1. Learning reflects _____.

Maturation reflects _____

nurture; nature
2. _____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the
same stimulus.
Habituation
3. _____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented
repeatedly, whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned
response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.
Habituation; extinction
5. _____ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest.
Neutral
6. _____ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having
been learned.
Unconditioned
7. In Pavlov's study, the UCS was _____; the neutral stimulus was _____; and, finally, the CS
was _____.
meat; the bell; the bell
8. In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?
The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.
9. Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____.
unconditioned response; conditioned response
10. Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins:
just before the unconditioned stimulus begins.
11. Which pair below CORRECTLY identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's
"Little Albert" study?
Unconditioned stimulusnoise
12. _____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually
disappears.
Extinction
13. Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?
Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses cocaine, her hands no longer shake
and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do
in his car.

14. Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges the phases of the classical
conditioning process, from first to last?
Acquisition extinction spontaneous recovery
15. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery?
Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her
heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
16. Which of the following is true of stimulus generalization?
The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the greater the likelihood of stimulus
generalization.
17. Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization
and stimulus discrimination?
Stimulus discrimination is a type of stimulus generalization.
18. June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, which she has learned is
used to open her food when her dinner is about to be served. The cat does not run when a blender
is used, although it sounds similar. June's cat is demonstrating stimulus:
discrimination.
19. Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan. She suffers from PTSD. Now, back
home in Texas, she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring. The fact that these sounds
scare her reflects a process of stimulus:
generalization.
20. Stimulus _____ provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli.
Discrimination
21. In what way does learned taste aversion seem to contradict the basic principles of classical
conditioning?
Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing.
22. Any situation that involves learning
requires some relatively permanent change to occur.
23. Which of the following behaviors indicate learning?
Simon whines whenever he wants something.
24. In ________ conditioning, organisms learn the association between two stimuli.
Classical
25. Little Julie is watching Dora the Explorer help her mother clean up the kitchen after dinner.
After the show, she walks into the kitchen to help her mommy clean up. Little Julie is
demonstrating
observational learning.

26. In Pavlov's well-known study on classical conditioning, the bell was the ____________
before conditioning and the ____________ after conditioning had occurred.
neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
27. Pavlov's dog learned to anticipate food whenever he was presented with stimuli associated
with food. Pavlov knew that his dog associated specific stimuli with food because the
____________ was elicited by the stimuli.
CR
28. Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. Salivation in this situation was the
unconditioned response.
29. In classical conditioning situations, the ____________ connection is innate, while the
____________ connection is learned.
UCS-UCR; CS-CR
30. Which of the following is an example of an innate UCS-UCR connection?
Sneezing in response to pepper
31. Boris is trying to use classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to come to the top of the
tank to eat whenever he turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns
on the light. After several such trials, the fish show no more inclination to come to the top of the
tank when the light is turned on than they did on the first trial. What would you suggest that
Boris do to improve his training technique?
He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.
32. Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz
on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to
anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has
become a(n)
CS.
33. During the winter months, Alfred receives a static shock each time he touches his car door
when exiting his vehicle. Now Alfred flinches right before he touches the door. What represents
the conditioned response?
Flinching before touching the door
34. As Natalie, who has extremely long nails, approaches the chalkboard, many of her classmates
cover their ears. What represents the conditioned stimulus?
Natalie approaching the board
35. Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago. Now she cries out whenever any flying insect
comes too close. Jennifer is demonstrating
generalization.

36. Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while
they are grilling, they will throw him a treat. However, his owner, Paul, does not want Bubba to
eat "people" food. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. According to
operant conditioning principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can
discriminate.
37. Tyler's grandmother used to receive emails from him every day, so she would check her inbox regularly. Since Tyler went off to college, the emails have basically stopped. As a result, she
no longer checks her in-box on a daily basis. If this pattern continues, we can expect
____________ to occur.
Extinction
38. Marcia was romantically involved with John. Unfortunately, Marcia eventually discovered
that John was being a complete jerk, so she ended the relationship. One day in the mall, she
suddenly gets a whiff of the cologne that John always wore. All the former good feelings come
pouring back. This is an example of
spontaneous recovery.
39. Watson and Raynor conditioned fear in Little Albert using a ____________ as a CS.
white rat
40. It should take about 30 minutes for the aspirin Manny just took to relieve his headache, but
Manny feels better within minutes. This is an example of
the placebo effect.
41. John is taking an agent that causes nausea every time he smokes a cigarette. This is a form of
aversive conditioning.
42. Kenny ate several hot dogs at the baseball game. Several hours later he got very nauseous
and spent most of the night being physically sick. We can expect that he will
be unable to eat a hot dog at the next ball game he attends.
43. Some children with seizure problems bang their heads against a wall, causing themselves
serious injury. As a result, a psychologist might administer a brief electric shock to such a child
every time she bangs her head on the wall. This would be an example of
aversive conditioning.
44. In a particular TV add, an attractive model is shown with a red Corvette. Which of the
following statements is correct?
The ad will work best if the Corvette precedes the appearance of the attractive person.
45. Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is accurate?
It is a form of respondent behavior.