Chapter3

3.1 OnthebasisofMendelsobservations,predicttheresultsfromthefollowingcrosseswith
peas:(a)atall(dominantandhomozygous)varietycrossedwithadwarfvariety;(b)theprogeny
of (a) selffertilized; (c) the progeny from (a) crossed with the original tall parent; (d) the
progenyof(a)crossedwiththeoriginaldwarfparent.
Ans:(a)Alltall;(b)3/4tall,1/4dwarf;(c)alltall;(d)1/2tall,1/2dwarf.
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Difficulty:easy
3.2 Mendelcrossedpeaplantsthatproducedroundseedswiththosethatproducedwrinkled
seedsandselffertilizedtheprogeny.IntheF 2,heobserved5474roundseedsand1850wrinkled
seeds.UsingthelettersWandwfortheseedtexturealleles,diagramMendelscrosses,showing
thegenotypesoftheplantsineachgeneration.AretheresultsconsistentwiththePrincipleof
Segregation?
Ans:Round(WW) wrinkled(ww)>F1 round(Ww);F1 selffertilized>F2round(2
WW;1Ww),wrinkled(ww).TheexpectedresultsintheF 2 are5493round,1831wrinkled.
Tocomparetheobservedandexpectedresults,compute 2withonedegreeoffreedom;(5474
5493)2/5493+(18501831)2/1831=0.263,whichisnotsignificantatthe5%level.Thus,the
resultsareconsistentwiththePrincipleofSegregation.
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Difficulty:easy

3.3Ageneticistcrossedwild,graycoloredmicewithwhite(albino)mice.Alltheprogenywere
gray.Theseprogenywereintercrossedtoproducean F 2,whichconsistedof198grayand72
whitemice.Proposeahypothesistoexplaintheseresults,diagramthecrosses,andcomparethe
resultswiththepredictionsofthehypothesis.
Ans:Thedatasuggestthatcoatcoloriscontrolledbyasinglegenewithtwoalleles,C(gray)and
c(albino),andthatCisdominantoverc.Onthishypothesis,thecrossesare:gray(CC)albino
(cc)F1gray(Cc);F1F13/4gray(2CC:1Cc),1/4albino(cc).TheexpectedresultsintheF2
are202.5gray,67.5albino.Tocomparetheobservedandexpectedresults,compute 2withone
degreeoffreedom:(198202.5)2/202.5+(7267.5)2/67.5=0.4,whichisnotsignificantatthe
5%level.Thus,theresultsareconsistentwiththehypothesis.
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Difficulty:medium

3.4 A woman has a rare abnormality of the eyelids called ptosis, which prevents her from
openinghereyescompletely.Thisconditioniscausedbyadominantallele, P. Thewomans
fatherhadptosis,buthermotherhadnormaleyelids.Herfathersmotherhadnormaleyelids.
(a)Whatarethegenotypesofthewoman,herfather,andhermother?
(b)Whatproportionofthewomanschildrenwillhaveptosisifshemarriesamanwithnormal
eyelids?
Ans:(a)WomansgenotypePp,fathersgenotypePp,mothersgenotypepp;(b)
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3.5Inpigeons,adominantalleleCcausesacheckeredpatterninthefeathers;itsrecessiveallele
cproducesaplainpattern.Feathercolorationiscontrolledbyanindependentlyassortinggene;
thedominantalleleBproducesredfeathers,andtherecessiveallelebproducesbrownfeathers.
Birdsfromatruebreedingcheckered,redvarietyarecrossedtobirdsfromatruebreedingplain,
brownvariety.
(a)Predictthephenotypeoftheirprogeny.
(b) If these progeny are intercrossed, what phenotypes will appear in the F 2, and in what
proportions?
Ans:(a)Checkered,red(CCBB)plain,brown(ccbb)F1allcheckered,red(CcBb);(b)F2
progeny:9/16checkered,red(C B),3/16plain,red(ccB),3/16checkered,brown(C bb),
1/16plain,brown(ccbb).
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Difficulty:easy

3.6Inmice,thealleleCforcoloredfurisdominantovertheallelecforwhitefur,andtheallele
V for normal behavior is dominant over the allele v for waltzing behavior, a form of
discoordination.Givethegenotypesoftheparentsineachofthefollowingcrosses:
(a)colored,normalmicematedwithwhite,normalmiceproduced29colored,normaland10
colored,waltzingprogeny;
(b)colored,normalmicematedwithcolored,normalmiceproduced38colored,normal,15
colored,waltzing,11white,normal,and4white,waltzingprogeny;
(c) colored, normal mice mated with white, waltzing mice produced 8 colored, normal, 7
colored,waltzing,9white,normal,and6white,waltzingprogeny.
Ans:(a)colored,normal(CCVv)white, normal (cc Vv); (b) colored, normal (Cc Vv) colored,
normal (Cc Vv); (c) colored, normal (Cc Vv) white, waltzing (cc vv).
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Difficulty:medium

3.7Inrabbits,thedominantalleleBcausesblackfurandtherecessiveallelebcausesbrownfur;
foranindependentlyassortinggene,thedominantallele R causeslongfurandtherecessive
allele r (for rex)causesshortfur.Ahomozygousrabbitwithlong,blackfuriscrossedwitha
rabbitwithshort,brownfur,andtheoffspringareintercrossed.IntheF 2,whatproportionofthe
rabbitswithlong,blackfurwillbehomozygousforbothgenes?
Ans:AmongtheF2progenywithlong,blackfur,thegenotypicratiois1BBRR:2BBRr:2Bb
RR:4BbRr;thus,1/9oftherabbitswithlong,blackfurarehomozygousforbothgenes.
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Difficulty:medium

3.8Inshorthorncattle,thegenotypeRRcausesaredcoat,thegenotyperrcausesawhitecoat,
andthegenotypeRrcausesaroancoat.Abreederhasred,white,androancowsandbulls.What
phenotypesmightbeexpectedfromthefollowingmatings,andinwhatproportions?
(a)redred;
(b)redroan;
(c)redwhite;
(d)roanroan.
Ans:(a)allred;(b)red,roan;(c)allroan;(d)red,roan,white.
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Difficulty:medium

3.9HowmanydifferentkindsofF1gametes,F2genotypes,andF2phenotypeswouldbeexpected
fromthefollowingcrosses:
(a)AAaa;
(b)AABBaabb;
(c)AABBCCaabbcc?
(d)Whatgeneralformulasaresuggestedbytheseanswers?
Ans:
F1gametes F2genotypes F2phenotypes
(a)
2
3
2
(b)
22=4
33=9
22=4
(c)
222=8 333=27 222=8
(d)
2n
3n
2n,wherenisthenumberofgenes

Feedback:3.2
Difficulty:medium

3.10Aresearcherstudiedsixindependentlyassortinggenesinaplant.Eachgenehasadominant
andarecessiveallele: R blackstem, r redstem; D tallplant, d dwarfplant; C fullpods, c
constrictedpods;Oroundfruit,oovalfruit;Hhairlessleaves,hhairyleaves;Wpurpleflower,w
whiteflower.Fromthecross(P1)RrDdccOoHhWw(P2)RrddCcooHhww,
(a)howmanykindsofgametescanbeformedbyP1?
(b)Howmanygenotypesarepossibleamongtheprogenyofthiscross?
(c)Howmanyphenotypesarepossibleamongtheprogeny?
(d)WhatistheprobabilityofobtainingtheRrDdccOohhwwgenotypeintheprogeny?
(e)Whatistheprobabilityofobtainingablack,dwarf,constricted,oval,hairy,purplephenotype
intheprogeny?
Ans:(a)221222=32;(b)322232=144;(c)222222=64;(d)(1/2) (1/2) (1/2)
(1/2) (1/4) (1/2) = 1/128; (e) (3/4) (1/2) (1/2) (1/2) (1/4) (1/2) = 3/256.
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Difficulty:medium

3.11 Foreachofthesituationsbelow,determinethedegreesoffreedomassociatedwiththe 2
statisticanddecidewhetherornottheobserved2valuewarrantsacceptanceorrejectionofthe
hypothesizedgeneticratio.
HypothesizedRatio Observed2
(a)
3:1
7.0
(b)
1:2:1
7.0
(c)
1:1:1:1
7.0
(d)
9:3:3:1
5.0
Ans:(a)1,reject;(b)2,reject;(c)3,accept;(d)3,accept.
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Difficulty:medium

3.12 Mendeltestcrossedpeaplantsgrownfromyellow,roundF 1 seedstoplantsgrownfrom

green,wrinkledseedsandobtainedthefollowingresults:31yellow,round;26green,round;27
yellow,wrinkled;and26green,wrinkled.Aretheseresultsconsistentwiththehypothesisthat
seedcolorandseedtexturearecontrolledbyindependentlyassortinggenes,eachsegregating
twoalleles?

Ans:Onthehypothesis,theexpectednumberineachclassis27.5; 2 withthreedegreesof
freedom is calculated as (31 27.5)2/27.5 + (26 27.5)2/27.5 + (27 27.5)2/27.5 + (26
27.5)2/27.5=0.618,whichisnotsignificantatthe5%level.Thus,theresultsareconsistentwith
thehypothesisoftwoindependentlyassortinggenes,eachsegregatingtwoalleles.
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Difficulty:medium

3.13Performachisquaretesttodetermineifanobservedratioof30tall:20dwarfpeaplantsis
consistentwithanexpectedratioof1:1fromthecrossDddd.
Ans: 2=(3025)2/25+(2025)2/25=2,whichislessthan3.84,the5percentcriticalvalue
forachisquarestatisticwithonedegreeoffreedom;consequently,theobservedsegregation
ratioisconsistentwiththeexpectedratioof1:1.
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Difficulty:medium

3.14 SeedcapsulesoftheShepherdspurseareeithertriangularorovoid.Acrossbetweena
plantwithtriangularseedcapsulesandaplantwithovoidseedcapsulesyieldedF 1hybridsthat
allhadtriangularseedcapsules.WhentheseF 1hybridswereintercrossed,theyproduced80F 2
plants,72ofwhichhadtriangularseedcapsulesand8ofwhichhadovoidseedcapsules.Are
theseresultsconsistentwiththehypothesisthatcapsuleshapeisdeterminedbyasinglegene
withtwoalleles?
Ans: If capsule shape is determined by a single gene with two alleles, the F 2 plants should
segregate in a 3:1 ratio. To test for agreement between the observed segregation data and the
expected ratio, compute the expected number of plants with either triangular or ovoid seed
capsules: (3/4) 80 = 60 triangular and (1/4) 80 = 20 ovoid; then compute a 2statisticwithone
degreeoffreedom: 2 =(7260)2/60+(820) 2/20=9.6,whichexceedsthecriticalvalueof
3.84. Consequently, the data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that capsule shape is
determinedbyasinglegenewithtwoalleles.
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Difficulty:medium

3.15 Albinisminhumansiscausedbyarecessiveallele a. Frommarriagesbetweenpeople

knowntobecarriers(Aa)andpeoplewithalbinism(aa),whatproportionofthechildrenwould
beexpectedtohavealbinism?Amongthreechildren,whatisthechanceofonewithoutalbinism
andtwowithalbinism?

Ans:HalfthechildrenfromAaaamatingswouldhavealbinism.Inafamilyofthreechildren,
thechancethatonewillbeunaffectedandtwoaffectedis3(1/2)1(1/2)2=3/8.
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3.16 Ifbothhusbandandwifeareknowntobecarriersofthealleleforalbinism,whatisthe
chanceofthefollowingcombinationsinafamilyoffourchildren:(a)allfourunaffected;(b)
threeunaffectedandoneaffected;(c)twounaffectedandtwoaffected;(d)oneunaffectedand
threeaffected?
Ans:(a)(3/4)4 =81/256;(b)4 (3/4)3 (1/4)1 = 108/256; (c) 6 (3/4)2 (1/4)2 = 54/256; (d) 4
(3/4)1
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Difficulty:medium

3.17Inhumans,cataractsintheeyesandfragilityofthebonesarecausedbydominantalleles
thatassortindependently.Amanwithcataractsandnormalbonesmarriesawomanwithout
cataractsbutwithfragilebones.Themansfatherhadnormaleyes,andthewomansfatherhad
normalbones.Whatistheprobabilitythatthefirstchildofthiscouplewill(a)befreefromboth
abnormalities;(b)havecataractsbutnothavefragilebones;(c)havefragilebonesbutnothave
cataracts;(d)havebothcataractsandfragilebones?
Ans:Man(Ccff)woman(ccFf).(a)ccff,(1/2)(1/2)=1/4;(b)Ccff,(1/2)(1/2)=1/4;(c)cc
Ff,(1/2)(1/2)=1/4;(d)CcFf,(1/2)(1/2)=1/4.
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3.18IngenerationVinthepedigreeinFigure3.15,whatistheprobabilityofobservingseven
childrenwithoutthecancercausingmutationandtwochildrenwiththismutationamongatotal
ofninechildren?
Ans:9!/(7!2!)
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3.19Ifamanandawomanareheterozygousforagene,andiftheyhavethreechildren,whatis
thechancethatallthreewillalsobeheterozygous?
Ans:(1/2)3=1/8
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Difficulty:medium

3.20Iffourbabiesarebornonagivenday:(a)Whatisthechancethattwowillbeboysandtwo
girls?(b)Whatisthechancethatallfourwillbegirls?(c)Whatcombinationofboysandgirls
amongfourbabiesismostlikely?(d)Whatisthechancethatatleastonebabywillbeagirl?
Ans:(a)4(b)(1/2)4=1/16;(c)2boys,girls;(d)1probabilitythatall
fourareboys=1(1/2)4=15/16.
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3.21Inafamilyofsixchildren,whatisthechancethatatleastthreearegirls?
Ans:(20/64)+(15/64)+(6/64)+(1/64)=42/64
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Difficulty:medium

3.22Thepedigreebelowshowstheinheritanceofadominanttrait.Whatisthechancethatthe
offspringofthefollowingmatingswillshowthetrait:(a)III1III3;(b)III2III4?
Ans:(a)zero;(b)
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3.23Thepedigreebelowshowstheinheritanceofarecessivetrait.Unlessthereisevidenceto
thecontrary,assumethattheindividualswhohavemarriedintothefamilydonotcarrythe
recessiveallele.Whatisthechancethattheoffspringofthefollowingmatingswillshowthe
trait:(a)III1III12;(b)III4III14;(c)III6III13;(d)IV1IV2?
Ans:(a)(1/4)(1/2)=1/8;(b)(1/4)(1/4)=1/16;(c)(2/3)(1/2)x(1/2)=1/6;(d)(2/3)(1/2)
(1/2)(1/4)=1/24

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3.24Inthepedigreesbelow,determinewhetherthetraitismorelikelytobeduetoadominantor
arecessiveallele.Assumethetraitisrareinthepopulation.
Ans:(a)Recessive;(b)dominant.
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Difficulty:hard

25. 3.25 Inpedigree(b)ofProblem3.24,whatisthechancethatthecoupleIII1andIII2

willhaveanaffectedchild?WhatisthechancethatthecoupleIV2andIV3willhave
anaffectedchild?
Ans:ForIII1III2,thechanceofanaffectedchildis1/2.ForIV2IV3,thechanceiszero.
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Difficulty:hard

3.26Peasheterozygousforthreeindependentlyassortinggeneswereintercrossed.
(a)Whatproportionoftheoffspringwillbehomozygousforallthreerecessivealleles?
(b)Whatproportionoftheoffspringwillbehomozygousforallthreegenes?
(c)Whatproportionoftheoffspringwillbehomozygousforonegeneandheterozygousforthe
othertwo?
(d)Whatproportionoftheoffspringwillbehomozygousfortherecessivealleleofatleastone
gene?
Ans:(a)(1/4)3=1/64;(b)(1/2)3=1/8;(c)3(1/2)1(1/2)2=3/8;(d)1probabilitythatthe
offspringisnothomozygousfortherecessivealleleofanygene=1(3/4)3=37/64.
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3.27.Thepedigreebelowshowstheinheritanceofarecessivetrait.Whatisthechancethatthe
coupleIII3andIII4willhaveanaffectedchild?
Ans:
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Difficulty:medium