vibration necessary can be from 30 seconds to
2 minutes and the concrete should be placed in layers no more than 600mm high.
14
COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE
Superior appearance since the facing is highly suited for architectural finishes
15
GEOMATS
The geomats are used to tie the reinforced earth wall panels of both sides.
These geomats resists the horizontal pressure coming over the reinforced
earth wall panels.
Geomats are three-dimensional water permeable polymer or other
synthetically materials structures, thermally jointed with each other.
Geomats are three-dimensional water permeable polymer or other
synthetically materials structures, thermally jointed with each other.
Geomats are three-dimensional water permeable polymer or other
synthetically materials structures, thermally jointed with each other.
GEOTEXTILES
Geotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in association
with soil, have the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain.
Geotextiles are typically made from polypropylene or polyester.
Gaps between the reinforced earth wall panels are covered with geotextiles
by pasting over them using any sticky material.
A filter pipe placed parallel to reinforced earth wall is also covered with
the geotextile.
19
BEARING
A bridge bearing is a component of a bridge which typically provides a resting
surface between bridge piers and the bridge deck. The purpose of a bearing is
to allow controlled movement and thereby reduce the stresses involved.
Movement could be thermal expansion or contraction, or movement from
other sources such as seismic activity. The bearings used consisted of
following types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pin
Roller
Rocker
Metal sliding bearings
BRIDGE DECK
A bridge deck or road bed is the roadway, or the pedestrian walkway, surface of
a bridge, and is one structural element of the superstructure of a bridge. It is not
to be confused with any deck of a ship. The deck may be constructed
of concrete, steel, open grating, or wood. Sometimes the deck is covered
with asphalt concrete or other pavement. The concrete deck may be an integral
part of the bridge structure (T-beam or double tee structure) or it may be
supported with I-beams or steel girders.
When a bridge deck is installed in a through truss, it is sometimes called a floor
system. A suspended bridge deck will be suspended from the main structural
elements on a suspension or arch bridge. On some bridges, such as a tiedarch or a cable-stayed, the deck is a primary structural element, carrying tension
or compression to support the span.
ABUTMENT
In engineering, abutment refers to the substructure at the ends of a
bridge span or dam whereon the structure's superstructure rests or contacts.
The following are the uses of abutment in construction:
To resist and/or transfer self-weight, lateral loads (such as the earth pressure)
and wind loads.
21
PRESTRESSING
METHOD OF PRE-STRESSING:
POST-TENSIONING VIA HYDRAULIC JACK
The wires are stretched after the concrete has hardened: which are either
encased in pipes or sheaths or holes are left in the concrete through which
wires are subsequently threaded. The wires in this method have to be held
stretched permanently by mechanical mean i.e. Anchors. There is no
bond b/w wires and concrete. The reinforcement in the former method
consist of the few large or several small cables made of high tensile steel
wires laid in one or more rings around a core.
22
SHEATHING OR DUCTS
These are provided for avoiding the bonding b/w concrete and
tendon wires.
These may be of either steel, aluminium or PVC.
STRANDS
Wires are bound to form strands.
These are made up of high grade tensile steel.
Fig.(l) Tendon
23
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
The technique of pre stressing eliminates tracking of concrete under all stages of
loading and enables the entire section to take part in resisting moments.as dead
load moments are neutralised and the shear stresses are reduced, the section
required are much smaller than in reinforced concrete.
Advantages
Large reduction in traditional reinforcement requirements as tendons
cannot destress in accidents.
Tendons can be easily weaved allowing a more efficient design approach.
Higher ultimate strength due to bond generated between the strands and
concrete.
No long term issues with maintaining the integrity of the anchor/dead end.
the mix are able to hold all the mixing water when they are settled down. Thus
the water rises up and appears on the surface of compacted concrete.
Production of concrete:
The design of concrete mix involves the determination of the most rational
proportions of ingredients of concrete to achieve a concrete which is workable in
its plastic state and will develop the required qualities when hardened.
Concrete is graded according to its compressive strength. The various grades of
concrete as stipulated in IS: 456-2000 and IS: 1343-1980 are shown in table
belowGROUP
DESIGNATION
CHARACTERSTIC COMP.
STRENGTH(N/mm2)
Ordinary concrete
Standard concrete
M 10
10
M 15
15
M 20
20
M 25
25
25
M 30
30
M 35
35
M 40
40
M 45
45
M 50
50
M 55
55
M 60
60
M 65
65
M 70
70
M 75
75
M 80
80
The proportion of cement, sand and coarse aggregate for a desired strength can
be either adopted or rationally designed.
A concrete mix in which the proportions are adopted is referred to as nominal mix
GRADE
CEMENT
COARSE
SAND
AGGREGATE AGGREGATE
(10 mm)
(20mm)
M 30
1.380
1.112
1.668
M 35
1.300
1.152
1.728
M 40
1.220
1.120
1.680
M 45
1.020
1.080
1.620
26
27
Sieve analysis
Sieve analysis helps to determine the particle size distribution of the coarse
and fine aggregates. This is done by sieving the aggregates as per IS: 2386
(Part I) 1963. In this we use different sieves as standardized by the IS code
28
and then pass aggregates through them and thus collect different sized
particles left over different sieves.
29
ELONGATION INDEX
Aggregate particles are classified as elongation when they have a length
(greatest dimension) of more than 1.8 of their mean sieve size. The elongation
index is found by separating the elongation particles and expressing their mess
as a percentage of the mass of sample tested. The test is not applicable to
material passing 6.30 mm sieve or retained on 50 mm sieve.
30
31