Chapter 3

Stoichiometry
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

Mole Concept
Empirical Formulas
Molecular Formula
Balanced Chemical Equations
Calculations from Balanced Chemical Equations
Limiting Reagents
Yield
Summary

HW #P2
P2 will be covered by Quiz 1 and Exam 1.

Chapter 3
Stoichiometry Amounts

How do we measure amounts?

A.

Mole Concept (Fig. 3.9 and 3.12)

Atoms are small and difficult to count; the mole is
a convenient laboratory-scale number of particles.
Definition A mole is the amount of substance
that contains as many elementary entities (atoms,
molecules, ions, etc.) as there are atoms in exactly 12 g
of 12C.
12 g of 12C has 6.022 1023 atoms of 12C
6.022 1023 is called Avogadro's number
1 mole of O2 has 6.022 1023 molecules of oxygen
1 mole of H2O has 6.022 1023 molecules of water

Note that the mole is also defined by relation to mass

1 mole of 12C = 12 g of 12C
1 atom of 12C = 12 amu
1 mole of a compound equals the mass of the compound in
grams equal to the molecular mass
12.00 g 12C = 1 mole 12C = 6.022 1023 atoms of
32.06 g S = 1 mole S = 6.022 1023 atoms of S
12.01 g C = 1 mole C = 6.022 1023 atoms of C

12

18.0 g of H2O = 1 mole H2O = 6.0 1023 molecules of H2O

32.0 g of O2 = 1 mole O2 = 6.0 1023 molecules of O2
Examples:
1)

What is the molar mass of glucose, C6H12O6?

2)

How many carbon atoms are in 1.00 mole of

C6H12O6?

3)

How many moles of CO2 are in 1.00 g of CO2?

4)

How many molecules of CO are in 1.00 g of CO?

B.

Empirical Formulas, Fig 3.13

An empirical formula gives the relative number of
atoms of each element that comprises a compound.
Empirical formulas can be calculated from the
amounts of each element.

Examples:
1)

Antimony (Sb) with a mass of 2.435 g is heated with

sulfur making a compound of mass 3.397 g. What
is the empirical formula?

2)

A sample of ascorbic acid contains 0.410 g C,

0.045 g H and 0.545 g O. What is the empirical
formula of ascorbic acid?

3)

C.

Phosgene, a poison gas used in WWII has a %

composition 12.1% C, 16.2% O and 71.7% Cl. What
is the empirical formula of phosgene?

Molecular Formula
A molecular formula gives the actual number of
atoms of each element in one molecule of a compound.
To obtain a molecular formula from an empirical
formula one needs only the molecular mass.
In a molecular formula, the subscripts are whole
number multiples of the subscripts in an empirical
formula.
(empirical formula) n = molecular formula

Examples:
1)

Ascorbic acid has a molecular mass of 176 amu.

What is its molecular formula?

2)

Phosgene has a molecular mass of 99 amu. What is

the molecular formula for phosgene?

3)

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What

is the percent composition for each element?

D.

Balanced Chemical Equations, Fig 3.2, 3.3

C + O2

CO2

reactants

product(s)

chemical equation

When there are the same number of atoms of each element

on each side of the arrow, the equation is balanced.
For now we will use "Trial and Error".
1.

Write reactants and products.

2.

Determine the # of atoms of each element in

reactants and products.

3.

Use coefficients to make #s of atoms the same.

4.

Use smallest whole #s.

5.

Check answer.

Examples:
1.

Carbon reacts with oxygen to give carbon

monoxide. Write a balanced equation.

2.

Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to give ammonia

(NH3). Write a balanced equation.

3.

Octane (C8H18) is combusted (reacted with oxygen).

Write a balanced equation.

E.

Calculations from Balanced Chemical Equations,

Fig 3.15

Balanced chemical equations state the number of

molecules reacted or produced on a molecular scale or the
number of moles reacted or produced on a laboratory
scale.
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l)
2 molecules of H2 + 1 molecule O2 2 molecules H2O
2 moles of H2 + 1 mole O2 2 mole H2O
4.0 g H2 + 32.0 g O2 36.0 g H2O
A balanced chemical equation links amounts of reactants
and products.
Examples:
1.

Copper is produced by smelting CuFeS2 in the

following balanced equation.
2 CuFeS2 + 5 O2 2 Cu + 2 FeO + 4 SO2

How many grams of copper are produced by

smelting 1.00 g of CuFeS2?

2.

Sulfur dioxide, SO2, the cause of acid rain, is

scrubbed by the reactions:
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
CaO(s) + SO2(g) CaSO3(s)

How many grams of CaSO3(s) are produced in the

removal of 1.00 kg SO2?

Bonus Example 3.64 from text:

Balance the reaction of Fe2O3 (iron ore) with CO
Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) Fe(s) + CO2(g)

How many grams of CO are required to react with 150. g

Fe2O3?

F.

Limiting Reagent, Fig 3.17

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
2 moles H2 + 1 mole O2 2 moles H2O
4.0 g H2 + 32.0 g O2 36.0 g H2O
How much H2O is produced if we mix 10.0 g H2 and
32.0 g O2?
H2 is in excess and O2 is the limiting reagent.
36.0 g H2O is produced and 6.0 g H2 is left unreacted.

Examples:
1.

Problem 3.77
2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O
1.85 mole NaOH reacts with 1.00 mole CO2
a)

Which is limiting?

b)

How many moles of Na2CO3 is formed?

c)

How many moles of excess reactant

remains?

2.

The following reaction occurs

Pb(NO3)2 + 2 NaCl PbCl2 + 2 NaNO3
If one mixes 1.00 g Pb(NO3)2 and 1.00 g NaCl, how
many grams of PbCl2 are formed?

3.

The fizz produced when Alka-Seltzer is dissolved in

water is due to the reaction between sodium
bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and citric acid (H3C6H5O7).
3NaHCO3 + H3C6H5O7
3CO2(g) + 3H2O + Na3C6H5O7

How many grams of CO2 would be produced from

1.00 g of NaHCO3 and 1.00 g of H3C6H5O7?

How many grams of citric acid remain after

reaction?

G.

Yield
Theoretical yield is the amount of product expected.
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O
4.0 g H2 + 32 g O2 36.0 g H2O
36.0 g is the theoretical yield
In an actual experiment one never gets the
theoretical yield because of experimental conditions.
The actual yield is the amount one obtains. If the
actual is 30.0g for this reaction, the % yield is given by
% yield =
=

actual yield
theoretical yield
30.0 g
36.0 g

100%

100% = 83.3%

H.

Review Chapter 3
1.

Mole
molecules mole
grams mole

2.

Empirical Formulas
from grams
from % composition

3.

Molecular Formula
molecular mass
% composition

4.

Balanced Chemical Equations

5.

Limiting Reagents

6.

Yields