ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II

LECTURE 2

COMBINED LOADINGS

Dr. A. CECCHINI
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Polytechnic University Puerto Rico
FALL 2016

ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

A pressure vessel is a closed
container subjected to a internal
pressure p.

Typically, pressure vessels are

cylindrical or spherical.
A pressure vessel is considered to
be thin-walled if the inner-radius
to wall thickness ratio is r/t 10.

Cylindrical Vessel
z

In such a case, a uniform stress

distribution throughout the wall
thickness of the vessel can be
assumed.
This assumption simplifies the
analysis of stresses in pressure
vessels.

t
r
y
x

p
Spherical Vessel

ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Consider the cylindrical pressure
vessel subject to internal pressure
shown in the figure.

If the cylinder is sectioned with two

parallel planes and then sectioned
by half, the free-body diagram
shown in the figure is obtained.

dy

Equilibrium of forces in the x

direction requires:

dy

= 2 1 2 = 0

ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

The
normal
stress
in
the
circumferential or hoop direction is:

1 =

2r
t

CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Similarly, if the cylindrical pressure
vessel is sectioned with a plane
perpendicular to its longitudinal
axis, the free-body diagram shown
in the figure is obtained.

Equilibrium of forces in the y

direction requires:
= 2 2 2 = 0

The normal stress in the

longitudinal or axial direction is:

2 =
2

The state of stress of a wall

element in the given directions is
as shown.
ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

1
4

SPHERICAL PRESSURE VESSELS

In the case of a spherical pressure
vessel, the stress in the wall is obtained
by sectioning the sphere by half.

z
t
r

Equilibrium of forces in the y directions

requires:

x
= 2 2 2 = 0

The normal stress in the vessel wall is:

2 =
2

The state of stress of a wall element in a

spherical pressure vessel is as shown.

2
2

ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

EXAMPLE
A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 4 ft and a thickness of in.
Determine the maximum internal pressure it can sustain so that neither its
circumferential nor its longitudinal stress components exceeds 20 ksi. Under the
same conditions, what is the maximum internal pressure that a similar-size
spherical vessel can sustain?

1. Cylindrical vessel:
1 =

1 20 0.5
=
=
= 0.417ksi

24

2
1

22 2 20 0.5
2 =
=
=
= 0.834ksi
2

24

2. Spherical vessel:
2 =

2
2

22 2 20 0.5
=
=
= 0.834ksi
2

24

ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

2
2
6

EXAMPLE
The gas storage tank is fabricated by bolting together two half cylindrical thin
shells and two hemispherical shells as shown. If the tank is designed to resist a
pressure of 3 MPa, determine the required minimum thickness of the cylindrical
and hemispherical shells and the minimum required number of bolts for each
hemispherical cap. The tanks and the 25-mm-diameter bolts are made from
material having an allowable normal stress of 150 MPa and 250 MPa, respectively.
The tank has an inner diameter of 4 m.
Cylindrical shell:
3 106 2
=
=
= 0.04m
1
150 106

Hemispherical shell:

3 106 2
=
=
= 0.02m
22 2(150 106 )

Number of bolts:
= 3 2

= 37.7MN

37.7MN
= 0.15082
250

0.15082
=
25 103

ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

= 308

COMBINED LOADINGS: STATE OF STRESS

Axial Load + Shear Force + Bending Moment + Torsional Moment

Method of Superposition:
1. Stress-load linear relationship.
2. Small deformations.
Axial (Normal) Force: = P/A
Shear Force: = VQ/It
Bending Moment: = My/I
Torsional Moment: = T/J
ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

EXAMPLE
Determine the state of stress that the loading produces at point C in the beam.
y

1.5 m

50 kN/m
15 kN
C

250 mm

x
4m

50 mm

Support Reactions:
(50 kN/m)(4m) = 200 kN
+

+
+

= 15 = 0

RAx

= 200 + = 0

RAy

15 kN

2m

2m

RBy

= 200 2 + (4) = 0

RAx = 15 KN
ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

RAy = 100 kN

RBy = 100 kN
9

EXAMPLE (cont.)
Internal loads:
+

(50 kN/m)(1.5m) = 75 kN

= 15 = 0

15 kN

N
+

= 100 75 = 0

= 75 0.75 100 1.5 + = 0

100 kN

N = 15 KN

1.5 m

V = 25 KN

M = 93.75 KNm

Superposition:
max

max

max
Normal (N)

Shear (V)
ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

Bending (M)
10

EXAMPLE (cont.)
Stress components at point C:
=

15
=
= 1.2

0.05 0.25

25(0.006252 )(0.0625)
=
=
= 3.0

(6.51 105 4 )(0.05)

93.75(0)
=
=
= 0

6.51 105 4

3 MPa
1.2 MPa

max

max
C

1.2 MPa

max
ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

11

EXAMPLE
Determine the resultant stresses at point A.
z

z
8 in
10 in

A'

'

A
0.75 in
y

800 lb

Ty

14 in

= 800 = 0

Vz = 800 lb

= 800(10) = 0

Mx = 8000 lb-in

= +800 14 = 0

Ty = 11200 lb-in

Vz

Mx

ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

800 lb

12

EXAMPLE (cont.)
Superposition:

Bending (Mx)

Shear (Vz)

Torsion (Ty)

800(0.3183)(0.8835)
=
=
= 0.6

(0.24854 )(1.5)
=

8000 (0)
=
= 0

0.24854

17.5 ksi

17.5 ksi

17.5 ksi

11200 (0.75)
=
=
= 16.9

0.4974
ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

17.5 ksi

13

EXAMPLE
Determine the resultant stresses at point A.
z

z
8 in
10 in

A'

'

A
0.75 in
y

500 lb
14 in

= + 500 = 0

Ny = 500 lb

= + 500(14) = 0

Mz = 7000 lb-in

ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

Mz
Ny

500 lb

14

EXAMPLE (cont.)
Superposition:

Mz

Ny
Normal (Ny)

500
=
= 0.283
1.7672

7000 (0.75)
=
= 21.13

0.24854

Bending (Mz)

21.4 ksi

ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

21.4 ksi

15

EXAMPLE
The joint is subjected to a force P = 200 lb and F = 150 lb. Determine the state of
stress at points A and B. The member has a rectangular cross-sectional area of
width 0.75 in and thickness 0.5 in.
N
M
V

+
+

= 150 = 0

V = 150 lb

= 200 = 0

N = 200 lb

= + 200 1.25 150 (2) = 0

ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

M = 50 lb-in
16

EXAMPLE (cont.)
Cross-sectional properties:

200 lb

= 0.5 0.75 = 0.3752

50 lb-in

0.75(0.5)3
=
= 0.007814
12
=

150 lb

200
= 533.3 ()
0.3752

150(0.18752 )(0.125)
=
= 600.2
0.007814 (0.75)

50 (0.25)
= 1600
0.007814

= 533.3 ()
= 600.2

max
B

max

max
B

= 1066.7 ()
= 0
ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

17

READING AND SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

Section Lecture
2

Topic
Chapter 8: Combined loadings. Thin-walled pressure
vessels. State of stress from combined loadings.

ME 3230 SOLID MECHANICS II - FA16

Assigned
Suggested
Reading*
Problems*
8-1, 8-2
P8-1, P8-2, F8-5, F8-7,
8-18, 8-31, 8-32, 8-53,
8-54, 8-55, 8-56, 8-57,
8-58, 8-63, 8-64, 8-68,
8-69

18