Vocabulary IELTS

Unit 2 - Mental and Physical Development

Ability / bl..ti / / -.t i / noun [ C or U ]
B1 the physical or mental power or skill needed to do

something:
There's no doubting her ability.
[ + to infinitive ] She had the ability to explain things clearly
and concisely.
She's a woman of considerable abilities.
I have children in my class of very mixed abilities (=
different levels of skill or intelligence)
a mixed-ability class
Word partners for ability
demonstrate / have / possess ability lack ability lose the
ability to do sth affect / limit sb's ability to do sth innate
/ instinctive / natural ability amazing / remarkable /
uncanny ability proven ability

Adolescent / d.les. nt / noun [ C ] Remaja

C2: a young person who is developing into an adult
She doesn't understand the emotional problems of
adolescents.

Childhood / tald.hd / noun [ C or U ]

B1: the time when someone is a child:

Ex: She had an unhappy childhood.

Concept / kn.sept / / kn- / noun [ C ]

B2 a principle or idea.
The very concept of free speech is unknown to them.
It is very difficult to define the concept of beauty.
I failed to grasp the film's central concept.
Kleenbrite is a whole new concept in toothpaste!
not have any concept/have no concept of sth
To not understand about something.
I don't think you have any concept of the pain you have
caused her.

Consequence / kn.s.kwns / / kn- / noun [ C ]

B2 a result of a particular action or situation, often one that
is bad or not convenient:
Not making a will can have serious consequences for the
people you might wish to benefit.
Scientists think it unlikely that any species will actually
become extinct as a consequence of the oil spill.
I told the hairdresser to do what she wanted to my hair, and
look at the consequences!
Well, if you insist on eating so much, you'll have to
suffer/take (= accept and deal with) the consequences!
of little/no consequence C1 ( ALSO not of any/much
consequence )
not important:
The money was of little consequence to Tony.

Word partners for consequence

adverse / grave / serious / unpleasant consequences dire
/ disastrous / fatal / tragic consequences enormous / farreaching / long-term / major consequences a possible /
potential / unforeseen consequence a direct consequence
of sth accept / deal with / face / suffer the consequences
as a consequence (of sth) consequences for sb/sth

Gesture / des.t r / / -t / noun [ C ] (movement)

C1 a movement of the hands, arms, or head, etc. to express
an idea or feeling:
Ex: Since they spoke only Swahili, we used signs and
gestures to make ourselves understood.

Height / hat / noun [ C or U ]

B1 the distance from the top to the bottom of something, or

the quality of being tall:

The sheer height of New York's skyscrapers is so impressive.
She's about average height (= neither short nor tall).
B1 the particular distance that something is above a surface:
The bullet entered the body at chest height.
heights
high places, or the top of hills:
Don't go up the tower if you're afraid of heights.
Machine guns were mounted along the heights behind the
town.
a high level of success:
He reached the heights of his profession at the age of 35.
Share prices scaled new heights yesterday.
Her husband rose to the dizzy/lofty heights of transport
minister.
the height of sth
C2 the time when a situation or event is strongest or most full
of activity:
August is the height of the tourist season.
At the height of the violence/crisis we were left without any
help.
an extreme example of something:
the height of fashion
the time when you are most successful in what you do:
She was at the height of her career when he first met her.
Word partners for height
grow to / reach a height of sth average / full / great /
maximum height be [3 metres, etc.] in height

Imagination / md.ne. n / noun

B1 [ C or U ] the ability to form pictures in the mind:
My younger son has a very vivid (= active) imagination.
I can never make up stories - I have absolutely no
imagination.
For some reason the story captured/caught the imagination
of the public (= made them very interested) .
It couldn't by any stretch of the imagination be described as
a (= it is certainly not a) beautiful city.
There's a sex scene in the film which apparently leaves
nothing to the imagination (= shows sexual parts of the body
very clearly) .
[ U ] something that you think exists or is true, although in
fact it is not real or true:

Was she paying him a lot of attention or was it just my

imagination?
Is it my imagination or is David behaving strangely at the
moment?
B1 [ U ] the ability to think of new ideas:
It's a job that needs someone with a bit of imagination.
Word partners for imagination
have / lack / show imagination use your imagination take
imagination catch / capture sb's imagination excite / fire
/ spark sb's imagination a fertile / fevered / overactive /
vivid imagination a lack of imagination a figment of sb's
imagination with (a little) imagination

Memory / mem. r.i / / -- / noun [ C or U ] (ABILITY

Ex: Her youngest child died in infancy.

be in its infancy
C2: to be very new and still developing:
Ex: The system is still in its infancy.

TO REMEMBER)
B1 the ability to remember information, experiences, and
people:
a good/bad memory
After the accident he suffered from loss of memory/memory
loss .
She has an excellent memory for names (= she can remember
names easily) .
Word partners for memory (ABILITY TO REMEMBER)
have a bad / good memory have a long / short memory
have a selective memory lose your memory sth fades
from memory sth lingers in / remains in the memory
memory impairment / loss a memory lapse
Word partners for memory (EVENT REMEMBERED)
bad / bitter / painful / unhappy memories fond / good /
happy memories a clear / vivid memory a hazy / vague
memory a childhood memory sth brings back /
rekindles / revives memories memories come flooding
back a memory of sth

Infant / n.fnt / noun [C] (YOUNG CHILD)

Milestone / mal.stn / / -ston / noun [ C ] ( UK

Infancy / n.fn.si / noun [U]

C2: the time when someone is a baby or a very young child

C2: a baby or a very young child

Ex: a newborn infant

Knowledge / nl.d / / n.ld / noun

B1 [S or U] understanding of or information about a subject

that you get by experience or study, either known by one

person or by people generally:
Her knowledge of English grammar is very extensive.
He has a limited knowledge of French.
The details of the scandal are now common knowledge (=
familiar to most people) .
She started to photograph the documents, safe in the
knowledge that (= knowing that) she wouldn't be disturbed
for at least an hour.
In this town there are only a couple of restaurants that to my
knowledge (= judging from my personal experience and
information) serve good food.
[ U ] the state of knowing about or being familiar with
something:
The government deny all knowledge of the affair.
It has come/been brought to our knowledge (= we have
discovered) that several computers have gone missing.
Word partners for knowledge
acquire / gain / have knowledge knowledge of sth
detailed / in-depth / thorough knowledge first-hand /
intimate / personal knowledge deny (all) knowledge of
sth background / general / specialist knowledge
be/become common / public knowledge a thirst for
knowledge (not) to sb's knowledge with / without sb's
knowledge in the knowledge (that)

Maturity / mtj.r.ti / US/ -tr..t i / noun [U]

(MENTAL DEVELOPMENT)

The quality of behaving mentally and emotionally like an

adult
(FULL GROWTH)

The state of being completely grown physically.

Ex: How long does it take for the chicks to grow to maturity?

ALSO milepost

) (IMPORTANT EVENT)
An important event in the development or history of
something or in someone's life.
He felt that moving out from his parents' home was a real
milestone in his life.

Mind / mand / noun [ C ]

B1 the part of a person that makes it possible for him or her

to think, feel emotions, and understand things:

Her mind was full of what had happened the night before,
and she just wasn't concentrating.
Of course I'm telling the truth - you've got such a suspicious
mind!
I just said the first thing that came into my mind.
I'm not quite clear in my mind about what I'm doing.
a very clever person:
She was one of the most brilliant minds of the last century.
all in the/ your mind
describes a problem that does not exist and is only imagined:
His doctor tried to convince him that he wasn't really ill and
that it was all in the mind.
bear/keep sth in mind
B2 to remember a piece of information when you are making
a decision or thinking about a matter:
Bearing in mind how young she is, I thought she did really
well.
Of course, repair work is expensive and you have to keep
that in mind.
go over sth in your mind ( ALSO turn sth over in your
mind )
to think repeatedly about an event that has happened:
She would go over the accident again and again in her mind,
wishing that she could somehow have prevented it.

Peer / p r / / pr / noun [ C ] (EQUAL)

Skill / skl / noun [ C or U ]

C1: a person who is the same age or has the same social

B1 an ability to do an activity or job well, especially because

position or the same abilities as other people in a group:

Ex: Do you think it's true that teenage girls are less selfconfident than their male peers?

you have practised it:

Ruth had/possessed great writing skills.
I have no skill at/in sewing.
Word partners for skill
have / possess a skill acquire / develop / learn / master a
skill need / require a skill basic / necessary / useful skills
new / special skills considerable / consummate / great
skill level of skill skill at / in sth

Period / p.ri.d / / pr.i- / noun [ C ] (TIME)

B1 a length of time:

Her work means that she spends long periods away from
home.
Unemployment in the first half of the year was 2.5 percent
lower than in the same period the year before.
15 people were killed in/over a period of four days.
The study will be carried out over a six-month period.
B1 in school, a division of time in the day when a subject is
taught:
We have six periods of science a week.
a fixed time during the life of a person or in history:
Most teenagers go through a rebellious period.
The house was built during the Elizabethan period.

Phase / fez / noun [C]

B2: any stage in a series of events or in a process of

development:
Ex: The project is only in the initial phase as yet, but it's
looking quite promising.
B2 a period of strange or difficult behaviour, especially that
a young child or person goes through, that will stop after a
while:
Ex: When I was in my early teens I went through a phase of
only ever wearing black.

Rate / ret / noun [ C ] (MEASURE)

Stage / sted / noun [C] (PART)

B2 a part of an activity or a period of development:

Ex: Their youngest child is at the stage where she can say
individual words but not full sentences.

Toddler / td.l r / US / td.l / noun [C]

C2: a young child, especially one who is learning or has

recently learned to walk

Transition / trnz. n / noun [ C or U ]

C2: a change from one form or type to another, or the process

by which this happens:

Ex: The health-care system is in transition at the moment.

Cognitive / k.n.tv /

/ k.n.t v / adjective
[before noun] SPECIALIZED
Connected with thinking or conscious mental processes.
Ex: Some of her cognitive functions have been impaired.

B2 the speed at which something happens or changes, or the

Clumsy / klm.zi / adjective

amount or number of times it happens or changes in a

particular period:
Although she's recovering from her illness, her rate of
progress is quite slow.
Word partners for rate noun (MEASURE)
cut / increase / lower / raise the rate an alarming / high /
rapid rate a low / reduced / slow rate an annual / average
/ current rate an increase in / rise in the rate a cut in /
drop in / fall in the rate at a rate (of) the rate for / of
Word partners for rate noun (PAYMENT)
an annual / hourly / weekly rate the going rate a cheap
/ low / reduced / special rate a basic / fixed / flat rate a
cut in / drop in / fall in the rate an increase in / rise in the
rate at a rate of sth

Awkward in movement or manner:

Ex: The first mobile phones were heavy and clumsy to use,
but nowadays they are much easier to handle.
B2: describes someone who often has accidents because they
do not behave in a careful, controlled way:
Ex: That's the third glass you've smashed this week - you're
so clumsy!

Reminder / rman.d r / / -d / noun [ C ]

C1 a written or spoken message that reminds someone to do

something:
If he forgot to pay his rent, his landlady would send him a
reminder.
[ + to infinitive ] Mum sent me off with a final reminder to
be back before 11 p.m.

Fond / fnd / / fnd / adjective [before noun]

B1: having a great liking for someone or

Ex: Many of us have fond memories of our childhoods.

Fully-grown / flrn / US / -ron / adjective

(MAINLY UK fully grown )
Describes people and other living things that have finished
their physical growth and will not grow taller:
Ex: A full-grown giraffe is 5.5 m tall.

Immature / m.t r / / -tr / adjective

C2: DISAPPROVING not behaving in a way that is as calm and

wise as people expect from someone of your age

Ex: Stop being so silly and immature, Ben!
SPECIALIZED not yet completely grown or developed:
Ex: While the animals are still immature, they do not breed.

Independent / n.dpen.d

nt / adjective

(NOT

HELPED)
B1: not taking help or money from other people:

Ex: I've always been financially independent.

Irresponsible / r.spn.s.bl / / -spn- / adjective

DISAPPROVING

Grow / r / / ro / verb ( grew , grown ) (INCREASE)

A2 [ I or L or T ] to increase in size or amount, or to become

more advanced or developed:

Children grow so quickly.
B1 [ I or T ] If your hair or nails grow, or if you grow them,
they become longer.
Lottie wants to grow her hair long.

B2 not thinking enough or not worrying about the possible

results of what you do. [+ to infinitive ]

Ex: It would be irresponsible to ignore these warnings.

Mature / mtj r / / -tr / adjective

Completely grown physically. (PHYSICALLY GROWN)
Ex: a mature adult
As adjective (LIKE AN ADULT)
B2 people behave like adults in a way that shows they are
well developed emotionally.
He's very mature for his age.
As verb (DEVELOP MENTALLY) [ I or T ]
To become more developed mentally and emotionally and
behave in a responsible way.
Girls are said to mature faster than boys.
[ I ] If ideas, opinions, etc. mature, they reach an advanced
or developed state.
It took several years for her ideas to mature.

Patient / pe. nt / adjective

B1: having patience:

Ex: Be patient with her - she's very young.

Rebellious / rbel.i.s / adjective
C1: If someone is rebellious, they are difficult to control and

do not behave in the way they are expected to:

Ex: Her teachers regard her as a rebellious, trouble-making
girl.

Tolerant / tl. r. nt / / t.l- / adjective

C1: willing to accept behaviour and beliefs that are different

Imitate /m..tet / verb [ T ]

C1 to behave in a similar way to someone or something else, or

to copy the speech or behaviour, etc. of someone or something.

Some of the younger pop bands try to imitate their musical
heroes from the past.

Look back - phrasal verb with look / lk / verb

B2 to think about something that happened in the past:

When I look back I can see where we went wrong.

It wasn't such a bad experience when I look back on it.

Master / m.st r / / ms.t / verb [ T ] (LEARN)

to learn how to do something well
to master a technique
She lived in Italy for several years but never quite mastered the
language.

Remember / rmem.b r / / -b / verb

A1 [ I or T ] to be able to bring back a piece of information into

your mind, or to keep a piece of information in your memory:

I can remember people's faces, but not their names.

Remind / rmand / verb [ T ]

B1 to make someone think of something they have forgotten or

might have forgotten:

Could you remind Paul about dinner on Saturday?
[+ to infinitive ] Please remind me to post this letter.
[+ (that) ] I rang Jill and reminded her (that) the conference
had been cancelled.

Reminisce / rem.ns / verb [ I ] FORMAL

from your own, although you might not agree with or

approve of them
Ex: On the continent people are more tolerant of children in
public places.

To talk or write about past experiences that you remember with

pleasure:

Acquire / kwa r / / -kwa / verb [T]

Visualize ( UK USUALLY visualise ) / v.u. l.az / verb [

B2: to get something:

Ex: He acquired the firm in 2008.

Develop /dvel.p / verb [ I or T ] (GROW)

B1 to (cause something to) grow or change into a more

advanced, larger, or stronger form:

It became clear that he wasn't developing like all the other
little boys.

My grandfather used to reminisce about his years in the navy.

T]
To form a picture of someone or something in your mind, in
order to imagine or remember them:
I was so surprised when he turned up - I'd visualized someone
much older.
visualization FORMAL (UK USUALLY visualisation) / v.u.
l.aze. n / noun [ U ]

Throw a tantrum (idiom)

to have a temper tantrum; to put on an active display childish
temper.
I never dreamed that Bob would throw a tantrum right there in
the department store. You must be so embarrassed
Throw a (temper) tantrum
To become very angry and unreasonable.
When you are grown-up, you dont throw a tantrum if
something offends you, you discuss it.

Typically / tp..k l.i / adverb

B2 in a way that shows all the characteristics that you would

expect from the stated person, thing, or group:

She has that reserve and slight coldness of manner which is
typically English.
Paul, in typically rude fashion, told him he was talking rubbish.
B1 used when you are giving an average or usual example of a
particular thing:
Typically, a doctor will see about 30 patients a day.
Tickets for such events will typically cost around thirty dollars.

Self-conscious / selfkn.s / / -kn- / adjective

C1 nervous or uncomfortable because you know what people

think about you or your actions:

He looked uncomfortable, like a self-conscious adolescent.
self- consciously / selfkn.s.li / / -kn- / adverb
self- consciousness / selfkn.s.ns / / -kn- /
noun [ U ]

gratuitous / mindless violence violence against / towards

sb

Crawl / krl / / krl / verb [ I ] (MOVE)

B2 to move slowly or with difficulty, especially with your body

stretched out along the ground or on hands and knees:

The child crawled across the floor.
The injured soldier crawled to safety.
Megan has just learned to crawl.
The lorry crawled noisily up the hill.

Overindulge / .v.rndld / / o.v.n- / verb [

I or T ]
to allow yourself or someone else to have too much of
something enjoyable, especially food or drink:
I wish I hadn't overindulged so much (= had so much to eat and
drink) last night. It's not good for children to be overindulged
(= always given what they want) .
Overindulgence / -dl.d ns / noun [ U ]
For many Americans, Thanksgiving is a time of overindulgence
(= eating and drinking too much)

Unsteady / nsted.i / adjective

moving slightly from side to side, as if you might
fall:
She's been in bed with the flu and she's still a bit unsteady on
her feet .
unsteadily / -.li / adverb

Rebel / reb. l / noun [ C ]

B2 a person who is opposed to the political system in their

country and tries to change it using force, or a person who

shows their disagreement with the ideas of people in authority
or of society by behaving differently.
The rebels took over the capital and set up a new government.
He was a bit of a rebel when he was a teenager and dyed his
hair pink.

Spurt / spt /

/ spt / verb [ I or T ]

MAINLY

US

(INCREASE)

To increase or grow very quickly, or to suddenly increase by a

particular amount:
Shares of the jewellery store chain spurted $6.

Violence / va.l ns / noun [ U ]

B2 actions or words that are intended to hurt people:

It seems that the attack was a gratuitous/random/mindless act

of violence.
The recent outbreak/eruption of racial violence in the area is
very troubling.
The report documents the staggering amount of domestic
violence against women.
C2 extreme force:
We were all surprised at the violence of his anger/rage.
The storm turned out to be one of unexpected violence.
Word partners for violence
erupt into / lead to / resort to / use violence advocate /
promote violence condemn / renounce violence violence
breaks out / erupts / flares be marred by violence the
amount / degree / level of violence escalating / extreme /

Phrases with mind:

Broaden the mind = increase your knowledge
It slipped my mind = I forgot
My mind went blank = I couldnt remember a
thing
Bear in mind = remember
Keep an open mind = try not to judge before you
know the facts
Have something on your mind = be worried about
something

Vocabulary IELTS
Unit 2 - Mental and Physical Development

EAP PATWAYS READING &

WRITING BOOK
Chapter 1 - Social Relationships
Development
Conflict / kn.flkt / / kn- / noun [ C or U ] B2 an active
disagreement between people with opposing opinions or
principles:
There was a lot of conflict between him and his father.
It was an unpopular policy and caused a number of conflicts
within the party.
His outspoken views would frequently bring him into conflict
with the president.
B2 fighting between two or more groups of people or countries:
We wish to avoid conflict between our countries if at all
possible.

Word partners for function noun

carry out / fulfil / perform / serve a function the basic /
main / primary function an important / useful / vital
function the function of sth

Hierarchy / ha.r.ki / / har.r- / noun [C ]

C2 a system in which people or things are arranged
according to their importance:
Some monkeys have a very complex social hierarchy.
He rose quickly through the political hierarchy to become
party leader.
the people in the upper levels of an organization who control
it
hierarchical / har.k.k l / / harr- / adjective
C2
It's a very hierarchical organization in which everyone's
status is clearly defined.
hierarchically / har.k.k l.i / / harr- / adverb
The company is hierarchically structured.

Perception / psep. n / / p- / noun [ C ] (BELIEF)

C2 a belief or opinion, often held by many people and based

Cooperate ( UK ALSO co-operate ) / kp. r.et / US/

ko.p.ret / verb [ I ]
B2 to act or work together for a particular purpose, or to be
helpful by doing what someone asks you to do:
I find it very hard to dress my two-year-old when she refuses to
cooperate.
The two companies have cooperated in joint ventures for the
past several years.
The Spanish authorities cooperated with the British police in
find ing the terrorists.

Distribution / ds.trbju. n / noun [ C or U ]

C1 the process of giving things out to several people, or
spreading or supplying something:
Has the Channel Tunnel improved the distribution of goods
between the British Isles and mainland Europe?
distribution costs
C1 the way in which people or things are spread out in a place:
a map showing distribution of global population
We must find a way of achieving a more equitable distribution
of resources/wealth.

Dynamics / danm.ks / noun

[ plural ] forces that produce movement:
This software is used for modelling atmospheric dynamics.
[ plural ] forces or processes that produce change inside a group
or system:
The fight for the leadership gave a fascinating insight into the
group's dynamics.
[ plural ] SPECIALIZED changes in loudness in a piece of music
[ U ] SPECIALIZED the scientific study of the forces that produce
movement

Function / fk. n / noun [ C ] (PURPOSE)

B2 the natural purpose (of something) or the duty (of a person):
The function of the veins is to carry blood to the heart.
I'm not quite sure what my function is within the company.
A thermostat performs the function of controlling temperature.

on how things seem:

We have to change the public's perception that money is
being wasted.
These photographs will affect people's perceptions of war.

Reveal / rvil / verb [ T ]

B2 to make known or show something that is surprising or

that was previously secret:

He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians.
[ + that ] Her biography revealed that she was not as rich as
everyone thought.
[ + question word ] He would not reveal wh ere he had
hidden her chocolate eggs.
C2 to allow something to be seen that, until then, had been
hidden:
A gap in the clouds revealed the Atlantic far below.

Role / rl / / rol / noun [ C ] (DUTY)

B2 the position or purpose that someone or something has in

a situation, organization, society, or relationship:

What is his role in this project?
Schools play an important role in society.
Six people have been put on trial for their role (=
involvement) in the anti-government demonstrations.

Status / ste.ts /

/ -t s / noun [ U ] (OFFICIAL
POSITION)
C1 an accepted or official position, especially in a social
group:
The association works to promote the status of retired
people as useful members of the community.
There has been an increase in applications for refugee
status.
The success of her book has given her unexpected celebrity
status.
Applicants should have a degree or a qualification of equal
status.

Orphan / .f n / / r- / noun [ C ]
C2 a child whose parents are dead:

The civil war is making orphans of many children.

Slaughter / sl.t r / / sl.t / noun

C2 [ S or U ] the killing of many people cruelly and unfairly,

especially in a war:
Hardly anyone in the town escaped the slaughter when the
rebels were defeated.
We must find ways of reducing the slaughter which takes place
on our roads (= death of many people in motor accidents) every
year.
[ U ] the killing of animals for meat:
The geese are being fattened for slaughter.
SEE ALSO slaughterhouse
[ S ] an occasion when one team is very easily defeated by the
other:
Saturday's game was an absolute slaughter.

Caretakers / ke.r r / / ker. / noun [ C ] UK ( US

caregiver , caretaker )
someone who takes care of a person who is young, old, or sick

Interaction / n.trk. n / / -t - / noun [ C or U ]

C1 an occasion when two or more people or things

communicate with or react to each other:

There's not enough interaction between the management and
the workers.
Language games are usually intended to encourage student
interaction.
The play follows the interactions of three very different
characters.

Intense / ntens / adjective

C1 extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very strong:

intense cold/heat/hatred
an intense flavour/colour
He suddenly felt an intense pain in his back.
C2 Intense people are very serious, and usually have strong
emotions or opinions:
an intense young man
intensely / -li / adverb
C2

His strongest criticism is reserved for his father, whom he

disliked intensely.

Psychologist / sakl..dst / / -k.l- / noun [ C ]

B2 someone who studies the human mind and human emotions

and behaviour, and how different situations have an effect on

them:
a child psychologist
an educational psychologist
She spent 15 years as a clinical psychologist.

Authority / r..ti / / r..t i / noun (POWER)

B2 [ U ] the moral or legal right or ability to control:

The United Nations has used/exerted/exercised its authority to

restore peace in the area.
We need to get the support of someone in authority (= an
important or high-ranking person) .

They've been acting illegally and without authority (=

permission) from the council.
[ + to infinitive ] I'll give my lawyers authority (=
permission) to act on my behalf.
He's got no authority over (= ability to control) his students.
She spoke with authority (= as if she was in control or had
special knowledge) .
C1 [ C ] a group of people with official responsibility for a
particular area of activity:
the health authority
the local housing authority
the authorities [ plural ]
the group of people with official legal power to make
decisions or make people obey the laws in a particular area,
such as the police or a local government department:
I'm going to report these holes in the road to the authorities.
Word partners for authority
give sb (the) authority (to do sth) have (no) authority (to
do sth) assert / exercise / exert / use your authority
challenge / question / undermine sb's authority be in
authority authority over sb/sth a position of authority
an authority figure

Rigid / rd.d / adjective

C2 stiff or fixed; not able to be bent or moved:

a rigid steel and concrete structure

I was rigid with (= stiff and unable to move because of) fear.
not able to be changed or persuaded:
DISAPPROVING We were disappointed that they insisted on
such a rigid interpretation of the rules.
rigidity / rdd..ti / / -.t i / noun [ U ]
rigidly / -li / adverb MAINLY DISAPPROVING

Period / p.ri.d / / pr.i- / noun [ C ] (TIME)

B1 a length of time:

Her work means that she spends long periods away from
home.
Unemployment in the first half of the year was 2.5 percent
lower than in the same period the year before.
15 people were killed in/over a period of four days.
The study will be carried out over a six-month period.
B1 in school, a division of time in the day when a subject is
taught:
We have six periods of science a week.
a fixed time during the life of a person or in history:
Most teenagers go through a rebellious period.
The house was built during the Elizabethan period.

Establish / stb.l / verb (START)

B2 [T often passive ] to start a company or organization that

will continue for a long time:

The brewery was established in 1822.
C1 [ T often passive ] to start having a relationship with, or
communicating with another person, company, country, or
organization:
There is a strong need to establish effective communication
links between staff, parents, pupils, and external bodies.

Gender / den.d r / / -d / noun (SEX)

Wild / wald / adjective (NOT CONTROLLED)

B2 [ U ] the physical and/or social condition of being male or

B2 uncontrolled, violent, or extreme:

female:
Does this test show the gender of the baby?
Discrimination on the basis of race, gender, age or disability
is not allowed.
COMPARE sex noun (MALE/FEMALE)
[ C , + sing/pl verb ] all males, or all females, considered as
one group:
I think both genders are capable of looking after children.
COMPARE sex noun (MALE/FEMALE)

a wild party
wild dancing
The audience burst into wild applause.
When I told him what I'd done, he went wild (= became
very angry) .
The children were wild with excitement (= were extremely
excited) .
Her eyes were wild/She had a wild look in her eyes (= her
eyes were wide open, as if frightened or mentally ill) .
His hair was wild (= long and untidy) and his clothes full of
holes.
There have been wild (= extreme) variations in the level of
spending.
They get some wild weather (= many severe storms) in the
north.
It was a wild (= stormy or very windy) night, with the wind
howling and the rain pouring down.
SLANG very unusual, often in a way that is attractive or
exciting:
Those are wild trousers you're wearing, Fi.
wildness / wald.ns / noun [ U ]
the wildness (= natural and extreme beauty) of the Western
Highlands

Generate / den. r.et / / -- / verb [ T ] (CREATE)

B2 to cause something to exist:

Her latest film has generated a lot of interest/excitement .

The new development will generate 1,500 new jobs.

Previously / pri.vi.s.li / adverb

B1 before the present time or the time referred to:

She was previously employed as a tour guide.

I had posted the card two months previously.

Demonstrate / dem.n.stret / verb (SHOW)

B2 [ T ] to show or make make something clear:

These figures clearly demonstrate the size of the economic

problem facing the country.
[ + that ] Research has demonstrated that babies can
recognize their mother's voice very soon after birth.
These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic
planning.
C1 [ T ] to show something and explain how it works:
He's got a job demonstrating kitchen equipment in a
department store.
[ + question word ] The teacher demonstrated how to use the
equipment.

Associations / s.sie. n / / -so- / noun [ C , +

sing/pl verb ] (GROUP)
B2 a group of people who work together in a single
organization for a particular purpose:
The Football Association
The British Medical Association is/are campaigning for a
complete ban on tobacco advertising.

Bull / bl / noun [ C ] (ANIMAL)

Conversely / kn.vs / / knvs / / kn.vs /

/ knvs / adjective FORMAL
opposite:
a converse effect/opinion/argument
conversely / knvs.li / / kn.vs- / / knvs/ / kn.vs- / adverb
in an opposite way

Split Up / splt.p / noun [ C usually singular ]

INFORMAL

an occasion when two people end their relationship

SEE ALSO split verb (DIVIDE)

Well-Adjusted adjective
describes a person who is reasonable and has good judgment
and whose behaviour is not difficult or strange:
[before noun ] a quiet, well-adjusted man

B1 a male cow, or the male of particular animals such as the

elephant or the whale:

They did not see the sign by the gate saying 'Beware of the
bull'.

Drought / drat / noun [ C or U ]

EAP PATWAYS READING &

WRITING BOOK

C2 a long period when there is little or no rain:

This year (a) severe drought has ruined the crops.

Mimic / mm.k / verb [ T ] ( PRESENT TENSE mimicking ,

PAST TENSE AND PAST PARTICIPLE mimicked

)
to copy the way in which a particular person usually speaks
and moves, usually in order to make people laugh:
She was mimicking the various people in our office.

Chapter 1 - Social Relationships

Development