Solved Assignment July Dec 2016

MS-95 (Sample Copy)

Course Code
Course Title

MS - 95
Research Methodology for Management Decisions

Assignment Code
Assignment Coverage

MS-95/TMA/SEM - II/2016
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1. Does exploratory research always lead to conclusive research? Give adequate examples to explain your
perspective?
1) Exploratory research
Many times a decision maker is grappling with broad and poorly defined problems. Attempts to secure better definitions by
analytic thinking may be the wrong approach and may even be counterproductive -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------curiosity approach, differing from it only in that the investigator thinks there may be a
payoff in application somewhere in the forest of questions. Three typical approaches in exploratory research are:

-----------------------------------------------------survey,

The -----------------------------------------, and

The ------------------------------------------stimulating examples.

The literature search is fast, economical way for researchers to develop a better understanding of a problem area in which they
have limited experience. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ available.
The experience survey concentrates on ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Researchers are not looking for conclusions; they are looking for ideas.
The analysis of specific examples is a sort of ----------------------------------------------------------------- possible divergent views.
Exploratory research design does not aim to provide the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ popular primary data
collection method with this type of research.
Exploratory research is an important part of any marketing or business strategy. Its focus is on the discovery of ideas and
insights as opposed to collecting --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of your total research plan. It is most commonly used for further defining
company issues, areas for potential growth, alternative courses of action, and prioritizing areas that require statistical research.
When it comes to online surveys, the most common example of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- quality information that can lead to the discovery of new initiatives or problems that should be addressed.
2) Conclusive research
Exploratory research gives rise to several ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Conclusive research is used for this purpose of testing the
hypotheses generated by exploratory research. Conclusive research can be classified as either descriptive or experimental.
Descriptive research
Descriptive research as the name suggests is designed to describe something - for example, -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------llows both implicit and explicit hypotheses to be tested depending on the research problem. For example, a

cereal company may find its sales declining. On the basis of market feedback the company may hypothesise that teenage
children do not eat its cereal for breakfast. A descriptive study can then be designed to test this hypothesis.
Like descriptive research, causal research is -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to determine the nature of the relationship between the causal variables and the effect to be predicted.
For example, a cereal brand owner -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- One will sell the cereal in only its original box
and the other with the new box. Taking care to avoid any outside sources of bias, they would then measure the difference
between sales based on the cereal packaging. Did the new packaging have any effect on the cereal sales? What was that effect?
Experimental research
Experimentation will refer to that process of research in which one or more variables are manipulated under conditions which
permit the collection of data which show the effects. Experiments will create artificial situation so that the researcher can
obtain the particular data needed and can measure the data accurately. Experiments are artificial in the sense that the situations
are usually created for testing purposes. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------doubt. If the objective is to validate in a resounding manner the cause and effect relationship among variables, then
undoubtedly experiments are much more effective than descriptive techniques.
The difference between exploratory and conclusive research is drawn by Sandhursen (2000) in a way that exploratory
studies result

in

a range ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,

conclusive studies identify the final information that is the only solution to an existing research problem.
On other words, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, living room for further researches,
whereas conclusive research design is aimed to provide final findings for the research.
Moreover, it has been stated that an exploratory study may not have as rigorous as methodology as it is used in conclusive
studies, and sample sizes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- as possible, if it is going
to be used for major decisions about the way we are going to conduct our next study
The following table illustrates the main -------------------------------------------------- and conclusive research in relation to
important components of the dissertation.

Research project components

---------------------------------------

Conclusive research

Research purpose

-----------------------------------------------

Specific: to verify insights and aid in selecting a

course of action

-------------------------

Vague

--------------------

-----------------------

Ill defined

-----------------------------

Data collection form

---------------------------

Usually structured

---------------------

Relatively small; subjectively selected to maximize

generalization of insights

Relatively large; objectively selected to permit

generalization of findings

Data collection

-------------------------

-------------------------------- procedure

Data analysis

Informal; ---------------------- non-quantitative

Formal; typically quantitative

Inferences/----------------------------

--------------------------------------- than final

More final than -----------------------------

The following can be mentioned as examples with exploratory design as research findings are not final and conclusive
evidences to research questions:

A study into advantages -------------------------------------------------------------------- to Chinese market

A critical analysis of argument of ------------------------------------------------- private sector organisations
A study into contradictions between ------------------------------------- practices: a case study of Philip Morris USA
An investigation into the ways of ---------------------------------------------- in mobile marketing environment

Studies listed above do not aim to generate final and conclusive evidences to research questions. These studies merely aim to
explore their respective research areas.

Conclusive research can be divided into two categories: descriptive and causal. Descriptive research design, as the name
suggests, describes specific elements, causes, or phenomena in the research area.

The role of research ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ areas include marketing,

production, banking, materials, human resource development, and government.
Research process involves the five important steps-problem definition, research design, data collection, data analysis, and
interpretation of results. All these steps have been explained in detail with their key elements.
We have dichotomised the types of ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------merely test the hypotheses, the experimental research establishes in a more effective manner the cause and effect relationships
among variables.
Thus, based on above discussion we can say that exploratory research always lead to conclusive research.

2. What is a research hypothesis? Do all researches require hypotheses formulation? Explain.

The research hypothesis is central to all research endeavors, whether qualitative or quantitative, exploratory or explanatory. At
its most basic, the research hypothesis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to the research question that guides the entire study. Developing testable research hypotheses takes skill,
however, along with careful attention to how the proposed research method treats the development and testing of hypotheses.

Before jumping into writing research ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------that

the question be important in the context of the ongoing scientific discussion of the topic (that is, interesting to other
researchers).

Hypotheses in Quantitative Studies

Research hypotheses in quantitative studies take a familiar form: one independent variable, one dependent variable, and a
statement about the expected relationship between them. Generally the independent variable is mentioned first followed by
language implying causality ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------with
categorical variables, a statement about which category of the independent variable is associated with a certain category of the
dependent variable can be made (for example, men are more likely to support Republican candidates than women). Continuous
variables can also be spoken about it categorical terms (those with higher education are more likely to have high incomes).

Most researchers prefer to present research -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------but softens the causal argument by using language such as tends to or in general.

Hypotheses in Qualitative Studies

Hypotheses in qualitative studies serve a very different purpose than in quantitative studies. Due to the inductive nature of
qualitative studies, the generation of hypotheses does not take place at the outset of the study. Instead, hypotheses are only
tentatively proposed during an iterative process of data collection and interpretation, and help guide the researcher in asking
additional questions and searching for disconfirming evidence.

Qualitative research is guided by central questions -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of a particular phenomenon is a collaborative experience between researchers and participants.

Formulating a Hypothesis
You have a question and now you need to turn it into a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated prediction that provides an
explanation for an observed event. An observed event ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. In addition, a hypothesis typically takes the form
of an if-then statement so you can test it with your research. What does our hypothesis look like?
'If we increase the amount of light during studying, then the participant's performance on test scores will decrease.'
Let's break down our hypothesis. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------happens
to the test scores. If test scores don't change, then our hypothesis was incorrect and we will reject it.

You probably also noticed that we changed 'studying' to 'test scores' and the vague term about 'bright light' into 'amount of
light.' This is an example of ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the same thing since studying typically increases
test scores. Also, simply saying 'light' is too vague to be useful or researched, so it was turned into 'amount of light.'
It is often convenient to structure a research problem in terms of a hypothesis to be tested. The hypothesis must be agreed upon
by both the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- It may or may not be true; the research is designed to ascertain the truth. Consider the following pair of hypothesis.
H0: At least 10 % of the viewing audience for "children's" TV shows consists of adults.
H1: Less than 10 % of the ---------------------------------------------------- shows consists of adults.
First, it should be noted that these hypothesis are worded in such a way that either one or the other is correct. They cannot both
be correct, and they cannot --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- first is true, and a second act if the second act is true. Both statements are
characteristic of all situations in which a research problem is properly structured in terms of hypothesis testing.
The terminology "state of nature" is often used to refer to the true situation in the universe. For example, the advertising
manager for a firm selling a product frequently purchased by adults is considering the possibility of advertising the product on
children's TV shows.
Table below shows a structuring of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. If
several hypothesis would lead to the same recommendation, there is no need to identify which of these hypothesis is true-all
hypothesis leading to the same alternative can be grouped together into a single hypothesis.

It has established the minimum purchasing power required for the medium and large stores as Rs.100 million and Rs.250
million, respectively. A possible structuring of the three hypothesis is
HO : Total -------------------------------------- million,
Hl: Total purchasing --------------------------------------------------------- million.
H2: Total purchasing power is greater ----------------------------------------------------

The acceptance of one of these hypotheses leads directly to one of the three actions contemplated: It is not necessary to
determine purchasing power precisely than that indicated in the three hypotheses. A two-stage research project might be
indicated. Stage one would establish ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Rupee value expenditure in the product
category may be still better. At step two there is the possibility that the research result may be erroneous with respect to the

state of nature. The sample may indicate that the percentage of adults in the audience is less than 10 %. Or the opposite error
may occur. Research procedures do not yield certainty with respect to the true state of nature. No matter how careful we are,
we may conclude that HO is true when ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------actions. Assuming the relationship between the two states of nature and the two action is
valid, no error occurs if we conclude that HO is true and it is true; similarly, no errors occur if we conclude that Hl is true and
it is true. Errors occur in each of the other cells.

Consider the format of Table.above in terms of the problem dealing with advertising on children's TV shows. HO (at least 10
% of the audience is composed of adults) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------question of which error is more serious. The decision maker must carefully evaluate each specific situation with its
unique set of potential risks and benefits. The identification of which error is more serious is not a meaningless intellectual
exercise! The analysis can be planned in such a way so as to minimise those errors that are viewed as more serious.
Thus, based on above discussion, we can say that all researches require hypotheses formulation.

3. What should be the ideal structure of a research report? What are the elements of the proposed
structure?
A research report is one type that is often used in the sciences, engineering and psychology. Here your aim is to write clearly
and concisely about your research topic so that the reader can easily understand the purpose and results of your research.
Research reports present the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of material
and conceptual entities. Almost any physical phenomenon or concept may be investigated in a research framework.
Preparation of reports is time consuming ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------its acceptance or modification and periodic interim reports and their acceptance or modification by the sponsor.
The following are some key differences between formal research, and other less structured kinds of inquiry.

Problem definition: the rigorous ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ of effective problem definition. This process is one
of identifying an interesting question and narrowing the research inquiry to a manageable size.

Research approach: the structuring -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------conduct of your inquiry.

Research report: the presentation of the research and its results in a rigorously formatted document that follows a
conventional structure. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- focused, coherent document. Research reports contain a standard set of elements that include

Structure of Research ReportYou must carefully read your course information details to ensure that you comply with what the lecturer/tutor stipulates. A
report is typically made up of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Each of the sections contains a different kind of content. Refer to the tables below:

Elements of the Structure of ReportSTEP 1- Analyse the Task

As with any -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- questions useful when analysing the task:

 What is the purpose of the report------------------------------------------------------------------- or reporting on an investigation.)

Who is the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- What is the word ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the body of the report.)
What is the topic of the report? (--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.)
What is the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the report?
STEP 2- Develop a ------------------------------Use the section headings ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- that clarifies the overall
purpose of your report. Jot down anything you already know about the topic in the relevant sections.
STEP 3- Do the ------------------------Steps 1 and 2 will guide your research for this report. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bibliographic details for all of the material you may later use in your report.
STEP 4- Draft the ----------------------------------- Introduction - The purpose of your report. The thesis statement will be useful here. Background information may include a
brief review of the literature -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in the field. Some brief details of your methods and an outline of the structure of the report.
Literature Review - If asked ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- way, outlining the various themes that you
discovered in the research regarding the topic. Again, you will need to state where your research fits.
Methodology - Here you ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- did and how you
did it. It must be clearly written so that it would be easy for another researcher to duplicate your research if they wished to.
It is usually written in a 'passive' ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- rather than an 'active' voice (e.g. I asked the participants to fill in the questionnaire attached in Appendix 1).
Clearly reference any material you have used from other sources. Clearly label and number any diagrams, charts, and
graphs. Ensure that they are relevant ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- what you have said. You do not include or discuss the results here.
Results - This is where ---------------------------------------------------------------- of your research, but do not interpret them.
Discussion - This is where you discuss the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- area. It will relate back to your literature review and your introductory thesis statement.
Conclusion - This is a summary of the most significant results/findings. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- limits or where further research would be useful.
Recommendations - This includes suggestions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- are usually listed in order of priority.

STEP 5- Draft the Supplementary Material

References or Bibliography - This ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- information. This
must be done using the referencing convention specified by your lecturer/tutor.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- they must be referred to in the body of the
report and must have a clear purpose for being included. Each appendix must be named and numbered.
STEP 6- Draft the Preliminary Material
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- exactly what you are researching.
Table of Contents - List all sections, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- numbers for each.
Abstract/Synopsis - This gives a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- details on how to write this, please refer to the Learning Guide Writing an Abstract.
STEP 7- --------------------------------------------The final step is checking your report to ensure you have followed all of the guidelines as outlined in your course information.
For more detail on how to do this well, please refer to the Learning Guide Editing Your Own Work.

4. A social organization claiming to be promoters of sex education sought the views of parents from the three
Indian states of Punjab, Bihar and Gujarat on introducing sex education at the school level. The views of 80
parents selected at random from each of the three states were found as under:

Do the sample data provide enough evidence to support the view that the proportion of parents in favour of
introducing sex education in schools is the same in all the three states? Use = 0.01.

Ans.
Ho = The Proportion of ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in the three states.

H1 = ------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------- of H1,

test

>

0.01

Where

-------------------------------------------------

Now, V = ----------------------------

( 2-1) -------------------------- 1 X --------------- = -----------

----------

------------------

-------

-----

-------

3.57

20

38.3

------

------------

-----------

--------

43.56

-----------

-------

41.7

-----------

-------------

60

-----------

------------

8.30

--------

41.6

43.56

---------------------------- =

Since

= ------------------------------------------

------------

0.01 = ----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- parents in favour of sex education in school is not the same in the three states.

5. Write short notes on:

i) Footnotes
Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of a page. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Here is an example:

When your reader comes across the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------they

simply refer to relevant sources -- they let your reader know where certain material came from, or where they can look for
other sources on the subject. To decide whether you should cite your sources in footnotes or in the body of your paper, you
should ask your instructor or see our section on citation styles.

Whenever possible, put the footnote at the end -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------or other punctuation mark. Otherwise, put it right at the end of the most relevant word. If the footnote is not at the end of a
sentence, skip only one space after it.
The only real difference is placement -- footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page, while endnotes all appear at the
end of your document. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- more likely to get your
reader's attention. Endnotes, on the other hand, are less intrusive and will not interrupt the flow of your paper.

ii) Exploratory Research

Exploratory research is research -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- relationship. Exploratory research helps determine the
best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme
caution. Given its fundamental nature, exploratory research often concludes that a perceived problem does not actually exist.
Exploratory research often relies on ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ by
services such as Google Alerts; comprehensive search results are tracked over lengthy periods of time by services such
as Google Trends; and websites may be created to attract worldwide feedback on any subject.
When the purpose of research is to gain -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------relevant hypothesis for more definite investigation.
The results of exploratory research are not usually useful for decision-making by themselves, but they can provide significant
insight into a given situation. Although the results of qualitative research can give some indication as to the "why", "how" and
"when" something occurs, it cannot tell us "how often" or "how many".
Exploratory research is not typically generalizable to the population at large.
Social exploratory research "seeks to find -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------or interpretive research, and is an attempt to unearth a theory from the data itself rather than from a predisposed hypothesis.

iii) Use of factor analysis.

Factor analysis is a statistical method used -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------is equivalent to low rank approximation of the matrix of observed variables. Factor analysis originated in psychometrics, and

is used in behavioral sciences, social sciences, marketing, product management, operations research, and other applied sciences
that deal with large quantities of data.

The purpose & uses of factor analysis

The main applications of factor analytic techniques are:
(1) To reduce -------------------------------------------------------- and
(2) To detect --------------------------------------------------- variables, that is to classify variables.
Therefore, factor analysis is applied as a data reduction or structure detection method (the term factor analysis was first
introduced by ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------with the concepts of variance and correlation; if not, we advise
that you read the Basic Statistics topic at this point.
Confirmatory factor analysis. Structural Equation Modeling (SEPATH) allows you to test specific hypotheses about the
factor structure for a set of variables, in one or several samples (e.g., you can compare factor structures across samples).
Correspondence analysis. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- between the rows and columns. The results provide
information which is similar in nature to those produced by factor analysis techniques, and they allow you to explore the
structure of categorical variables included in the table.

Normality: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- are multivariate normal

Linear relations between ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- bivariate scatterplots:
Is --------------------------------------------------------------------- linear?
Are there bivariate outliers?
Is the spread about the ----------------------------------------- (even (or cigar-shaped) as opposed to fanning in or out))?

Factorability is the assumption --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- among the

variables but not an extreme degree or singularity among the variables. Factorability can be examined via any of the following:

Inter-item -------------------------------------------- sizable correlations e.g., >.5?

Anti-image -------------------------------- - they should be > ~.5.

Measures of sampling ------------------------------------------

Kaiser-Myer------------------------------------ be > ~.5) and

Bartlett's test -------------------------------- (should be significant)

Sample size: The sample size should be large enough to yield reliable estimates of correlations among the variables:

Ideally, there should be a large ratio of N / k (-----------------------------------------

e.g., if there are 20 items in the survey, ------------------------------- cases)

EFA can still be reasonably ---------------------------------------

Bare min. for pilot ------------------------------------ 3:1.

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