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STD.XII Sci.
Perfect Physics - II
Salient Features
Exhaustive coverage of syllabus in Question Answer Format.
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P.O.No.10858
10103_10331_JUP
Preface
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get
through to you.
Std. XII Sci. : PERFECT PHYSICS - II is a complete and thorough guide critically analysed and
extensively drafted to boost the students confidence. The book is prepared as per the Maharashtra State board syllabus
and provides answers to all textual and intext questions. Sub-topic wise classified question and answer format of
this book helps the student to understand each and every concept thoroughly. Neatly labelled diagrams have been
provided wherever required.
National Council Of Educational Research And Training (NCERT) questions and problems based on
Maharashtra board syllabus have been provided along with solutions for a better grasp of the concept and preparing
the students on a competitive level.
Additional information about a concept is provided in the form of Note. To develop better understanding of
concepts; relevant points and questions are discussed in the form of Additional Information. Brain Teasers are
theory questions and numericals build within the frame work of State Board syllabus to develop higher order thinking
among students. Concept Builders are designed to enable the students guage their grasp of a given concept and
strengthen it further. A quick review of each chapter is provided in the form of Summary. Definitions, statements and
laws are specified with italic representation. Formulae are provided in every chapter which are the main tools to
tackle numericals. Solved problems are provided to understand the application of different concepts and formulae.
Practice problems and multiple choice questions help the students to test their range of preparation and the
amount of knowledge of each topic. Hints have been provided for selected multiple choice questions to help the
students overcome conceptual or mathematical hinderances.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think weve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, wed love to hear from you.
Please write to us on : mail@targetpublications.org
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
PAPER
PAPER PATTERN
Physics paper will consist of two parts viz: Part-I and Part-II.
The sequence of the 4 Questions in each part may or may not remain same.
(7 Marks)
(12 Marks)
(9 Marks)
(7 Marks)
Marks
Percentage (%)
Objectives
14
14
20
Short Answers
42
56
60
Brief Answers
14
28
20
Total
70
98
100
Topicwise Weightage
Topic Name
No.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Marks Without
Option
Marks With
Option
03
04
03
03
03
03
04
03
04
03
02
04
06
04
04
04
04
06
04
06
04
03
Contents
Sr. No.
10
Unit
Wave Theory of light
Page No.
1
11
33
12
Electrostatics
76
13
Current Electricity
120
14
155
15
Magnetism
183
16
Electromagnetic Induction
201
17
252
18
276
19
Semiconductors
317
20
Communication System
352
367
369
371
373
375
377
379
Note:
10
WaveTheoryofLight
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
Syllabus
10.0
Introduction
10.1
10.2
10.3
Huygens principle
10.4
Construction of plane
spherical wavefront
10.5
and
10.0 Introduction
Q.1. State
the
postulates
of
Newtons
corpuscular theory.
10.6
10.7
Polarisation
10.8
10.9
Brewsters law
10.10
Polaroid
10.11
i.
ii.
iii.
v.
iii.
Newtons
of
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
Additional Information
Maxwells electromagnetic theory:
i.
Maxwell postulated the existence of
electromagnetic waves.
ii.
According to Maxwell, light waves are
electromagnetic waves which require no
material medium for their propagation. So
light can travel through a medium where there
is no atmosphere i.e., in vacuum.
iii. Thus, Maxwell established relationship
between electricity and magnetism.
iv. Electromagnetic nature of light was
experimentally proved by Maxwell in 1873.
Plancks quantum theory:
i.
Max planck proposed quantum theory in order
to explain black body radiation.
ii.
According to Plancks quantum theory, light is
propagated in the form of packets of light
energy called quanta.
iii. Each quantum of light (photon) has energy,
E = h
where, h = Plancks constant
= 6.63 1034 Js
= frequency of light
10.1 Wave theory of light
*Q.3. Give a brief account of Huygens wave
theory of light.
[Oct 01, 04]
Ans: Huygens wave theory of light:
In 1678, Dutch physicist Christian Huygens
proposed a theory to explain the wave nature
of light. This theory is called Huygens wave
theory of light.
According to wave theory of light, a source of
light sends out disturbance in all directions.
When these waves carrying energy reach the
eye, they excite the optic nerves and the
sensation of vision is produced.
Main postulates of Huygens wave theory:
i.
Light energy from a source is
propagated in the form of waves: The
particles of the medium vibrate about
their mean positions in the form of
simple harmonic motion. Thus, the
particles transfer energy from one
particle to its neighbouring particle and
reach the observer.
ii.
In homogeneous isotropic medium, the
velocity of wave remains constant:
Speed of the wave is not affected
2
iii.
iv.
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
iv.
Additional Information
ct
S
C
iv.
v.
wavefront
N2
wave normal
Q
Q
Q
N3
Wave surface:
The surface of sphere with source as
centre and distance travelled by light
wave as radius where each wave arrives
simultaneously is called wave surface.
N1
Concept Builder
Concept of wavefront:
i.
According to Huygens theory, light travels in
the form of waves which are emitted from the
source.
ii.
Consider a point source S of light situated in
air or vacuum. Light waves spread out in all
possible directions from the source of light
with same speed c.
iii. After time t seconds, each light wave covers a
distance equal to ct.
Wave normal:
A perpendicular drawn to the surface of
a wavefront at any point of a wavefront
in the direction of propagation of light
waves is called a wave normal.
P
S
P1
P2
Q Q1 Q2
R
R1
R2
Spherical wavefront
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
ii.
Plane wavefront:
A wavefront originating from a point
source of light at infinite distance is
called plane wavefront.
Example: The light from the Sun
reaches the surface of the Earth in the
form of plane wavefront.
Ray of light
(Wave normal)
Source at
infinity
Plane wavefront
iii.
Cylindrical wavefront:
A wavefront originating from a linear
source (slit) of light at a finite distance
is called cylindrical wavefront.
Example: A tube light emits cylindrical
wavefront.
Ray of light
(Wave normal)
Cylindrical wavefront
iv.
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
10.4 Construction of plane and spherical wavefront
Brain Teaser
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Point
Source
Rays
ct
Figure (a)
Plane
wave front
i.
ii.
iii.
N1
Q1
N2
R1
N3
ct
Q
ct
Rays
Figure (b)
P1
v.
vi.
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
ii.
N1
ct
iii.
P1
Q
R
Explanation:
ct
Q1
N2
ct
R1
N3
PQR : Primary wavefront,
P1Q1R1 : Secondary wavefront after time t,
SPN1, SQN2, SRN3 : Wave normals at P, Q, R
iii.
i r
A1
B1
Reflection of light
XY : Plane reflecting surface
AB : Plane wavefront
RB1 : Reflecting wavefront
A1M, B1N : Normal to the plane
AA1M = BB1N = i = Angle of incidence
TA1M = QB1N = r = Angle of reflection
i.
ii.
iii.
i r
iv.
v.
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
vi.
Explanation:
Phenomenon of refraction can be explained on
the basis of wave theory of light.
B
RA1B1 = 90 r
PB1A1 = 90 i
vii. In A1RB1 and A1PB1
A1RB1 A1PB1
A1R = PB1 (Reflected waves travel equal
distance in same medium in equal time).
A1B1 = A1B1 (common side)
A1RB1 A1PB1
RA1B1 = PB1A1
90 r = 90 I
i=r
viii. Also from the figure, it is clear that
incident ray, reflected ray and normal lie
in the same plane.
ix. This explains laws of reflection of light
from plane reflecting surface on the
basis of Huygens wave theory.
Note:
1.
Frequency, wavelength and speed of light do
not change after reflection.
2.
If reflection takes place from a denser
medium, then phase changes by radian.
Q.16. Draw neat and labelled ray diagram of
reflection of light from a plane reflecting
surface using plane wavefront.
[Mar 96, Oct 99, 04, 12]
Ans: Refer Q.15 (diagram)
10.6 Refraction of a plane wavefront at a plane
surface
Q.17.*Explain refraction of light on the basis of
wave theory. Hence prove laws of refraction.
[Mar 96, Mar 13 old course]
OR
Prove the laws of refraction on the basis of
wave theory of light.
[Mar 02, 03, 05, Oct 03, 05, 06]
Ans: Laws of refraction:
i.
Ratio of velocity of light in rarer medium
to velocity of light in denser medium is a
constant called refractive index of denser
medium w.r.t. rarer medium.
ii.
The incident rays, refracted rays and
normal lie in the same plane.
iii. Incident ray and refracted ray lie on
opposite sides of normal.
M
M1
P
A
i
X
A1
r
N
air (1)
r
r
N1
B1
Y
glass (2)
R1
Refraction of light
i.
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
Proof of laws of refraction:
i.
From figure,
AA1M + MA1P = 90
and
MA1P + PA1B1 = 90
From equations (1) and (2),
AA1M = PA1B1 = i
ii.
Similarly,
NA1R = N1B1R1 = r
We have,
N1B1R1 + N1B1R = 90
and
N1B1R + A1B1R = 90
From equations (3) and (4),
N1B1R1 = A1B1R = r
iii.
.(2)
.(3)
.(4)
= c1t
A1B1
.(5)
In A1 RB1 ,
sin r =
v.
PB1
A1B1
c t
A1R
= 2
A1B1
A1B1
.(6)
c
sin i
= 1
sin r
c2
Also
vi.
c1 2
=
= 12
c 2 1
.(7)
.(8)
i > r
sin i
>1
sin r
2
> 1 .(1)
1
ii.
Since ,
c1
>1
c2
.(1)
In A1PB1,
sin i =
iv.
From figure,
(Refer figure of Q. 17 Refraction of light)
c1 2
=
c 2 1
.[From 1]
c1 > c2
ii.
Unit: m1 in SI system and cm1 in CGS
system.
iii. Dimensions: [M0L1T0]
Note:
1.
During refraction, speed and wavelength of
light change but frequency remains the same.
2.
Change in wavelength is due to change in speed
of light as it travels from one medium to another.
3.
More dense is the medium, smaller is the
wavelength.
4.
Phase of light does not change during
refraction.
10.7 Polarisation
*Q.21.What do you mean by polarisation? [Oct 09]
Ans: Polarisation:
The phenomenon of restriction of the vibration
of light waves in a particular plane
perpendicular to direction of wave motion is
called polarisation of light.
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
Concept Builder
Concept of Polarisation:
i.
Consider two slits S1 and S2 which are kept
parallel to each other. A string AB is passed
through both the slits. One end of the string A
is in our hand and the other end B is fixed to a
rigid support as shown in figure (a).
ii.
Now, end A of string is given a jerk up and
down so that transverse wave is formed in the
string. It is observed that, transverse wave
passes through both the parallel slits without
loss in amplitude of vibrations as shown in
figure (b).
iii. Now the slit S2 is kept perpendicular to slit S1. In
this case, transverse wave travels up to slit S2 but
there are no vibrations in the string through S2 as
shown in figure (c). This means slit S2 does not
allow the transverse wave to pass through it.
In this case, amplitude of vibration reduces to
zero.
S2
S1
A
S1
Figure (a)
S2
A
Figure (b)
S1
S2
Note:
1.
There is no effect of position of slit on the
propagation of longitudinal waves. This means
longitudinal waves cannot be polarised.
2.
There is effect of position of slit on the
propagation of transverse waves. This means,
transverse waves can be polarised. So, polarisation
is the property of transverse waves only.
Additional Information
Explanation of transverse nature of light:
i.
Consider a tourmaline crystal C1 with its
crystallographic axis perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of light.
ii.
Ordinary light (unpolarised light) is made
incident on crystal C1 as shown in figure (a).
iii. The components of electric field vector which
are in the plane of paper pass through the crystal
and the components of electric field vector
which are perpendicular to the plane of paper are
blocked.
iv. Light transmitted through the crystal C1 has only
one component of electric vector. Thus, crystal
C1 has restricted the vibration of light in one
direction. Thus light is polarised by crystal C1.
Hence C1 is called polariser and the light
transmitted by it is called linearly polarised light.
v.
Now, another tourmaline crystal C2 with its axis
parallel to crystal C1 is placed in the path of
linearly polarised light. In this case, polarised
light is fully transmitted through crystal C2.
vi. When the crystal C2 is rotated with respect to
crystal C1, the intensity of light transmitted by
crystal C2 decreases.
vii. When axis of crystal C2 is perpendicular to cryst
C1, then no light is transmitted through the cryst
C2 as shown in figure (b).
Figure (c)
iv.
v.
C1
Plane
polarised
light
C2
Plane
polarised
light
Unpolarised
light
C1
Figure (a)
Plane
polarised
C2
light
No light
Unpolarised
light
Figure (b)
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
v.
vi.
Unpolarised light
Unpolarised light
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
A Plane of vibration
P
Unpolarised Q
light
D
Plane of
polarisation
Analyser
Polariser
R
B
Ordinary light
Light unaffected
Analyser
No light
Ordinary light
ip
X
C
Plane polarised light
Medium I
ip
rp
90
Medium II
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
ii.
iii.
iv.
sin 90 i p
sin i p
cosi p
tan ip =
Hence proved.
[Oct 09]
ip
X
rp
iii.
12
90
ii.
Completely plane
polarised light
ip = r
.(1)
sin rp
sin i p
cosi p
sin rp = cos ip
cos ( 90 rp ) = cos ip
90 rp = ip
iv.
ip + rp = 90
.(3)
In the figure, ip = r
[from laws of reflection]
But ip + rp + DBC = 180
DBC = 90
BD BC
Hence reflected and refracted rays are
perpendicular at polarising angle.
sin i p
Note:
1.
When rays of light are allowed to fall on a
transparent or translucent object, then some
part of light gets reflected and remaining part
gets refracted. This phenomenon is called
partial reflection.
2.
In 1808, Malus discovered the phenomenon of
polarisation by reflection.
3.
When a beam of unpolarised monochromatic
light is incident on a plane glass plate, some
part of light is reflected while the rest is
transmitted. The reflected light is partially
polarised. At certain angle of incidence,
reflected ray is completely polarised.
10.10 Polaroids
Q.33. What is a polaroid?
Ans: A large sheet of synthetic material packed
with tiny crystals of a dichroic substance
oriented parallel to one another so that it
transmits light only in one direction of the
electric vector is called a polaroid.
OR
A thin and large sheet of synthetic material
capable of producing plane polarised beams
of large cross-section is called polaroid.
Example: H-Polaroids, K-Polaroids etc.
Polaroid
S
Unpolarised light
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
iii.
Additional Information
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
i.
ii.
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
vi.
1 v
c = cv
= 0
0
2
c v
1 v
iv.
v.
14
.(1)
v
=
c
0
.(2)
[where, = 0]
The negative sign is used in equation (2)
when the source moves away from the
observer and we substitute the
magnitude of v. Similarly, (+) sign is
used when the source moves towards the
observer and we substitute the
magnitude of v.
v
=
.(3)
c
0
In equation (3), we use the positive sign
when the source moves away from the
observer and we put the magnitude of v,
Similarly, when the source moves
towards the observer, () sign and
magnitude of v is used.
Blue shift:
When the source is approaching the
observer, then the frequency of light
appears to be increasing or wavelength
appears to be decreasing, i.e., the
spectral line in electromagnetic
spectrum gets displaced towards violet
end, hence it is known as blue shift.
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
Q.41. Explain the Doppler effect in measurement
of plasma temperature.
Ans: i.
In thermonuclear fusion experiments,
scientists come across extremely hot
gases or plasma where the temperature
is of the order of millions of degree
celsius.
ii.
At such high temperatures, molecules of
glowing gas are moving away and
towards the observer with high speeds.
iii. Due to Doppler effect, the wavelength
of a particular spectral line is apparently
changed.
iv. One edge of the line now corresponds to
an apparently increased wavelength
due to molecules moving directly
towards the observer and the other edge
to an apparently decreased wavelength
2 due to molecules moving directly
away from the observer.
v.
The line is thus observed to be
broadened. The breadth of the line can be
measured by using a diffraction grating.
vi. Since and c are known, the
velocity v can be calculated using the
formula,
3RT
, where R is the molar gas
M
constant, T is absolute temperature and
M is the mass of one mole.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
c
sin i
= a = a =
cg
g
sin r
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
v=
1.
2.
15
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
Formulae
1.
2.
Snells law: 12 =
3.
4.
5.
sin i
c
= 2 = 1= 1
sin r
1
c2 2
ab =
b c c a
iii.
ca
1
a c
iv.
ab bc = ac
ii.
ca
6.
Wave number: =
7.
1
Critical angle: ic = sin1
8.
9.
v
Dopplers shift:
= =
0
c 0
Solved Examples
Example 1
What is the wave number of a beam of light in air
if its frequency is 9 1014 Hz?
[Given: c = 3 108 m/s]
Solution:
Given:
= 9 1014 Hz, c = 3 108 m/s
To find:
Wave number
Formula:
v =
Calculation: From formula,
v
c
=
=
....[ v = c for air]
1
9 1014
Now, =
=
3 108
c
= 3 106 m1
Ans: The wave number of the beam is 3 106 m1.
16
Example 2
The refractive index of glass is 1.5. What is the
speed of light in glass? [Speed of light in vacuum
is 3 108 ms1]
(NCERT)
Solution:
= 1.5, c = 3 108 m s1
Given:
The speed of light in glass (vg)
To find:
c
Formula:
=
vg
Calculation: From formula,
c
vg =
3 108
1.5
vg = 2 108 m s1
Ans: The speed of light in glass is 2 108 m s1.
=
Example 3
Light of wavelength 4500 in water has a
wavelength 4000 in glass. Find the R.I. of glass
w.r.t. water.
Solution:
w = 4500 , g = 4000
Given:
To find:
Refractive index (wg)
w
Formula:
wg =
g
Calculation: From formula,
4500
9
=
wg =
4000
8
=
1.125
w g
Ans: The refractive index of glass w.r.t. water is
1.125.
Example 4
The number of waves in 6 cm of vacuum is same
as the number of waves in x cm of a medium. If
3
the refractive index of the medium is , find x.
2
[Oct 10]
Solution:
Given:
Number of waves in 6 cm of vacuum
= Number of waves in x cm of
medium,
3
= .
2
To find:
Distance (x)
vac.
1
Formulae: i.
ii.
vacmed. =
med.
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
Calculation: Using formula (i),
1
1
and med
vac
vac
med
1
1
6
x
vac
med
.... [Given]
vac
6
=
med
x
....(1)
6
3
=
2
x
12
x=
3
x = 4 cm
Ans: The distance x is 4 cm.
....[From (1)]
Example 5
Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is
incident from air on a water surface. What are
the wavelength, frequency and speed of
(a) reflected and (b) refracted light? Refractive
index of water is 1.33.
Solution:
Given:
1 = 589 nm = 589 109 m,
c = 3 108 m/s, aw = 1.33
To find:
i.
Wavelength (1), frequency (1)
and speed (v1) of reflected light
ii. Wavelength(2), frequency (2) and
speed (v2) of refracted light
Formulae: i.
v =
1
v
= 1
ii.
aw =
2
v2
Calculation:
i.
For reflected light,
1 = 589 109 m
Using formula (i), we get
v1 = 11 or c = 11
Now, for air, v1 = c = 3 108 m/s
c
3108
1 =
=
589 109
1
3000
1014
589
1 = 5.09 1014 Hz
589 109
1.33
2 = 4.43 107 m
Using formula (ii),
v1
c
=
aw =
v2 v2
v2 =
c
3108
=
1.33
a w
Formulae:
ii.
i.
= 1
iii.
c =
ii.
ag
a
g
Calculation:
i.
Using formula (iii),
c 3 108
= 0.75 106
14
4 10
a = 7500
a =
2 = 1
a w
=
ii.
17
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
g =
a
7500 A
=
1.5
a g
g = 5000
= a g
= 7500 5000
= 2500
ii.
Now, using formula (i),
1
=
= 2 106 m1
0.5 106
Ans: i.
The change in wavelength of light is
2500 .
ii.
The wave number of light is 2 106 m1.
Example 7
The wavelength of monochromatic light is 5000
in air. What will be its wave number in air?
[Mar 13 old course]
Solution:
= 5000 = 5 107 m
Given:
To find:
Wave number ( )
1
Formula:
=
= 2 106 m1
Ans: The wave number of monochromatic light is
2 106 m1.
Example 8
A ray of light passes from air to a medium making
an angle of incidence 61 and angle of refraction
34. What is the refractive index of the medium?
Solution:
Given:
i = 61, r = 34
To find:
Refractive index of the medium (am)
sin i
Formula:
am =
sin r
Calculation: From formula,
sin 61
am =
sin 34
0.8746
=
0.5592
am = 1.564
Ans: The refractive index of the medium is 1.564.
18
Example 9
A ray of light is incident on a water surface of
4
making an angle of 40 with the
refractive index
3
surface. Find the angle of refraction.
[Mar 10]
Solution:
4
Given:
i = 50, w =
3
To find:
Angle of refraction (r)
sin i
Formula:
w =
sin r
Calculation: Using formula,
sin i
sin 50
=
sin r =
4
3
3
= 0.7660
4
= 0.5745
r
= sin1 (0.5745)
= 354
Ans: The angle of refraction of the ray of light is
354.
Example 10
What is the Brewster angle for air to glass
transition? [Refractive index of glass = 1.5]
(NCERT)
Solution:
Given:
= 1.5
To find:
Brewster angle (ip)
Formula:
= tan ip
Calculation: From formula,
ip = tan1 () = tan1 (1.5)
ip = 56.3 = 5618
Ans: Brewster angle for air to glass transition is
56.3 or 5618.
Example 11
For a glass plate as a polariser with refractive
index l.633, calculate the angle of incidence at
which light is polarised.
[Mar 14]
Solution:
Given:
= 1.633
To find:
Polarising angle (ip)
Formula:
= tan ip
Calculation:
From formula we get,
ip = tan1 (1.633)
ip = 5831
Ans: The angle of incidence at which light is
polarised is 5831.
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
Example 12
A ray of light is incident on the surface of a glass
plate of refractive index 1.55 at the polarising
angle. Calculate the angle of refraction.
Solution:
R.I. of glass, = 1.55
Given:
To find:
Angle of refraction (r)
Formula:
tan ip =
Calculation: From formula,
tan ip = 1.55
ip = tan1(1.55) = 57 10
Since ip + r = 90,
r = 90 ip
= 90 (57 10)
r = 3250
Ans: The angle of refraction of the ray of light is
3250.
Example 13
For a given medium, the polarising angle is 60.
What will be the critical angle for the medium?
Solution:
Given:
ip = 60
To find:
Critical angle (ic)
Formulae: i.
= tan ip
1
ii.
=
sin i c
Calculation: Using formula (i) we get,
= tan 60 = 3
Using formula (ii) we get,
1
1
=
= 0.5774
sin ic =
ic = sin1 (0.5774)
ic = 3516
Ans: The critical angle for the medium is 3516.
*Example 14
If the critical angle of a medium is sin1 (3/5), find
the polarising angle.
[Mar 15]
Solution:
Given:
To find:
Formula:
ic = sin1
5
Polarising angle (ip)
= tan ip
Calculation: sin ic =
3
(from given data)
5
But, =
1
5
1
=
= = 1.667
sin i c 3 3
5
From formula,
ip = tan1 ()
ip = tan1 (1.667)
ip = 592
Ans: The polarising angle of the medium is 592.
*Example 15
Red light of wavelength 6400 in air has
wavelength 4000 in glass. If the wavelength of
violet light in air is 4400 , find its wavelength in
[Mar 2000, Oct 14]
glass. (Assume that r v)
Solution:
(r)air = 6400 , (r)glass = 4000 ,
Given:
(v)air = 4400
To find:
Wavelength (v)glass
Formula:
ag
r air
v air
=
r glass v glass
(v)glass = (v)air
(v)glass = 2750
Ans: The wavelength of violet light in glass is 2750 .
Example 16
The speed of light in air is 3 108 m/s. If the R.I.
of glass is 1.5, then find the time taken by light to
travel a distance of 20 cm in glass.
Solution:
c = 3 108 m/s, ag = 1.5,
Given:
dg = 20 cm = 0.2 m
To find:
Time of travel (t)
Formula:
ag
c
vg
vg =
30
c
3 108
=
=
108
15
1.5
a g
vg = 2 108 m/s
The time taken by light to travel a
distance of 2 101 m in glass is given
by,
t=
dg
vg
0.2
= 1 109 s
2 108
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
Example 17
The velocity of light in air is 3 108 m/s. Find the
frequency and wavelength of a beam of light in
diamond whose wavelength in air is 4800 .
[Given: R.I. of diamond is 2.4]
Solution:
c = 3 108 m/s, ad = 2.4
Given:
a = 4800 = 48 108 m
To find:
i.
Wavelength in diamond (d)
ii.
Frequency in diamond (d)
a
ii.
c =
Formulae: i.
ad =
d
Calculation: Using formula (i) we get,
d = a
a d
4800
48000
=
=
= 2000
2.4
24
d = 2000
Now using formula (ii),
c = a a
c
a =
a
=
Ans: i.
ii.
3 108
= 6.25 1014 Hz
48 108
But, d = a
Frequency remains same
d = 6.25 1014 Hz
The wavelength of light in diamond is
2000 .
The frequency of light in diamond is
6.25 1014 Hz.
Example 18
The velocity of light in air is 3 108 m/s. Find the
frequency and wavelength of a beam of light in
diamond whose wavelength in air is 4500 .
[Given: R.I. of diamond = 2.4]
Solution:
c = 3 108 m/s,
Given:
a = 4500 = 4.5 107 m, ad = 2.4
To find:
i.
Frequency in diamond (d)
ii.
Wavelength in diamond (d)
Formulae:
a =
i.
c
a
ii.
ad
a
d
a =
=
20
d =
7
= 4.5 10 = 1.875 107 m
2.4
Ans: i.
ii.
d = 1875
The frequency of light in diamond is
6.67 1014 Hz.
The wavelength of light in diamond is
1875 .
Example 19
For a light wave of certain frequency, the
difference in the wavelength in alcohol of R.I.
1.35 and glass of R.I. 1.5. is 440 . Find the
frequency of light wave. [Given: c = 3 108 m/s]
Solution:
Given:
aalc = 1.35, ag = 1.5, alc g = 440
To find:
Frequency (a)
Formula: 12 = 1
2
Calculation: From formula,
a
aalc =
alc
alc =
a
a alc
Now, ag =
g =
.(1)
a
g
a
a g
.(2)
Subtracting equation
equation (1),
a
alc g =
a
a alc
a g
(2)
1
1
a alc a g
= a
1
1
440 = a
1.35 1.5
1.5 1.35
c
a
440 = a
(1.5) (1.35)
3 108
= 6.67 1014 Hz
7
4.5 10
440 = a
(1.5) (1.35)
0.15
from
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
a =
3 108
a =
= 0.5051 1015
5940 1010
a = 5.051 1014 Hz
Ans: The frequency of light wave is 5.051 1014 Hz.
Example 20
The light of wavelength 6400 is incident
normally on a plane parallel glass slab of
thickness 5 cm and = 1.6. The beam takes the
same time to travel from the source to the
incident surface as it takes to travel through the
slab. Find the distance of the source from the
incident surface. What is the frequency and
wavelength of the light in glass?
[Given: c = 3 108 m/s]
Solution:
a = 6400 = 6.4 107 m,
Given:
dg = 5 102 m, ag = 1.6,
c = 3 108 m/s
To find:
i.
Distance of source (da)
ii.
Frequency in glass (g)
iii. Wavelength in glass (g)
d
ii. ag = a
Formulae: i. t =
c
g
Calculation: ta = tg (given)
From formula (i),
da dg
c vg
c da
v g dg
But,
da
dg
ag
da = ag dg = 1.6 5 102
da = 8 cm
From formula (ii),
ag =
Ans: i.
ii.
iii.
a
g
6400 64000
a
=
=
1.6
16
a g
g =
g = 4000
Now c = a a
3 108
3
c
=
=
1015
a =
7
a
6.4 10
6.4
a = 4.68 1014 Hz
But, a = g
g = 4.68 1014 Hz
The distance of source from incident
surface is 8 cm.
The frequency of light in glass is
4.68 1014 Hz.
The wavelength of light in glass is
4000 .
Example 21
A parallel beam of monochromatic light is
incident on glass slab at an angle of incidence 60.
Find the ratio of the widths of the beam in glass
to that in air, if refractive index of glass is 1.5.
[Mar 01, Oct 15]
Solution:
Given:
i = 60, g = 1.5,
Let dg = width of beam in glass slab,
da = width of beam in air
dg
To find:
Ratio of widths
da
d g cos r
sin i
Formulae: i.
g =
ii.
=
cosi
da
sin r
Calculation: From formula (i),
sin i
sin r =
g
c
= ag
vg
sin 60
0.8660
=
= 0.5773
1.5
1.5
r = sin1 (0.5773) = 35 16
From formula (ii),
d g cos r
cos3516'
=
=
cosi
cos 60
da
d g 0.8164
= 1.6
=
0.5
da
sin r =
dg
da
16
=8:5
10
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
*Example 22
The refractive indices of water for red and violet
colours are 1.325 and 1.334 respectively. Find the
difference between velocities of the rays for these
two colours in water.
[Oct 98, Oct 13]
Solution:
r = 1.325, v = 1.334
Given:
To find:
Difference between velocities (vr vv)
c
Formula:
=
v
Calculation: From formula,
c
3 108
=
= 2.264 108 m/s
r
1.325
Similarly,
vr =
vv =
c
3 108
=
= 2.249 108 m/s
v
1.334
Now,
vr vv = 2.264 108 2.249 108
= 0.015 108 m/s
N
Rarer
medium
Denser
medium
Ar
Now,
da
22
0.7289
sin 46.8
=
sin 70
0.9396
*Example 24
The width of a plane incident wavefront is found
to be doubled in a denser medium. If it makes an
angle of 70 with surface, calculate the refractive
index for the denser medium.
Solution:
AB = width of incident
Rarer
medium
Denser
medium
B
i
wavefront
i
i
CD = width of refracted
wavefront
r
D
N1
N2
Given:
i = 70, CD = 2AB
To find:
Refractive index ()
Formulae:
i.
cosi AB
cos r CD
ii.
sin i
sin r
cos r
2AB
0.3420 1
cos r
2
=
=2
AB
cosi
cos r = 2 cos i
cos r = 2 0.3420
sin r
sin i
da = 0.78
Ans: The refractive index for the rarer medium is
0.78.
[cos 70 = 0.3420]
= 0.684
r = cos1 (0.684) = 46.8
cos r = 0.684
r = 4651
From formula (ii),
=
sin 70
0.9397
=
= 1.288
Ans: The refractive index for the denser medium is
1.288.
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
*Example 25
If the difference in velocities of light in glass and
water is 0.25 108 m/s, find the velocity of light in
air. [Given : g = 1.5, w = 4/3]
Solution:
4
g = 1.5 and w =
Given:
3
vw vg = 0.25 108 m/s
To find:
Velocity of light in air (c)
c
Formula:
=
v
Calculation: From formula,
c
c
g =
and w =
vw
vg
c
c
and vw =
g
w
vg =
vw v g =
0.25 108 = c
4 / 3 1.5
c
c
=c
w g
1
3 10
1
1
w g
1
3
=c =c
4 15
4 3
9 8
=c
12
1
0.25 108 = c
12
c = 12 0.25 108
c = 3 108 m/s
Ans: The velocity of light in air is 3.00 108 m/s.
Example 26
If the difference in velocities of light in glass and
water is 2.7 107 m/s, find the velocity of light in
air.
(Refractive index of glass = 1.5, Refractive index
of water = 1.333)
[Mar 14]
Solution:
Given:
g = 1.5, w = 1.333,
vw vg = 2.7 107 m/s
To find:
Velocity of light in air (c)
c
Formula:
=
v
Calculation: From formula we get,
c
c
g =
and w =
vg
vw
c
c
and vw =
vg =
g
w
c
c
w g
vw vg =
2.7 107 = c
1.333 1.5
1.5 1.333
1.333 1.5
0.167
2.7 107 = c
1.333 1.5
1.33 1.5 2.7 107
c=
0.167
= c
Reflected ray
i i
O
B
Refracted ray
D
c
3 108
=
= 1.5
vg
2 108
From formula,
=
sin i
sin i
sin i
=
=
= tan i
sin 90 i cos i
sin r
i 5619
Ans: The angle of incidence of the ray is 5619.
23
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
Example 28
Light of wavelength 5000 falls on a plane
reflecting surface. What are the wavelength and
frequency of the reflected light? For what angle
of incidence is the reflected ray normal to the
incident ray?
(NCERT)
Solution:
= 5000 = 5000 1010 m, c = 3 108 m s1,
Wavelength of reflected light = Wavelength
of' incident light = 5000
Also,
c
3 108
v= =
= 6 1014 Hz
10
5000 10
Now, i = r
Also, i + r = 90
i + i = 90 or 2i = 90
i = 45
Ans: i.
The wavelength and frequency of light
is 5000 and 6 1014 Hz respectively.
ii.
At 45, the reflected ray is normal to the
incident ray.
Example 29
The earth is moving towards a fixed star with a
velocity of 30 km s1. An observer on the earth
observes a shift of 0.58 in the wavelength of
light coming from the star. Find the actual
wavelength of light emitted by the star.
Solution:
Given:
v = 30 km s1 = 30 103 ms1,
= 0.58 , c = 3 108 ms1
To find:
Actual wavelength of light emitted
(0)
v
Formula:
=
c
0
Calculation: From formula,
c
0 =
v
3 108
0 =
0.58
30 103
0 = 5800
Ans: Actual wavelength of light emitted by the star
is 5800 .
Example 30
6563 H line emitted by hydrogen in a star is
found to be red-shifted by 15 . Estimate the
speed with which the star is receding from the
Earth.
(NCERT)
Solution:
Given:
0 = 6563 = 6.563 107 m
24
Speed (v)
v
Formula:
=
c
0
Calculation: From formula,
v=
c
0
To find:
15 1010
3 108
6563 1010
v = 6.86 105 m s1
Ans: The speed with which the star is receding from
earth is 6.86 105 m s1.
=
Example 31
With what speed should a galaxy move with
respect to us so that the sodium line at 589.0 nm
is observed at 589.6 nm?
Solution:
= 589.6 589 = 0.6 nm
Given:
To find:
Speed of the galaxy (v)
v
Formula:
=
c
0
Calculation: From formula,
v=
c
0
0.6
8
=
3 10
589
= 3.06 105 ms1
v = 306 km/s
Ans: The galaxy should move with a speed of
306 km/s.
Example 32
A light source approaches the observer with
velocity 0.8 c. Find the Doppler shift for the light
of wavelength 5500 .
Solution:
= 5500 , v = 0.8 c
Given:
To find:
Doppler shift ( )
Formula:
1 v / c
1 v / c
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
100.4
0
100
100.4
=
100
0
On subtracting 1 from both sides, we get,
100.4
1=
1
100
0
10.
0
100.4 100
=
100
0
11.
0
0.4
=
100
0
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Example 33
A characteristic wavelength of light from a
galaxy is observed to be increased in wavelength
as compared with terrestrial sources, by about
0.4%. What is the radial speed of the galaxy with
respect to earth?
Solution:
100.4
Given:
=
0
100
To find:
Radial speed (v)
v
Formula:
=
c
0
Calculation: Since, =
= 0.004
0
From formula,
v
= 0.004
c
EXERCISE
Section A: Practice Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 v / c
1 v2 / c2
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
1.
2.
3.
Define:
i.
Wavefront
5.
6.
8.
6.
7.
8.
ii.
Wave normal
[Mar 99, Oct 2000, 06]
4.
7.
5.
3
4
Given g = 2 and w 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
In isotropic medium,
(A) speed of light changes.
(B) speed of light remains constant.
(C) direction of propagation of
changes.
(D) wavelength of light changes.
1.
2.
3.
4.
26
[Oct 11]
light
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
5.
12.
A wavefront is
(A) a surface perpendicular to the direction
of propagation of light.
(B) a surface parallel to the direction of
propagation of light.
(C) a surface without any specific orientation
to direction of propagation of light.
(D) a surface which has nothing to do with
intensity of light.
6.
13.
7.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
8.
9.
10.
11.
27
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
20.
28.
21.
29.
22.
30.
23.
31.
32.
33.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28
2 cos1
2
cos1
2
(B)
cos1 ()
(D)
2 sin1
2
(C)
1
2
(D)
12
sin r
sin i
to pass through
whose refractive
2 108 s
2 1011 s
34.
35.
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
36.
37.
38.
39.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
40.
41.
42.
(C)
(D) n
n
29
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
30
58.
59.
60.
61.
(C)
62.
63.
64.
65.
Chapter10:WaveTheoryofLight
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
ANSWERS
Section A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
4.5 105 m1
1.5
1.847
6150
533
5857
30
6733
1.54
180 km h1
i.
1.67
ii.
1.33
iii. 1.25
6.67 1014 Hz, 2903
2 108 m/s, 2.25 108 m/s, 1.125
1.245
37, 1.327
0.44
Section C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Section D
1.
5.
9.
13.
17.
21.
25.
29.
33.
37.
41.
45.
49.
53.
57.
61.
65.
69.
(B)
(D)
(D)
(B)
(D)
(B)
(C)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(C)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(C)
2.
6.
10.
14.
18.
22.
26.
30.
34.
38.
42.
46.
50.
54.
58.
62.
66.
70.
(C)
(A)
(A)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(B)
(D)
(C)
(A)
3.
7.
11.
15.
19.
23.
27.
31.
35.
39.
43.
47.
51.
55.
59.
63.
67.
71.
(A)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(C)
(B)
(B)
(D)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(D)
(C)
(D)
(A)
(B)
4.
8.
12.
16.
20.
24.
28.
32.
36.
40.
44.
48.
52.
56.
60.
64.
68.
(B)
(D)
(A)
(C)
(D)
(C)
(A)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(D)
(C)
(C)
(D)
(B)
31
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsII
24.
sin i
sin r
cos r =
= cos1 i = 2 cos1
2
2
2
30.
glass
vglass =
oil
1.68
v
= oil = 1.4
1.2
v glass
1
voil
1.14
Using c = ,
g =
g = a
g
a g
3
1
3
2
106
=
106
4
1.5
4
3
=
1
106 m
2
% change in wavelength =
3
1
106 106
2
= 4
100
3
106
4
=
=
32
1
.
1.4
c 3108
3
=
=
106 m
14
4 10
4
Now, ag =
r = cos1
2
2
Using,
3106 2 106
100
3106
100
= 33.33% 33%
3
a g
a
100
v
=
c 0
v
0.2c
0 =
4 107 = 0.8 107 Hz
c
c
Frequency of the signal as observed by the
observer on earth = 0
= 4 107 0.8 107
= 3.2 107 Hz
=
Given that, i = 2r
a =
71.