COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECURE, AND TECHNOLOGY

ubject:
S

Quantitative Management

opi
T c: Introduction to perations
O
Research/LP (Graphical Method)

Lecturer: Engr. Ma. Estrella Natalie .B ineda

P

PowerSupply
Engr.GiovanniM.Ariola

Prerequisites
Tounderstandthispresentation,youshouldhavethe
followingpriorknowledge:
Drawthestructureofanatom,includingelectrons,protons,
andneutrons.
Defineresistanceandconductance.
Labelanelectronicschematic,indicatingcurrentflow.
DefineOhmsandKirchhoffslaws.
DescribethecharacteristicsofDCandAC(sinewave)
voltages.

StudentLearningOutcomes
Uponcompletionofviewingthispresentation,you
shouldbeableto:
Definepowersupply.
NamethemaincomponentsinacommonlinearACtoDCpower
supplyandexplainthepurposeandfunctionofeach.
Definerectifierandnametwocommontypes.
NamethecomponentthattransformspulsatingDCintoconstant
DC.
Definerippleandidentifyitsorigins.

PowerSupply
Allelectroniccircuitsneedapowersourceto
work.
Forelectroniccircuitsmadeupoftransistors
and/orICs,thispowersourcemustbeaDC
voltageofaspecificvalue.
AbatteryisacommonDCvoltagesourceforsome
typesofelectronicequipmentespeciallyportables
likecellphonesandiPods.
Mostnonportableequipmentusespower
suppliesthatoperatefromtheACpowerlinebut
produceoneormoreDCoutputs.

PowerSupplyCharacteristics
Theinputisthe120volt60HzAC
powerline.Alternately,theinput
maybe240voltAC.
ThepowersupplyconvertstheAC
intoDCandprovidesoneormore
DCoutputvoltages.
Somemodernelectroniccircuits
needtwoormoredifferent
voltages.
Commonvoltagesare48,24,15,
12,9,5,3.3,2.5,1.8,1.5,1.2and1
volts.
Agoodexampleofamodernpower
supplyistheoneinsideaPCthat
furnishes12,5,3.3and1.2volts.

ComponentsofaPowerSupply
Maincircuitsinmostpowersupplies.

PowerSupply
TheAClineisfirstpassed
throughalowpassfilterof
theformshowninfigure.
Thiseliminatesnoiseonthe
AClinefrombotheringthe
powersupplycircuitsand
preventsunwantedsignals
fromthepowersupplyfrom
beingtransferredbackinto
theAClinewheretheymight
interferewithother
equipment.

Transformer

Atransformer iscommonlyusedtosteptheinputACvoltage
leveldownorup.Mostelectroniccircuitsoperatefrom
voltageslowerthantheAClinevoltagesothetransformer
normallystepsthevoltagedownbyitsturnsratiotoadesired
lowerlevel.
Forexample,atransformerwithaturnsratioof10to1would
convertthe120volt60Hzinputsinewaveintoa12voltsine
wave.

Rectifier
TherectifierconvertstheACsinewaveintoapulsatingDC
wave.
Thereareseveralformsofrectifiersusedbutallaremadeup
ofdiodes.
Rectifiertypesandoperationwillbecoveredlater.

Filter
TherectifierproducesaDCoutputbutitispulsatingrather
thanaconstantsteadyvalueovertimelikethatfromabattery.
Afilterisusedtoremovethepulsationsandcreateaconstant
output.
Themostcommonfilter isalargecapacitor.

Regulator
Theregulator isacircuitthathelpsmaintaina
fixedorconstantoutputvoltage.
ChangesintheloadortheAClinevoltagewill
causetheoutputvoltagetovary.
Mostelectroniccircuitscannotwithstandthe
variationssincetheyaredesignedtowork
properlywithafixedvoltage.
Theregulatorfixestheoutputvoltagetothe
desiredlevelthenmaintainsthatvaluedespiteany
outputorinputvariations.

DCDCConverter
MostmodernpowersuppliesalsocontainoneormoreDC
DCconverters
Modernelectronicsoftendemanddifferentvoltagesto
function.
ADCDCconverterchangesoneDCvoltagetoanother,
higherorlowerDCvoltage.
ADCDCconverterisusedwithapowersupplytoprevent
theneedforasecondACDCsupply.

Ripple
Thecapacitordoesagoodjobofsmoothingthepulses
fromtherectifierintoamoreconstantDC.
AsmallvariationoccursintheDCbecausethecapacitor
discharges asmallamountbetweenthepositiveand
negativepulses.Thenitrecharges.Thisvariationis
calledripple.
Theripplecanbereducedfurtherbymakingthe
capacitorlarger.
Therippleappearstobeasawtooth shapedACvariation
ridingontheDCoutput.
Asmallamountofripplecanbetoleratedinsome
circuitsbutthelowerthebetteroverall.

TheRegulator
MostregulatorsareICs.
Thesearefeedbackcontrolcircuitsthatactually
monitortheoutputvoltagetodetectvariations.
Iftheoutputvaries,forwhateverreason,the
regulatorcircuitautomaticallyadjuststheoutput
backtothesetvalue.
Regulatorsholdtheoutputtothedesiredvalue.
Sinceripplerepresentschangesintheoutput,the
regulatoralsocompensatesforthesevariations
producinganearconstantDCoutput.

 Voltage regulator ICs are available with

fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages.

 Zener diode regulator

For low current power supplies - a simple voltage regulator
can be made with a resistor and a zener diode connected
in reverse as shown in the diagram on the next page.
Zener diodes are rated by their breakdown voltage Vz and
maximum power Pz (typically 400mW or 1.3W).

VoltageRegulation
Line regulation is the maintenance of a nearly constant output
voltage when the input voltage varies.
When the ac input (line) voltage of a power supply changes,
an electronic circuit called a regulator maintains a nearly
constant output voltage
How well a regulator performs line regulation can be determined
by the formula below.

Line Regulation =

Vout

Vin

100%

VoltageRegulation
Load regulation is the maintenance of a nearly constant
output voltage when the load varies.
When the amount of current through a load changes due
to a varying load resistance, the voltage regulator must
maintain a nearly constant output voltage across the load.
How well a regulator performs load regulation can be
determined by the formula below.

Load Regulation =

VNL VFL

100%
VFL

TypesofRegulator
The fundamental classes of voltage regulators are linear
regulator and switching regulators.
Two basics types of linear regulator are :

Series Regulator

Shunt Regulator

BasicLinearSeriesRegulator
In series regulation the control element is in series with
the input and output.

Simple series voltage regulator and block diagram

Basic op-amp series regulator

The control element is a transistor in series with the load.
The output sample circuit senses a change in the output voltage.
The error detector compares the sample voltage with a reference
voltage (zener diode)
Control is achieved by controlling the voltage across Q1

 Regulating Action
The resistive voltage divider formed by R2 and R3 senses any
changes in the output voltage.
When the output voltage tries to decrease, a proportional voltage
decrease is applied to the op-amps inverting input by the voltage
divider.
Zener diode sets the reference voltage for the non-inverting input of
the op-amp. Any changes in the output are fed back to the inverting
input of the op-amp.
The difference voltage (error voltage) is amplified and the op-amps
output voltage is increased.
This increase is applied to the base of Q1 causing the emitter
voltage to increase until the voltage to the inverting input equals the
reference voltage.

 The regulated output voltage of the series regulator is :

Vout

R2
1 VREF
R3

 Short-Circuit or Overload Protection

Overload protection for a series regulator protects the control element in the case of a short.
Also known as constant-current limiting.
The load current through R4 produces a voltage from base to emitter of Q2
When IL reaches a predetermined maximum value, the voltage drop across R4 is sufficient to
forward biased the base emitter junction of Q2 causing it to conduct.
When load current exceeds the predetermined level, Q2 diverts current from the base of Q1reducing the load current through Q1 preventing any additional of load current.

 Regulator with Fold-Back Current Limiting

Fold-back current limiting allows operation up to peak load current (high current
regulator)
With a shorted output the current is dropped to a lower value (folded back) to prevent
the overheating the device.
The voltage drop developed across R4 by the load current must not only overcome the
base-emitter voltage but VR5 + VBE must be overcome before Q2 conducts to limit
current.

BasicLinearShuntRegulator
In shunt regulation the control element is in parallel
with input and output.

Simple shunt voltage regulator and block diagram

 The control element is a transistor, Q1 parallel (shunt)

with the load and a resistor R1 in series with the load.
The operation same as series, except that regulation is
achieved by controlling the current through Q1.

Basic op-amp shunt regulator with load resistor

 Regulating Action
When the output voltage tries to decrease due to a change in
input voltage or load current, the attempted decrease is sense
by R3 and R4 - applied to the op-amps non-inverting input.
The difference voltage increases the op-amps output voltage - and increasing the collector voltage, Vc keeping the output
nearly constant.

 The External Pass Transistor

To increase the current capability of an IC regulator an
external pass transistor can be used in order to prevent
thermal load condition.

A 78XX-series three-terminal regulator with an external pass transistor

 Current Limiting
The external transistor must be protected from
excessive current.
An additional current limiting circuit (Qlim and Rlim ) to
protect Qext from excessive current and possible burn out.

Regulator with current limiting

BasicSwitchingRegulator

The switching regulator is more efficient than the linear

series or shunt type.
This type regulator is ideal for high current applications since
less power is dissipated.
Basically, a switching regulator passes voltage to the load
pulses, which are then filtered to provide a smooth dc voltage.
With switching regulators 90% efficiencies can be achieved.

 Step Down Configuration

With the step-down (output voltage is less than the input voltage)
configuration the control element Q1 is pulsed on and off at variable
rate based on the load current.
The pulsations are filtered out by the LC filter.
Since Q1 is either on or off, the power lost in the control element is
relatively small

Basic step down switching regulator

 When the on-time is

increased, capacitor charges
more increasing the output
voltage.
When the on-time is
decreased, the capacitor
discharges more decreasing
the output voltage.
The inductor smoothes the
fluctuations of the output
voltage caused by the
charging and discharging.

Switching regulator waveform

 Step Up Configuration
The step-up configuration works much the same as the step-down.
The difference is in the placement of the inductor and the fact that
Q1 is shunt configured.
During the time when Q1 is off the VL adds to VC stepping the
voltage up by some amount.

 Voltage Inverter Configuration

With the voltage-inverter configuration the output voltage
output is of opposite polarity of the input.
This is achieved by VL forward-biasing reverse-biased diode
during the off times producing current and charging the
capacitor for voltage production during the off times.
With switching regulators 90% efficiencies can be achieved.

Basic inverting switching regulator

TrendsinPowerSupplies
Ascostsofelectronicsdecline,thepowersupplybecomesalarger
fractionofsystemcostanddesigneffort.
Inthepast,bulkylinearpowersuppliesweredesignedwith
transformersandrectiersfromtheaclinefrequencytoprovide
lowleveldcvoltagesforelectroniccircuits.
Lateinthe1960s,useofdcsourcesinaerospaceapplicationsledto
thedevelopmentofpowerelectronicdcdcconversioncircuitsfor
powersupplies.
Theseswitchedmodepowersuppliesarerapidlysupplantinglinear
suppliesacrossthefullspectrumofcircuitapplications.
Devicetechnologyforpowersuppliesisbeingdrivenbyexpanding
needsintheautomotiveandtelecommunicationsindustriesaswell
asinmarketsforportableequipment.