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Fundamentals of Microelectronics
CH1
CH2
CH3
CH4
CH5
CH6
CH7
CH8
Why Microelectronics?
Basic Physics of Semiconductors
Diode Circuits
Physics of Bipolar Transistors
Bipolar Amplifiers
Physics of MOS Transistors
CMOS Amplifiers
Operational Amplifier As A Black Box
Chapter 7
CMOS Amplifiers
11/30/2010
Chapter Outline
MOS Biasing
RV
1
V1 =
W
nCox RS
L
11/30/2010
I D RD + VGS + RS I D = VDD
Current Sources
11/30/2010
Common-Source Stage
=0
Av = g m RD
Av = 2nCox
W
I D RD
L
Operation in Saturation
11/30/2010
CS Stage with =0
Av = g m RL
Rin =
Rout = RL
9
CS Stage with 0
Av = gm ( RL || rO )
Rin =
Rout = RL || rO
However, Early effect and channel length modulation affect
CE and CS stages in a similar manner.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers
10
11/30/2010
W
L 2nCoxWL
ID
ID
2nCox
Av =
11
Av = g m1 (rO1 || rO 2 )
Rout = rO1 || rO 2
To alleviate the headroom problem, an active currentsource load is used.
This is advantageous because a current-source has a high
output resistance and can tolerate a small voltage drop
across it.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers
12
11/30/2010
Av = gm2(rO1 || rO2 )
13
Av = gm1
1
(W / L)1
=
gm2
(W / L)2
14
11/30/2010
Av = g m 2
|| ro1 || ro 2
g m1
Av =
RD
1
+ RS
gm
=0
Similar to bipolar counterpart, when a CS stage is
degenerated, its gain, I/O impedances, and linearity change.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers
16
11/30/2010
Av =
RD
1
1
+
gm1 gm2
17
VR = 0
G
18
11/30/2010
rout gmrO RS + rO
19
1 1
Rout = rO11+ gm1 +
gm2 gm2
20
10
11/30/2010
21
Av =
R1 || R2
RD
R1 || R2
, Av =
gm RD
RG + R1 || R2 1 + R
RG + R1 || R2
S
gm
22
11
11/30/2010
Common-Gate Stage
Av = gmRD
23
24
12
11/30/2010
Rin =
1
gm
=0
Rout = RD
25
Av =
RD
1
+ RS
gm
26
13
11/30/2010
Generalized CG Behavior
Rout = (1 + g m rO )RS + rO
When a gate resistance is present it does not affect the gain
and I/O impedances since there is no potential drop across
it ( at low frequencies).
The output impedance of a CG stage with source resistance
is identical to that of CS stage with degeneration.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers
27
Example of CG Stage
vout
gm1RD
=
vin 1 + ( gm1 + gm2 )RS
Rout gm1rO1
|| RS + rO1 || RD
gm 2
28
14
11/30/2010
vout
R || (1/ gm )
= 3
gmRD
vin R3 || (1/ gm ) + RS
29
Av < 1
30
15
11/30/2010
vout
r || R
= O L
vin 1 +r || R
O
L
gm
Similar to the emitter follower, the source follower can be
analyzed as a resistor divider.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers
31
Av =
rO1 || rO 2
1
+ rO1 || rO 2
g m1
32
16
11/30/2010
Rout =
1
1
|| rO || RL || RL
gm
gm
33
1
W
2
ID = nCox (VDD I DRS VTH )
2
L
34
17
11/30/2010
Supply-Independent Biasing
35
Av = g m1
|| rO1 || rO 2 || rO 3
g m3
1
Rout =
|| rO1 || rO 2 || rO3
g m3
M1 acts as the input device and M2, M3 as the load.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers
36
18
11/30/2010
Av =
rO2
1
1
+ || rO3
gm1 gm3
37
Av _ CG =
rO 2
1
+ RS
gm
38
19
11/30/2010
Av =
RD
1
1
+
gm1 gm2
39
vout2
vin
1
|| rO3 || rO4
g m3
=
1
1
|| rO 2 +
gm2
gm1
40
20