Low Housing Society

THESIS REPORT ON
LOW COST HOUSING

Submitted by
VINEET JAIN
Under the guidance of
Ar. S.M.Kowtal
DEPARTMENT
OF
KARNATAKA
GOGTE
INSTITUTE
ARCHITECTURE
LOW
OF
SOCIETY
TECHNOLOGY
UDYAMBAG, BELGAUM
VISVESWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELGAUM
2005-2006
KARNATAKA LAW SOCIETYS
GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

U DYA M B A G , B E L G A U M . 5 9 0 0 0 8
D E PA R T M E N T O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
C E R T I F I C AT E
Certified that the project work entitle LOW COST HOUSING is a bonafide work
carried out by Mr. Vineet jain partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of architecture
of the Visveswaraiah Technological university, belgaum during the year 2005-2006. It is certified that
all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report
deposited in the department library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the Bachelor of Architecture Degree.
Signature of the guide
Signature of the H.O.D.
Signature of the Principal
Name of the Student : Vineet Jain

University Seat Number : 2GI01AT025
EXTERNAL VIVA
Name of the examiners
1.
2.
Signature with date.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
T H A NFirst
K Fof all,
U Li thankTmy
O project
. . . . .guide
. Ar. Smt. S. M. Kowtal, without whose constant
encouragement and support this project would not have been a success. I thank to my external
guide Ar. M. K. Joshi for his guidance and valuable time.
I express my gratitude to our beloved H.O. D. Ar. B.D. Kudalkar for having
supported me throughout my project.
It is pleasure to be able to record the advice co operation received from a large
number of individuals during the project work. To being i would like to give special mention of
my parents, who have always been moral support for me, for each and every work. Even i am
very much thankful to my brothers for such a nice support received from them.
Even my all friends co operation and help is part in order to achieve success in
this aspect.
Vineet Jain
Dedication
To my parents and friends
C o n t e n t s
1
Synopsis
Introduction
Literature Analysis
23
Case Studies
38
Site Study
42
Process
Rate analysis
45
53
Concept
55
Program Formulation
Design
59
TOPIC : LOW COST HOUSING

INTRODUCTION :
The housing for poor (slum peoples) has become a vital issue and the need of the era.
The affordability criteria is the main driving force that guides the society. The non availability of
affordable building materials, appropriate technology to set a standard for a people below the line of
poverty is the urgent concern of a developing nation where 60% live in slums and dilapidated buildings.
Any new approach of little concern and value in research education and strategies can benefit the
community. Thus low cost housing paves a way for their betterment.
HYPOTHESIS :
Low cost housing means using a low cost materials and making proper living facility.
This topic explore in way of low cost construction techniques and methodology.
AIM : To explore the new low cost materials for construction and solve the space and economy
complexity. Thus to create habitat able, hygienic spaces in and around the housing sectors which have
become the eyesores of the society.
synopsis
p.g 1
OBJECTIVE : To study the various new medium of construction, spaces that mould to the low
income sector.
Their lifestyle and habitat and in turn its effects on urban fringes and city centers.
METHODOLOGY :
Mode of research
Interaction with the slum development authority, slum dwellers.
Internet study.
Library study
Data through surveys.
Case studies.
Photographic documentation.
Program formulation.
Area study with respect to govt. Bylaws.
Site study.
Immediate surroundings.
Brief study of the city.
Study of development policies.
Topography.
synopsis
p.g 2
Feasibility of the Project

The project of slum development mainly focuses the relocation of the slum dwellers from the existing site to a
new appropriate site keeping in mind the cost of construction.
The project will be undertaken by the Slum Development Authorities and NGOs of Delhi.
The project will be supervised and executed by the private developer and handed over to slum dwellers who are
to be resettled.
The project is a live one undertaken by the Urban Planning Authority to be implemented at Gevrah Sawda land
Feasibility
p.g 3
INTRODUCTION
Introduction...
The housing for poor has become a vital issue and the need of
the era. The afford ability criteria is the main driving force that
guides the society. The non availability of proper spaces, proper
utility spaces, proper building materials, appropriate technology
to set a standard for a people below the line of poverty is the
urgent concern of a developing nation where 40% live in slums
a n d
d i l a p i d a t e d
b u i l d i n g s .
Conditions.......
The standards, in terms of space and materials, were too high and the
resultant cost of the housing was beyond the paying capacity of the poor. This
approach required heavy subsidies and could not ameliorate the situation
with the meager funds available for housing. The earliest response to this
situation was a technological approach, which sought to reduce the gap
between cost and affordability by developing technological alternatives for
l o w - c o s t
h o u s i n g .
Introduction
p.g 4
W h a t
i s
s l u m ?
Slums are neglected parts of cities where housing and

living conditions are appallingly lacking. Slums range
from high density, squalid central city tenentments to
spontaneous squatter settlements without legal
recognition or rights, sprawling at the edge of cities. Some
are more than fifty years old, some are land invasions just
underway.
Distance of employment areas

from relocated slum
Why RELOCATION does not work?

Relocation does not work because adequate open land at
prices affordable to the public sector cannot be found at
suitable locations for the low-income residents who will
occupy it. They are too far from employment areas
(especially the casual employment on which many
depend). In some cases, pocket infill sites can be found
close to the slum areas, where those can be relocated who
are in the rights-of-way of essential infrastructure.
After looking at all the factors of slum and their

overall style of living, habits, income etc. The
need for the rehabilitation program.
Now due to all these social, economical, political
and other problem and pressure the slum folks
also should be provided with all basic
necessities of life to lead a clean and hygenic life
in a best possible way.
Providing better living spaces in a low cost
housing development for slum folk.
Introduction
p.g 5
L I T E R AT U R E
CONCEPT
Economical condition...
MI
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OP E &
LE
HI
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G
PE
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SL
UM
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Concept
p.g 53
r
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Natio
nal h
ighw
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o
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le
IB
V
IN
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IN
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C
Town centre
Node
Node
Concept
p.g 54
PROGRAMME
Bay lows
Land use
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Green/recreational
Public and semi public
Facilities
Circulation
45%
7%
4%
15%
Chhajjas and
sun shade
Jan suvidha complex
(Community toilets)
30 cm (max.)
1 w.c. & 1 bath
(for 10 families)
14%
15%
Total
100%
Roads
A) approach road
Access road
B) peripheral road
3 to 4 mt. Wide
6 to 9 mt. Wide
Ground coverage
Far
Max. Height of the
Building
100%
7 mt.
No basement
Programme
p.g 55
programs according to laws and population

TOTAL NO. OF FAMILIES ARE DIVIDED IN THREE CATEGORIES
EWS 1
EWS 2
EWS 3
(24sqmt)
(40sqmt)
(50sqmt)
50% 2,200
30% 1,500
20%
700
AVERAGE POPULATION IS FIVE PERSONS IN ONE HOUSE SO ACCORDING TO THAT CRITERIA I

AM DESIGN FOR :- 26,000 no. (Approx..)
FOR CIRCULATION
INTERNAL MAIN ROADS
SECONDARY ROADS
LINKAGE ROAD
9mt WIDE
6mt WIDE
3mt WIDE
HOUSING FACILITIES .........

1)
DWELLING UNITS
2)
a) EWS 1 (24sqmt)
b) EWS 2 (40sqmt)
d) EWS 3 (50sqmt)
COMMUNITY WATER TANKS
CATEGORIZATION OF DAILY NEEDS
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
FOOD SHOPS
TEA STALL
GENERAL STORE
MILK SHOP
HAIR SALOON
STATIONARY SHOP
KEROSENE SHOP
Programme
p.g 56
10)
11)
12)
13)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
SMALL CLINICS
MEDICAL SHOP
TEMPORARY DHABBHA
INTERACTION SPACES
HOUSING AREA PARK
HOUSING AREA PLAY GROUND
COMMUNITY PARK AREA
Sr. SECONDARY SCHOOL
PRIMARY SCHOOL
RELIGIOUS BUILDING
MULTIPURPOSE COMMUNITY HALL
( P R O V I S I O N
F O R
M A R R I A G E S ,
SMALL PUBLIC GATHERING, FUNCTION, EATING JOINT etc. )

22) LOCAL SHOPPING
23) INFORMAL BAZAR
24) THREE WHEELER STAND
25) NEIGHBORHOOD PARK
26) NURSING HOME
27) POLICE BOOTHS
28) GRAMEEN BANK
29) POST OFFICE
30) AKHADA
31) FLOWER MARKET
32) PROVIDE PLATFORM FOR
PUBLIC AWARENESS
PROGRAM ME
Programme
p.g 57
programs according to laws and population

TRADITIONAL SHOP
LEATHER WORKS
HAND LOOMS
BASKETS WORK
POETRY WORK
BAG MAKERS
CLOTHS
CLUB
INFORMATION CENTER
JAN SUVIDHA KAINDRA
FAST FOOD CENTERS
INFORMAL MARKET
EXHIBITION SPACES IN FRONT OF SHOP
cross programming for house people
VIBRATING ZONE
Programme
p.g 58
DESIGN
Design
p.g 59
Design
p.g 60

Certified that the project work entitle CULTURAL CENTER AT KULLU (H. P.)
is a bonafide work carried out by Mr. Naresh kumar partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of architecture of the Visveswaraiah Technological University, Belgaum during the year 20052006. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The project report has been approved
as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the Bachelor of
Architecture Degree.
Name of the Student : Naresh kumar

EXTERNAL VIVA
1.
2.


EXTERNAL VIVA
1.
2.


EXTERNAL VIVA
1.
2.

of the Visveswaraiah Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2005-2006. It is certified that

EXTERNAL VIVA
1.
2.

of the Visveswaraiah Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2005-2006. It is certified that

EXTERNAL VIVA
1.
2.
DESIGN
G
o
a
l
s
RESOURCE
f
i
n
a
l
1. THE SIZE OF A SETTLEMENT

2. ACTIVITY PATTERNS WITH IN
A SETTLEMENT
3. CIRCULATION PATTERNS
4. INFRASTRUCTURE
WITH
CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE
COMMUNITY
1. SIZE OF COMMUNITIES
2. COMMUNITY FORM AND STRUCTURE
3. FACILITIES
4. DESIGN OF PUBLIC SPACES
5. APPROPRIATE GROUP SPACES
6. ACCESS SYSTEM
7. UTILITIES
TRADITIONS
IMAGE ABILITY
DWELLING
1. SIZE OF UNITS
2. CORRECT FORM AND SPACES
3. CORRECT ORGANIZATION
4. LOW COST
5. APPROPRIATE STRUCTURE
6. UTILITIES
D
e
s
i
g
n
C
r
i
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r
i
a
F
i
n
a
l
HARMONY
ACCESSIBILITY
SETTLEMENT
d
e
c
i
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i
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a
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a
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o
p
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i
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p
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e
C O N S E RVAT I O N
L I VA B I L I T Y
s
c
a
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e
s
PROCESS
U S E R PA R T I C I PAT I O N
EQUITY
FEASIBILITY
EFFICIENCY
D
e
s
i
g
n
p.g 42
Process
TOWN
COMMUNITY
CLUSTER
NEIGHBOR
HOUSE
Process
p.g 43
10
15
20
25
15
10
20
Levels of accessibility
25
p.g 44
Process
R AT E A N A LY S I S
BUILDING COMPONENTS
OPTIONS IN DESCENDING ORDER OF

ESTIMATED AND DURABILITY
1. FOUNDATION
- RCC frame
- granite over concrete/cement mortar
- brick over concrete in cement mortar
- brick in mud mortar
- sun-dried bricks
2. SUPER - STRUCTURE
A) wall material
- cement concrete block

- machine moulded burnt bricks
- hand moulded burnt bricks
- sun-dried bricks
- mud blocks
B) mortar
- cement mortar
- lime-cement mortar
- mud mortar
C) plaster
- cement
- lime cement
- lime
- lime wash
- mud plaster
- exposed brick work (no plaster)
D) door and window

frames
- Aluminium
- steel
- rcc
- first quality treated wood
- without frames
Rate analysis
BUILDING COMPONENTS
p.g 45
OPTIONS IN DESCENDING ORDER OF

ESTIMATED AND DURABILITY
E) door - window shutters
- first quality treated wood

- aluminium frame and glass
- steel frame and glass
- board and batten
- single plank
F) inter - storey
Floor slab
- RCC slab
- brick sheel,
G) roofing
- RCC slab
- hollow block on RCC slab
- G. I. Sheet on truss, rafters(steel or wood)
- A.C. Sheet on truss, rafters(steel or wood)
- used red stones over precast beams
H) flooring
- stone
- cement tiles
- burnt clay tiles
- lime and surkhi on brickbats
- mud with cowdung leaping
Rate analysis
p.g 46
Praoposed material and construction technique

FOUNDATION
The foundation is a very important structural component of a
building and normally constitutes 10 to 15 per cent of the total
cost. for a g+1 house, the depth of the foundation is generally
kept at 50cm. in a normal hard soil. for bedding used cement
concrete bad for plinth used soil bricks only.
DOORS AND WINDOWS

The doors and windows normally cost about 2
or 3 times the cost of a sq.mt of a wall in a
conventional designed low cost house.
In these houses doors and windows are fixed
without frame all hinged are directly fixed in to
the wall. And for door panel used a single
panel with bottom and top rail.
WALL
Economies are also possible in walls. This component of a
house costs 15 to 20 percent of the total cost. However, a wide
variation in cost is observed as wall not only enclosed the
space with in a house but often take the weight of the roof and
upper storeys.
The usual traditional materials in low cost housing for wall
construction are clay lump sun dried bricks, stone, timber and
bamboo. Mortar used in masonry includes mud and lime. But
in our location ( its on national high way of Delhi - Haryana )
used local available materials so used a fly ash lime brick its
made on the site by the using of self labor ( these are slum
people).
SERVICES
Services cost can be reduced only by
minimizing the length of utility lines and
number of points for each house. Water taps
and w.c./bath areas may be used at communal
level, or layout of dwelling units/cluster can
minimize the infrastructure length.
FLOORING
The non - structural flooring provides
necessary finishes for various functional
areas of a house. Flooring types could be
divided in to two categories those for the wet
areas and those for the dry areas.
In these houses used a mud flooring and also
used a clay tiles and joints are filled by cement
slurry.
ROOFS
The roof of has traditionally been the most expensive
component of a building, costing up to 25 per cent of the total
cost.
An economical roof for low cost dwelling need to be
economical in terms of initial capital cost and recurring
maintenance costs.
Using prefabricated beams and over these beam placed red
stone over this red stone placed mud layer and fixed pressed
tiles.
DOORS AND WINDOWS

Doors and windows also very
costelyer in conventional building.
Mostly doors are make in teak wood
and in other types of woods. And for
windows used aluminum, wood,
glass, steel etc.
TRAN
ION
T
A
T
R
SPO
MATERIAL
TE
CH
COST
For conventional roof mostly used a

R.C.C. Structure in this type of roof
increase max. Cost of the building
because in this type of construction
used electric machines equipments
and more skilled, unskilled labor. In
this construction used more
concrete and steel and used more
shuttering this roof is takes more
time for curing.
WALL
For conventional house used
different materials such like bricks
cement concrete blocks, or
components, cast in situ concrete
wall, glass walls etc. First class
brick work, over this wall laying a
layer of cement plaster and it is
finished by cement slurry. For all
these work used very skilled labor
and also adding more amount for
transportation. For mortar used a
cement mortar.
R
OU
ROOFS
p.g 47
B
LA
FOUNDATION
For conventional foundation used
different types such like stepped
foundation, pile foundation, rcc
footing etc. But in all these footing
used more cement concrete and
steel for reinforcement. Used more
skilled labor and more no. Of
peoples.
Conventional
Rate analysis
IQ
UE
MA
TE
RIA
LS
P r o p o s a l
SERVIC
ES
R e d
s a n d
Rate analysis
s t o n e
p.g 48
comparative
ELEMENTS
study
CONVENTIONAL
40 sqmt
50 sqmt
TYPE - 2
TYPE - 3
24 sqmt
TYPE - 1
PROPOSAL
( LOW COST )
FOUNDATION
46,947.00
48,000.00
51,000.00
25,000.00
29,000.00
34,000.00
`
SUPER - STRUCTURE
43,430.00
46,960.00
50,000.00
29,000.00
33,000.00
38,000.00
LINTELS & CHAJJA
7,830.00
7,830.00
7,830.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
24,000.00
24,000.00
24,000.00
15,000.00
15,000.00
15,000.00
ROOF
13,000.00
18000.00
22000.00
7,000.00
12,000.00
16,000.00
FLOORING
10,000.00
13000.00
15000.00
4000.00
5000.00
6000.00
FINISHES
8000.00
9000.00
10,000.00
-----------
WATER PROOFING
5000.00
6000.00
7000.00
LABOR
4746.00
5180.00
5600.00
-----------
-----------
-----------
TRANSPORTATION
3000.00
3500.00
3500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST
1,65,953.00
-----------
-----------
1,81,470.00 1,95,930.00 83,500.00
-----------
-----------
-----------
95,500.00
1,12,500.00
Rate analysis
p.g 49
up
20.30 sqmt
21.00 sqmt
24.00 sqmt
A) site development cost

B) construction cost
500/sqmt
3,480.00 (per sqmt)
C) total cost
3.980.00/sqmt
mu
lti u
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up
AREAS FOR TYPICAL UNIT OF EWS TYPE-2 ( 40sqmt. )
BA
CK
YA
RD
30.30 sqmt
33.20 sqmt
40.00 sqmt

500/sqmt
2.390.00 (per sqmt)
C) total cost
2,890.00/sqmt
UR
RO
NT
CO
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mu
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us
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toi
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COST PER UNIT
FR
ON
T
A) floor area
B) built - up area
C) total plot area
se
h
BA
CK
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RD
oom
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ki tc
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COST PER UNIT
F
R
ON
TC
OU
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se
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all
FR
ON
TC
A) floor area
B) built - up area
C) total plot area
se
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Rate analysis
p.g 50

A) floor area
B) built - up area
C) total plot area
40.30 sqmt
42.40 sqmt
50.00 sqmt
nehctik
COST PER UNIT

C) total cost
500/sqmt
2,250.00/sqmt
2,750.00/sqmt
.23mt soiled brick in lime mortar without plaster

used precast beam with red stone panels
used single panel wooden door without frame
approximately...... Years with normal maintenance
llah esu itlum
MAINTAINABILITY
A) walls
B) roof
C) door and windows
D) durability
gnihsaw
aera
moor htab
tmqs 62
llah esu itlum
77.1x85.1
gnihsaw
aera
teliot
77.1x72.1
moor htab
teliot
nehctik
Rate analysis
p.g 51
VENTILATION
A) ratio of external door & window area to floor area ( ventilated by the openings) 40%.
B) ratio of external windows area to floor area ( ventilated by windows ) 9%.
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUE USED IN CONSTRUCTION
Load bearing walls are constructed in 23cm thickness soil brick in lime mortar, while non-load
bearing internal partition walls are in 12cm thick . Non of the walls are plastered.
Roof of the main house and verandah is of red stones on precast beams. WC and bath area is
covered by red stone and create loft over these block.
On ground floor laying mud filling and over this filling put 20mm thick red stone. And over first floor
laying a brick bat and finished with mud.
Dwelling units are provided with individual wc and bath.
FACILITIES INCLUDED IN THE DWELLING UNIT ( WITH IN THE GIVEN COST )
The dwelling unit is provided with living area, cooking area, storage area, washing area, individual
w.c. And bath.
Provided proper electricity.
Rate analysis
p.g 52
Types of religions
2%
Types of wages
10%
20%
68%
Hindu
Muslims
Sikh
Christian
Types of employment
25%
monthly
62%
79%
Daily
Weekly
Types of construction
21%
68%
68%
13%
25%
Employed
Self employed
60%
68%
15%
pacca
Sami pacca
Katcha
Slums-data
p.g 37
SITE STUDY
Site location
Site
Rohini
Punjabi bag
Farmhouse land
Small industries
Small market area
Middle class society
Main city centre is 12km far from site
Its connected to main highway
For travelling - use bus service
Railway station
In evening time vegetable vendors are also
seen in the street. The street is the main
market of this area.
Formal and informal commercial areas
available.
Connaught place
Site study
TO
DRAIN
POCKET - B
RO
A
TUBE WELL
TUBE WELL
TUBE WELL
Bus stop
TO ZAKHIRABAD
Commercial zone
Residential zone
Bus stop
(10km far)
TO MAIN CITY
Bus stop
GHAVRA
RAILWAY STATION
Railway station
Highway traffic
More public
Bus stop
Less traffic more public
Site study
SITE SURROUNDING...
OAD
ELT
WIDE
R
AD
ELT
GRB
EEN
EN B
80.0m
GRE
OSED
RO
PRA P
ISSION LIN
400KV D/C
TRANSM
TO ROHATAK
POCKET - A
TUBE WELL
INDUSTRY
AREA
SA
W
DA
H
RO
A
DRAIN
DRAIN
p.g 38
p.g 39
SA
W
DA
H
FARMHOUSE LAND
DRAIN
RO
AD
400KV D/C
AD
BELT
LT
GRE
EN E
B
0.0m
WIDE
R
GREE
N
SED
8
TRANSM
POCKET - A
RO
TO
CULTIVATED LAND
GE
W
RA
POCKET - B
RO
AD
PRAPO
E
ISSION LIN
TO ROHATAK
TUBE WELL
TUBE WELL
VI
LL
A
GE
TUBE WELL
TUBE WELL
Commercial zone
TO ZAKHIRABAD
Bus stop
DRAIN
OAD
DRAIN
INDUSTRY
AREA
surrounding
CULTIVATED LAND
TO
Residential zone
Bus stop
Cultivated land
Connectivity
GHAVRA
RAILWAY STATION
Residential area
Site
(10km far)
TO MAIN CITY
Farmhouse land
Bus stop
There are large pockets of existing and purposed industrial areas within 15km. From the site. The existing
suburban growth has almost reached the southern boundary, whereas towards the east and the north, the site
is surrounded by the agricultural land, and also enough space for future extensions.
The site is flanked by the haryana highway it's a national highway. Haryana is a big commercial for woolen
cloths.
SANITARY
WATER
ELECTRICITY POLE
DRAIN
ELECTRICITY LILE
CANAL
ELT
EN B
GRE
GRE
EN B
ELT
400KV D
/C TRAN
POCKET - A
WIDE
TUBE WELL
80.0m
DRAIN
ROA
D
DRAIN
OSED
The site being contagious to the

already developed areas in the city,
it would not be difficult to introduce
municipal services in the project
area. The treated water could be
discharged into a nallah or drain
that runs along the site. Electricity
can be supplied by the relevant
public agency. Regarding water
s u p p l y, t h i s s i t e w o u l d b e
connected to the city network.
Total area of site is 105.12hec(259.65 acre). But this site is

divided in two pockets by the 80mt wide road.
Pocket A - 34.23hec
Pocket B - 57.30hec
This is more beneficial site because employment source is
near by this site.
POCKET - B
PRAP
The site is more suitable in terms of

linkages to the main city, as well as
its proximity to other employment
areas.
Existing structure on site is one small temple and goashala

(68.20mx55.21m)
Services - for water supply tube well, well, and Government
water lane is also Available
N LINE
Proposal site is situated on the

Delhi - Haryana national highway
near rohatak road, its
approximately 12km from the city
centre.
p.g 40
SMISSIO
location...
existing services...
Site study
WELL
TUBE WELL
TUBE WELL
CANAL
Site study
TUBE WELL
CANAL
CANAL
p.g 41
Settlement
DESIGN PROCESS
CASE STUDY
For visual
connectivity to
street
For visual
connectivity to
street
spaces analysis
Neighborhood
Private space
Sami private
Private
Space
In this project the design concept is site and services. He concentrated

more on all types of services like water supply, drainage system,
electricity etc.
That planning is done in different levels
Planning at the township level
sector level
cluster level
unit level
Road network is also done by hierarchy of different level
Design of main town center and around this center locate all facilities.
Aranya low cost housing indoor
Case
study
p.g 23
level
sector
Community
space
at
The basic concept was to give due importance to

pedestrians and bicyclists. This required the integration
of the environmental area by discouraging traffic through
the township. The location and form of various activities,
the system of road network, open spaces and the nature
of the built form reflect this concept. Since accessibility in
terms of waking distances from home to various activities
was the prime measure of consideration at all levels,
community and central facilities were places within easy
reach.
Case
study
p.g 24
Case
study
p.g 25
OPEN SPACES
LANDSCAPE
INTERACTION SPACES
study
Case
study
p.g 26
O V E R A L L
L AY O U T
Case
p.g 27
SECTOR LEVEL PLANNING
Case
Category
E. W. S.
Plinth Area
23.50 sq.m.
study
p.g 28
c) Roofing
precast concrete solid blocks

10 cm thick precast concrete
Hollow blocks wall
precast concrete shed with
precast concrete tiled roof
o
de r
i
W
t.
30 m
a) Foundation
b) Walling
ad
Specification
Estimated cost
Rs. 8060 per unit

170
855
CONCRETE ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

NEW DELHI
( FOR EWS )
Case
study
Nursery school
No. Dwelling units

Average population
n
Gree
e) Other items
precast concrete posts

25mm thick 1:2:4 cement
concrete flooring laid over
brick ballast and send
bedding
doors and windows shutters
With deodar wood with sal
wood frame, white wash on
inner surface and cement
wash on external surface of
wall
d) Flooring
belt
with
p.g 29
detailed single unit

Brief specification
Foundation
Superstructure
Roof
Flooring
Joinery
Finishes
precast conc. Hollow blocks

precast conc. Hollow blocks
precast conc. Tilled roof
25mm thick c.c. 1:2:4
deodar and sal wood
no plastering only white washing
FLOOR AREA
PLINTH AREA
PLINTH AREA RATE
COST REDUCTION
21.07 sq.mt.
23.30 sq.mt.
Rs. 343 per sq.mt
0.58%
9000
UNIT PLAN
7360
KEY PLAN
study
p.g 30
study
p.g 31
NATIONAL BUILDING ORGANIZATION

NEW DELHI ( FOR EWS )
Case
Case
Category
E. W. S.
Plinth Area
24.90 sq.m.
Specification
A) Foundation
brick masonry in lime flyash sand

mortar 1:1:2 over a 15 cm fly ash
c o n c r e t e 1 : 2 : 5 : 4 : 1 1
(cement : flyash : sand : aggregate)
depth of foundation being 500mm
and height of plinth 250mm.
b) Walling
23 cm thick 2nd class brick work in

mud mortar
c) Roofing
channel units haunches filled with

cement concrete. Brick tiles over
mud phuska.
e) Other items
Estimated cost
25mm thick C.C. 1:2:4 in w.c. And

bath and remaining flat brick flooring
over a 100 mm bed of sand
flush pointing in lime surkhi mortar
1:2. No plastering inside. White
washing inside mixed with sodium
silicate. Doors and windows of
treated mango wood, doors being
without frames
Rs. 5800 per unit
No. Dwelling units

Average population
115
555
Case
study
p.g 32
detailed single unit

Brief specification
Foundation
Superstructure
Roof
Flooring
Joinery
Finishes
flyash conc. 1:2:5:4:11

Brick work in lime flyash mortar
second class brick work in lime
mortar
precast conc. Tilled roof
25mm thick c.c. 1:2:4
mango wood no frame for doors
pointing outside and mud
plastering inside
FLOOR AREA
PLINTH AREA
PLINTH AREA RATE
COST REDUCTION
20.50 sq.mt.
24.90 sq.mt.
Rs. 232 per sq.mt
32.7%
12350
12350
D
) Flooring
Case
study
p.g 33
S L U M S - D ATA
EXISTING SLUM....
This stretch of slum is situated on the delhiharyana national highway near nangloi, it is
situated in the city centre.
Now in Delhi land cost is very high in urban areas
so because of these rates poor people cant
purchase the land and also they cant afford the
construction cost. Because of that they
construct temporary structure by the waste
material which is taken from industrial waist.
Like tyre, iron sheets, cardboard, heavy
cloths(tirpal).
Slums-data
p.g 34
Slum residents usually lack security of tenure - that is the

right of legal access to and use of the land and buildings they
occupy. Each year several million urban dwellers experience
forced eviction . An estimated of 20 million to 40 million urban
families are homeless, some because they have been evicted
and some because they cannot afford any housing even
illegally. It is particularly difficult for the urban poor to obtain
tenure its very expansive and complicated.
Slums-data
Livelihood
Sanitation
Water
Health
Community areas
Un education
Proper
Infrastructure
Houses - mud huts, makeshift roof of waste

plastics, straw or cardboard.
Amenities - inadequate clean water, few or no
toilets, drainage poor or non existent, refuse
disposal non existent, many health risks.
Because of no proper infrastructure create a so
many health problems and these peoples are
disturb hole urban environment.
earning pattern
(Incom in thousand)
Core problems....
p.g 35
1 to 2
3 to 4
25%
4 to 5
30%
15%
5 to 6
6 to 7
Slums-data
20%
10%
p.g 36
Overview........
Problems arising from inadequate infrastructure. The housing

problem is more acute in urban areas. The higher growth rate is
mainly attributable to the large scale migration of people from villages
to urban areas, in order to avail better job opportunities. Diminishing
land holding in villages also forces people to move into towns and
cities. The resulting demand for housing and infrastructure in urban
areas cannot be met by public agencies with the limited resources
available to them.
Push and pull factors
Migration is often explained in terms of either push factors conditions in the place of origin which are perceived by migrants as
detrimental to their well being or economic security, and pull
factors - the circumstances in new places that attract individuals to
move there., Health care, and higher living standards (pull factors). In
general, cities are perceived as places where one could have a better
life because of better opportunities, higher salaries, better services,
and better life style.
Migration rural to urban
Under developed area
Rural
Literature
Urban sprawl
study
p.g 6
problems
Slums are the neglected parts of cities where housing and living
conditions are appallingly lacking. Slums range from high density,
squalid central city tenentments to spontaneous squatter
settlements without legal recognition or rights, sprawling at the edge
of cities. Some are more than fifty years old, some are land invasions
just underway.
Gambling...alcoholics...
Wife beating
Drug addiction...crime
Health prob.....
Health - no access to public
Resources, private healers
Expansive, TB, AIDS
Literature
study
p.g 7
People in slums often pay more for services than other urban
residents, and they receive services of lower quality. The scarcity of
public water supplies forces many low-income urban residents to use
other water sources, often private water vendors who charge many
times the public rate. In Mumbai (formerly Bombay), India, vendors
charge 20 times more. Poor households often spend 5% to 10% of
their incomes to buy water.
Lack of community spaces.....

Lack of small workshop space.....
Lack of identity and privacy...
Lack of services and public amenities .....
Literature
Inappropriate open spaces.....
Disturbance to environment...
study
p.g 8
Reasons for inhabiting slums

Illiteracy (lack of education)
Employment
Anything and everything
..From lifting shops to risking their
lives ten times a day these people are
ready to do anything for a daily meal.
Daily bread and butter comes from......
Over population
Literature
Urban slums include both high-density dwellings, such as high-rise

apartments, squatter settlements and shanty-town, where people
occupy vacant land illegally build shacks for themselves. Many
illegal settlements are built on land poorly suited for housing.
study
p.g 9
Economic source
Beedies
Leather works
Shoes making
Small scale industries
Boxes
Employment
Carpentry
Basket making
Utensils
Tailoring
Papad
Accessoress
Different varieties of bags

Different ladies accessories
Literature
study
p.g 10
Slum overview in india

New Delhi
Mumbai
Chennai
Calcutta
Ahmedabad
1,500,000
5,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
1,500,000
DELHI
Around the world over 1 billion urban

residents live in inadequate housing, mostly
in slums and squatter settlements, where
living conditions are poor and services are
insufficient. One-quarter of all urban housing
units in developing countries are temporary
structures, and more then one-thirds do not
conform to building regulations. Squatter
housing is often made up of materials such as
plastic sheets, cardboard, scrap-metal, waste
tyres, etc.
Over population
Despite all the attempts to remedy the slum problem of
Mumbai, slums are still growing. The slum growth rate
is actually equal to the urban growth rate. In fact, the city
is gaining the name slumbay
Literature
study
p.g 11
E x t e n s i o n o f wo r k i n g s p a c e s i n f r o n t o f h o u s e
Literature
study
p.g 12
Daily bread and butter comes from

ent scenario
s
e
Pr
slum area
Work force
town
Informal bazar
Literature
study
p.g 13
networ k
for
economic
development
SMALL SCALE
INDUSTRIES
By slum dwellers
program
MEDIUM BIG
SCALE
INDUSTRIES
MIDDLE AND
HIGHER CLASS
PEOPLES
Literature
study
p.g 14
One of the major effects of rapid urban growth is urban sprawl

scattered development that increases traffic, stops local resources and
destroys open space. Urban sprawl is responsible for change in the
physical environment, and in the spatial organization of cities. Less
developed countries of the world differ not only in the percent living in
cities. But also in many other mega cities in the developing world, urban
sprawl exists as nearly 40% of cities dwellers live in the urban periphery
in poverty and environmental degradation. These high density
settlements are often highly polluted owing to lack of urban service,
including running water, trash pickup, electricity or paved roads.
e ve
t
men
lop
ve
de
m
p
o
en
Indus
tr
UM
L
S
In d u s t r i a l d
Literature
Slums do not have:

basic municipal services - water,
sanitation, waste collection, storm
drainage, street lighting, paved footpaths,
roads for emergency access.
schools and clinics within reach, safe
a r e a s f o r c h i l d r e n t o p l a y.
places for the community to meet and
s
o
c
i
a
l
i
z
e
.
S l u m s a r e w o r s e n i n g :
as the average age of people in cities is
increasing, the average age of slum
dwellers is decreasing, so the youth suffer
most from unhealthful conditions.
visible disparities between slums and
better-off neighborhoods increase the
social tensions in poorer areas.
unplanned growth of settlements makes
conventional service provision
complicated.
ial
A N
U R B
study
p.g 15
chawl
These developments are changing day by day according to
size of the community, high cost of land, high construction
cost. Some times it is developed with in city centre or outer
skirt of the town.
Chawl is one big unit where many people stay but they
have individual dwelling unit. And that one big court which is
used for community activity.
Vertica development
TOILET
Multi-Purpose
Room
ALCOVE
In Vertical development
Problems
Maintenance cost
Services problem
For upper floors create water prob
No proper open spaces or community spaces
These people cant afford lift cost and water motor cost
Electricity cost
Literature
study
In conclusion, both Britain and France responded to

housing shortages after the Second World War by
constructing low quality and low cost high rise blocks. The
consequence of this decision is that horizontal slums were
replaced by vertical ghettos". Even today, these high
rise buildings constitute a serious problem to the people
who live in them, because of increased insecurity and
insularity, poor quality building materials, low standards
and stigmatization of those areas. In a way, these vertical
ghettos are often worse than the horizontal slums of
previous decades as they lack a sense of community.
However, many European cities are now developing
inclusive urban policies to deal with these new Problems.
Lack of household
workshop space
Maintenance
problem
Lack of community
space and problem
with daily up down
Lack of household
workshop space
Lack of open space

Compact space
Visual brake
Literature
study
p.g 16
The new vertical ghettos In paris
Low cost housing
techniques
Relocation does not work because adequate open land at

prices affordable to the public sector cannot be found at
suitable location for the low-income residents who will
occupy it. They are too far from employment areas
(especially the casual employment on which many depend).
In some cases, pocket infl. sites can be found close to
the slum areas, where those can be relocated who are in the
rights-of-way if essential infrastructure.
Construction
Development process....
p.g 17
techniques
techniques
Construction
Materials........
Construction
Based on the recommendations of the Council, number of

proven building materials (Cement Bonded Particle Boards, Jute
Particle Board, Rice Husk Board, Glass Fibre Reinforced
Gypsum Board, Sisal Fibre Board, Bagasse Board, Resin
Bonded Bamboo Mats, Resin Bonded Bamboo Corrugated
Roofing Sheets, Flyash/Phosphogypsum/Red Mud
bricks/blocks, Mosaic Tiles, Light Weight (Solid or Hollow)
Concrete Building Block, Prefabricated Building Materials, Sand
Lime Bricks, Roofing Tiles, Burnt Clay Tiles, Prefabricated
Buildings, Ready Mix Concrete).
Literature
study
p.g 18
Cost saving of about 20% compared to conventional construction was

possible to achieve by using steel quality control and use of technologies
such R.C.C filler slab for roofing, Precast R.C.C Door Frame, Door Shutters
using coir and Bamboo Composite Materials, locally available Random
Rubble Stone Masonry in foundation & Plinth and load bearing masonry in
solid concrete FLYASH blocks without compromising with functional utility
and structural safety requirements. The housing construction and the
cost effectiveness .
The Mould...
Rectangular steel box with no bottom
or top.
Combination of hollow steel pipes
welded to internal face of the block in
an almost semi - circular profile.
Angular section welded along the
upper edge.
Funicular shells....
Have only compressive stresses.
Distribute point load in all directions.
Have constant thickness at all points.
Conserve natural and maerial resources.
Using Rat Trap Bond Masonry in burnt

clay and flyash bricks, precast ferrocement roofing channel for roofing and
door shutters made of plantation
timber there has been saving in cost
construction , the construction
Literature
Can take various shapes square,

rectangle,
Triangular, trapezium...
Ample design flexibility.
Easy fixture installation.
Easy conduiting.
Easy incorporation of skylights.
Equal load distribution in all directions.
study
p.g 19
techniques
THE SIPCRETE SYSTEM
Construction
techniques
Construction technique
A leading construction journalist and critic commented,

design flexibility and price is sipcretes major advantage
over other systems. You can cut sipcrete so easily in the
field - we can make perfect curves on the spot, create arches
and columns, build in structural beams and purlins at
negligible cost.
Thermally efficient
Seismic and hurricane proof
Low cost construction
Easier installation of electrical and plumbing.

Sprayed concrete low cost, fast, easy, to apply finishes
Panels are light weight, no heavy lifting equipment required
A fast track insulated concrete building system

Stronger than brick or blocks
Creating low energy input homes
Fast to build with very cost effective
Ideal low cost cladding for framed buildings
Hurricane,
Earthquake and
Flood resistant building
Construction
Walls and roof have three 3 continuous joint free elements
Home can be completed at prices up to 50% below conventional building methods
Literature
study
p.g 20
techniques
Technique of cost effective Dwelling unit...
study
Literature
study
p.g 21
Construction
techniques
Literature
Construction
DESCRIPTION: The wall consists of sun-dried mud blocks having burnt

clay tiles facing the exterior, the face-tile provides the protection to the
mud wall from rain and rodents. Flat tiles have a key (holding notch) on
the back side. Wet mud, on drying, grips the key thus making the tile an
integral part of the mud block. The blocks are laid in mud mortar and
joints (on drying) are sealed with cement pointing.
CONSTRUCTION: The tiles of the dimension 9 inch x 4 inch x 0.5 inch,
provided with a holding notch at the posterior, are prepared by using
local soil with the help of wooden moulds. Non-skilled women labourers
can prepare 200-250 tiles every day with 15 days practice.
These tiles are fired in pottery oven at a temperature of about 900
degrees centigrade. Each tile is then placed in a wooden mould
(9 inch x 9 inch x 4 inch).
Rest of the mould is filled with mud, prepared from a local soil mix. The
mud blocks, thus prepared, hold the tile even after drying. About 100
mud blocks can be prepared per day by a semi-skilled female. The
strength of the block is noted to be about 15 KB per square centimetre.
The mud blocks used for wall construction must be joined with mud
mortar only. The blocks are so arranged that the tiles face the exterior.
The gaps between the tiles are pointed with a cement mortar.
p.g 22

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THESIS REPORT ON

LOW COST HOUSING

KARNATAKA LAW SOCIETYS

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Signature of the H.O.D.

Signature of the Principal

Name of the Student : Vineet Jain

Signature with date.

TOPIC : LOW COST HOUSING

Feasibility of the Project

Slums are neglected parts of cities where housing and

Distance of employment areas

Why RELOCATION does not work?

After looking at all the factors of slum and their

programs according to laws and population

AVERAGE POPULATION IS FIVE PERSONS IN ONE HOUSE SO ACCORDING TO THAT CRITERIA I

HOUSING FACILITIES .........

SMALL PUBLIC GATHERING, FUNCTION, EATING JOINT etc. )

programs according to laws and population

cross programming for house people

KARNATAKA LAW SOCIETYS

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Signature of the H.O.D.

Signature of the Principal

Name of the Student : Naresh kumar

Signature with date.

KARNATAKA LAW SOCIETYS

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Signature of the H.O.D.

Signature of the Principal

Name of the Student : Naresh kumar

Signature with date.

KARNATAKA LAW SOCIETYS

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Signature of the H.O.D.

Signature of the Principal

Name of the Student : Naresh kumar

Signature with date.

KARNATAKA LAW SOCIETYS

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Signature of the H.O.D.

Signature of the Principal

Name of the Student : Vineet Jain

Signature with date.

KARNATAKA LAW SOCIETYS

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Signature of the H.O.D.

Signature of the Principal

Name of the Student : Vineet Jain

Signature with date.

1. THE SIZE OF A SETTLEMENT

OPTIONS IN DESCENDING ORDER OF

- cement concrete block

D) door and window

OPTIONS IN DESCENDING ORDER OF

E) door - window shutters

- first quality treated wood

Praoposed material and construction technique

DOORS AND WINDOWS

DOORS AND WINDOWS

For conventional roof mostly used a

LINTELS & CHAJJA

TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST

1,81,470.00 1,95,930.00 83,500.00