Important Units of Measurement

SI Units International System of Units

This system is based on 7 fundamental units

Stoichiometry: Calculations
Stoichiometry:
used in Analytical Chemistry
by

Rey Y. Capangpangan, Ph.D.

Chem 20 : Analytical Chemistry (Lec
(Lec))
Chemistry Division
College of Arts and Sciences
Caraga State University

Important Units of Measurement

Important Units of Measurement

The angstrom units, A is a non-SI unit of length that is

widely used to express the wavelength of very short
radiation such as X-rays (1 A = 0.1 nm = 1010 m)
To express small or large measured quantities in terms of
a few simple digits, prefixes are used with this base units
and other derived units

01/12/2016 C209 NSB, Caraga State University

Important Units of Measurement

Units of mass

Kilogram (kg)
Gram (g)
Milligram (mg)
Microgram (g)

Distinction between mass and weight

Mass is an invariant measure of the amount of matter in
an object

Units of volume
Liter (L) SI unit
Milliliter (mL)
Microliters (L)

The mass of an object remains constant regardless of where it

is measured

Weight is the force of attraction between the object and

its surroundings, the earth

1 L = 103 m3
1 mL = 106 m3 or 1
cm3

Gravitational attraction varies with geographical location

Weight of an object depends on where it is weighed
Attractive force is smaller at higher altitude
At the poles, the attractive force increases with latitude

Distinction between mass and weight

Distinction between mass and weight

Weight and mass are related by the expression:

w = mg
w = weight of the object, m = mass, g = the acceleration
due to gravity
A balance is used to compare the mass of an object with
the mass of one or more standard masses

Weighing is the process of comparing masses

Weights refer to the objects of known mass as well as
the results of weighing
Weigh the act of determining the mass of an object
Weights means the standard masses used in weighing
A chemical analysis is always based on mass

The distinction between mass and weight is often

lost in common usage

The mole (mol)

Calculation of molar masses

The SI unit for the amount of a

chemical species
1 mol = 6.0221023 (Avogadros
no.) of particles
The molar mass (M) of a substance
is the mass in grams of 1 mol of
that substance
Calculated by summing the atomic
masses of all the atoms in a chemical
formula

Challenge

10

The millimole

Show that the following

interesting and useful
relationship is correct:

1 mmol = 103 mol

The mass in grams of a millimole, the
millimolar mass (mM) = 1/1000 of molar mass

1 mol of atomic mass units

= 6.0221023 amu = 1 g

11

12

Calculating the amount of a substance in moles

or millimoles

Calculating the amount of a substance in moles

or millimoles

13

Calculating the amount of a substance in moles

or millimoles

14

Factor-Label Approach

15

16

Solutions and their Concentrations

Example

Molar concentration, cs
The number of moles of a chemical species X in 1
L of a solution (not 1 L of solvent)
Molarity, M, in moles per liter (molL1) is the unit
of molar concentration
Molarity also expresses the number of millimoles
of solute per milliliter of solution

17

Solutions and their Concentrations

18

Solutions and their Concentrations

Analytical molarity

Equilibrium molarity

The total number of moles of a solute, regardless

of its chemical state, in 1 liter of solution
Species a recipe by which the solution can be
prepared
Example: a H2SO4 solution that has an analytical
concentration of 1.0 M can be prepared by
dissolving 1.0 mol or 98 g, of H2SO4 in water and
diluting it to exactly 1.0 L

Expresses the molar concentration of a particular

species in a solution at equilibrium
How does the solute behaves when dissolved in a
solvent?
Example: H2SO4 is entirely dissociated into a
mixture of H+, HSO4, and SO42 and no H2SO4 is
present

19

20

Solutions and their Concentrations

Solutions and their Concentrations

21

22

23

24

Solutions and their Concentrations

Solutions and their concentrations

Percent concentration

25

Solutions and their concentrations

26

Solutions and their concentrations

Weight percent (w/w)

Expresses the concentration of commercial aqueous
reagents
70% HNO3 = 70 g HNO3 per 100 g solution
Volume percent (v/v)
Specifies the concentration of a solution prepared by
diluting a pure liquid compound with another liquid
5% aqueous CH3OH solution is prepared by diluting 5.0
mL pure CH3OH with water to give 100 mL
Weight/volume percent (w/v)
Indicates the composition of dilute aqueous solutions of
solid reagents
5% aqueous AgNO3 is prepared by dissolving 5 g of
AgNO3 in water to give 100 mL solution

Parts per million and parts per billion

For very dilute solutions

27

28

Solutions and their concentrations

Example

29

30

31

32

Solutions and their concentrations

Solvent-diluent volume ratios

1:4 HCl solution contains 4 volumes of water for
each volume of concentrated HCl

p-Functions
Expresses the concentration of a species in terms
of its p-function, or p-value
p-value is the negative logarithm (to the base 10)
of the molar concentration of that species

Density and Specific Gravity

Density
Expresses the mass of a substance per unit
volume
SI units: kg/L or, alternatively, g/mL

Specific gravity
Ratio of the mass of a substance to mass of an
equal volume of water at 4C

33

34

35

36

Example

37

Dilution

38

Chemical Stoichiometry

The stoichiometry of a reaction is the

relationship among the number of moles of
reactants and products as shown by a
balanced chemical equation
Empirical formula gives the simplest whole
number ratio of atoms in a chemical
compound
Molecular formula specifies the number of
atoms in a molecule
39

40

10

Chemical Stoichiometry

Chemical Stoichiometry

Two or more substances may have the same

empirical formula but different molecular
formulas
CH2O

The empirical formula is obtained from the

percent composition of a compound
The molecular formula requires, in addition,
the molar mass of the species
Structural formula reveal structural
differences between compounds that are not
shown in their common molecular formulas
C2H5OH (ethanol) and CH3OCH3 (dimethyl
ether)

Formaldehyde
C2H4O2, acetic acid
C3H6O3, glyceraldehyde
C6H12O6, glucose

41

Stoichiometric Calculations

42

Stoichiometric Calculations

A balanced chemical
equation gives the
combining ratios, or
stoichiometryin units of
molesof reacting
substances and their
products

Flow diagram for making stoichiometric calculations. (1 ) When

the mass of a reactant or product is given. the mass is first
converted to the number of moles, using the molar mass. (2) The
stoichiometric ratio given by the chemical equation for the
reaction is then used to find the number of moles of another
reactant that combine with the original substance or the number
of moles of product that form. (3) Finally, the mass of the other
reactant or the product is computed from its molar mass.
43

44

11

Example

45

46

47

48

12

Quiz

Exactly 0.2220 g of pure Na2CO3 was

dissolved in 100.0 mL of 0.0731 M HCl.
What mass in grams of CO2 were evolved?
What was the molarity of the excess reactant (HCI
or Na2CO3)?

What volume of 0.01000 M AgNO3 would be

required to precipitate all of the I in 200.0 mL
of a solution that contained 24.32 ppt KI?

49

50

13