Madhav Ghatpande Period 6

Radiotracers: Radioactive particles that are introduced

into
organisms Decay:
in food and
drugs that are
tracedto
by
Radioactive
Decomposition
of then
a nucleus
monitoring
the
particles
radioactivity.
A
cool
example
form another nucleus (atomic and mass # MUST beof
this
the use of Iodine-131 in the diagnosis and treatment
conserved)
of illnesses in the thyroid gland, where patients drink a
solution containing small amounts of Na131I and the iodine
is then monitored by a scanner
Fission: The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei
with smaller mass numbers
Nuclear Fission: Huge amounts of energy can be
produced by splitting a large radioactive nuclide such as
uranium. To put this in perspective, fission of

235
92

can

produce 26 million times more energy than the

combustion of methane.
Chain Reaction: In addition to the nuclides produced,
235

92U
the
fission
of
produces
neutrons,
which
-Lighter
nuclides
tendalso
to stable
at 1:1
neutron
to can

proton
be
usedratio
to have a self-sustaining fission process, as the
-The
heavier
a nuclide
is first
the greater
required
neutrons
produced
by the
reactionthe
canratio
be used
to
for
the
nuclide
to
be
stable
spilt other uranium nuclides
-All nuclides
with more
thanreactors
84 protons
are the
unstable
Nuclear
Reactors:
Nuclear
all over
world
Typesto
ofcreate
Radioactive
Decay
use fission reactors
energy. They
harness the
1. heat
Alpha
() Particle
generated
by theProduction
energy of fission to eventually
4
power
a
steam
turbine
and generate
In order
2 He
a. An particle is a helium
atom electricity.
to prevent meltdown, control rods that absorb neutrons
are
above
the of
uranium
and arenuclides
lowered if the
b.placed
Common
mode
decay rods
for heavier
210 becomes
206 supercritical
4
reaction
(when
more
than one
84 Po 82 Pb + 2 He
c.
neutron
from each fission events causes another fission
2. event)
Beta () Particle Production
Fusion: The combining of two light nuclei to 0form a
e
a. A more
particle
is an
emitted
electron
heavier,
stable
nucleus.
Nuclear
fusion1produces
even
fission and
is the process
b. more
Mass energy
numberthan
of decaying
nucleus
remainsthrough
same
which
stars
produce
their
energy.
While
fusion
promises
c. Usually occurs for nuclides above stability
zone
unlimited clean energy due to the surplus of light nuclides

Chapter 18: Nuclear Chemistry

Integrated First-Order
Rate Law: For radioactive
Review Questions
N
1. What are the different ln
subatomic
particles that can be
=kt
decay,
it
is
as
follows
where N0 is the
produced through nuclearNdecay?
0
2. Write the balanced reaction for each process
original
of nuclides
is the
# of
a. numbers
Uranium-238
producesand
an N
alpha
particle.
nuclides
remainingforms
at time
t
b. Carbon-14
Beryllium-10
after radioactive
0.693
decay
t 1 /2 =
Half-Life:
meaning
half-life is constant
c. Potassium-38
into Argon-38
k decays

( )

129

53 I
d. Transformation:
produces a The
particle
Nuclear
change of one
257 another
element into
101 Md
e.
produces
two
14
4
17 particles
1
7

N + 2 He 8O + 1 H

3. What order are all radioactive decay reactions?

Particle
Accelerators:
In order
to reactions
achieve nuclear
4.
Is the half-life
of radioactive
decay
transformations
using
positive
ions,
particle
constant? If not, how does it change
with each
accelerators
have
to
be
used
to
overcome
the
progressing half-life?
electrostatic
repulsion
between
the
nucleus
and
5. How are nuclear transformations achieved today?
positive
ion
(since
nucleus
is
positively
charged
and
6. True or false: All nuclides with a neutron to proton
like charges repel) by accelerating the particle to
ratio of 1:1 are stable.
near
speedis produced, is the nuclide that decays
7.
If alight
particle
Cyclotron: A particle accelerator where a positive
above or below the stability zone? Why?
ion is accelerated in a circular path
8. What is the difference between a fission and fusion
reaction?
9. How is radiation used in medicine?
10. What is an instrument that is used to measure
radioactivity in an area? How does the device work?
11. What are the drawbacks of fusion that are preventing
humans from achieving it on Earth?
12. A new tomb was recently found in Egypt, in which a
Pharaoh was buried. The decay rate of the carbon-14 on
the Pharaoh is 7.23 counts per minute per gram. To find
how old
the Pharaoh is,
the
researchers
compared
it to a
Linear
Accelerator:
AAnswers
particle
accelerator
where
of4 the same
mass
whose
positive
ionsample
is accelerated
down
a path
0 a carbon
0 decay rate is
2 He
1. 1e
(beta
particle),
(alpha
particle),
(positron),
19.85
counts
per minute
per gram.
If the1ehalf-life
of

d. Net effect is turning

a neutron into a proton
2
14
14
0
H
1
(such as6C
deuterium
) and the fact that fusion can
7 N + 1e
e.
power stars for billions of years, it requires extreme
3. Positron Production
7
0
10theK)
temperatures
(4xhas
to occur
asas
the
a. A positron
same
mass
anelectrostatic
electron but
0
(gamma ray)
the
opposite
charge
(antiparticle
of
electron)
force between two protons is extremely hard to overcome 2. Reactions
b. Usually occurs
for nuclides
below the stability
Effects
of Radiation
238
4
234
zone
92U 2 He + 90 Th
a.
-Radioactive elements contain high-energy particles
c. Net
is turning
into a neutron
which
caneffect
potentially
causeproton
the malfunctioning
of cell
14
4
10
Geiger
Counter:
Instrument used to measure
22
0
22
6C 2 He + 4 Be
b.
systems
Na

e
+
Ne
11
1
10
d.
radioactivity level; it uses the ions produced by the
-However, since the quantity of energy deposited to
38
38particles
0
high energy
from radioactive decay to ionize
4. tissues
Gamma
Ray small
Emission
is very
per event, the effects of radiation are
19 K 18 Ar + 1e
c.
argon
gas contained in the counters probe,
a. subtle,
Gamma
rays
are
high
energy
waves
emitted
very
and
may
not
be seen
for EM
many
years

129
129
0
fromDamage:
a nucleusDamage
as it returns
its ground
state
Somatic
to theto
organism
itself,
and
53 I 54 Xe+ 1e + +e
d.
can
in sickness
death.particles
Effects will
appear
b. result
Produced
when or
nuclear
undergo
summarized as
This formation of ions

257
4
Ar249 Bk
Ar (g)
immediately
if
a
high
dose
of
radiation
is
received;
for
transitions in energy levels
101 Md 2 2 He + (g)
97
e.
smaller
doses,follow
effectssome
appear
much
later,
usually
in the
c. Usually
other
decay
that
leaves
andorder
electrons allows a momentary flow of current and
3. First
form of
cancer
nucleus in an excited state
4. Yes,
half-life is converts
constant.
a
device
this to the decay rate of the
5. Genetic
ElectronDamage:
CaptureThe more dangerous type of damage 5. Through particle accelerators, both cyclotrons and linear accelerators
radioactive
sample
caused
radiation, aselectron
it causesisdefects
in genetic
6. False
a. Anbyinner-orbital
captured
by the
7. Above, the net effect of a beta production reaction is turning a neutron
material
itself,
leading
to
defects
in
the
child
of
the
nucleus
into a proton, meaning the ratio of neutron to proton was too high
organism.
This
type
of
damage
is
often
much
harder
to
b. Electron essentially combines with proton to form 8. Fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two smaller nuclei while
detect as genetic testing is not as prevalent as other
fusion is combining two light nuclei into one heavier one
a neutron
medical tests
c. The alchemist reaction is turning mercury to gold 9. Radiotracers are used in medicine to diagnose certain diseases such
as the use of Iodine-131 to detect illness of the thyroid gland
-The biological effects of a source of radiation depend on