Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

1.THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREMS

Aim:
To verify Thevenins & Nortons Theorem for the given circuit.
Apparatus:
S. No.
Name of the Equipment
1

Rheostats

Ammeter

RPS

4
5
6

Multimeter
Connecting Wires
Voltmeter

Range
19, 28,
32 , 10
(0-2)A
(0-30)V,
(0-2)A
(0-10)A
(0-30)V

Type

Quantity

Wire Wound

Each one

MC

Dual

Digital
MC

1
Required Some
1

Circuit Diagram:

Practical Circuits for Thevenins Theorem:

Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Practical Circuits for Nortons Theorem:

Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.
2. Set the resistance values of the rheostats exactly by measuring the resistances with a
multimeter.
3. Take the readings should without any parallax error.
Procedure:
Thevenins Theorem:
1. Connect the circuit as shown and note down load current (IL) by direct method.
2. Connect the circuit to find Thevenins Voltage (VOC or VTh).
3. Connect the circuit to find short circuit current also called Nortons Current (ISC or IN).
4. Connect Thevenins equivalent circuit and find load current (IL). Compare the value with
direct method.
Nortons Theorem:
1. Connect the circuit as shown and note down load current (IL) by direct method.
2. Connect the circuit to find short circuit current also called Nortons Current (ISC or IN).
Tabular Columns:
Thevenins Theorem:

Nortons Theorem:

To find IL by direct method:

To find IL by direct method:

E (V)

IL (A)

To find VOC or VTh:

E (V)

VOC (V)

E
(V)

IL (A)

To find ISC or IN:

E (V)

IN (A)

To find ISC:
E (V)

ISC (A)

Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

RTh = VOC
ISC
Verification of Thevenins Theorem:
VTh (V)

IL (A)

RESULT:

Viva Questions
1. What do you mean by resistance?
2. Why do we connect ammeter in series?
3. What is Vth or Thevenins voltage?
4. What is IN or Nortons current?
5. How equivalent impedance is calculated in TheveninTheorem?
6. What are internal resistance of an ideal voltage source and an ideal current source?
7. How IN is obtained?
8. State Thevinins theorem?
9. State Nortans theorem?
10. What are active elements and passive elements?

2 (a) SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Aim:
To verify Superposition Theorem for the given circuit.
Apparatus:
S. No.
Name of the Equipment
1
Rheostats
2
Ammeter
3

RPS

4
5

Multimeter
Connecting Wires

Range
14, 18 ,28
(0-2)A
(0-30)V,
(0-2)A
(0-10)A
-

Type
Wire Wound
MC

Quantity
Each one
2

Dual

Digital
-

1
Required Some

Circuit Diagram:

Practical Circuits:

Verification of Superposition Theorem:

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.
2. Set the resistance values of the rheostats exactly by measuring the resistances with a
multimeter.
3. Take the readings should without any parallax error.
Procedure:
1. Short circuit E2 (assuming the internal resistance of E2 source to be zero) and note down
the current I1 when only E1 is acting as shown in figure 1.
2. Short circuit E1 (assuming the internal resistance of E1 source to be zero) and note down
the current I2 when only E2 is acting as shown in figure 2.
3. Connect the circuit as shown for verification of Superposition Theorem as shown and
verify I=I1+I2 .
Tabular Column:
When E1 is acting alone (E2=0):
E1 (V)

E2 (V)

I1 (A)

E2 (V)

I2 (A)

When E2 is acting alone (E1=0):

E1 (V)

When both the sources are acting (Verification):

E1 (V)

E2 (V)

I (A)

Result:

Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

2 (b) MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

Aim:
To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for the given circuit.
Apparatus:
S. No.
Name of the Equipment
1

Rheostats

Ammeter

RPS

4
5
6

Multimeter
Connecting Wires
Voltmeter

Range
10, 12,
18 , (0-30)
(0-2)A
(0-30)V,
(0-2)A
(0-10)A
(0-30)V

Type

Quantity

Wire Wound

Each one

MC

Dual

Digital
MC

1
Required Some
1

Circuit Diagram:

Practical Circuits:

Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.
2. Set the resistance values of the rheostats exactly by measuring the resistances with a
multimeter.
3. Take the readings should without any parallax error.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Vary the load resistance in steps and note down voltage across the load and current
flowing through the load resistance.
3. Calculate power delivered to the load by using the formula P = VL X IL .
4. Draw the graph between resistance and power (resistance on X-axis & power on Y-axis).
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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

5. Verify that maximum power is delivered to the load when RL = RS for DC & RL = ZS for
AC.
Tabular Column:
S.No.

VS (V)

VL (V)

IL (A)

RL = VL
IL

()

P = VL IL (W)

Model Graph:

Result:

Viva Questions
1. Super Position theorem is applicable to which type of circuits?
2. On which concept of Superposition Theorem is based?
3. What is Superposition theorem?
4. What are linear and Bilateral Elements?
5. What do you mean by dependent and independent voltage sources?
6. State Maximum power transfer theorem
7. What is the application of Maximum power transfer theorem?
8. What is the difference between power and Energy
9. What is the condition of the maximum transfer theorem?
10. How do you calculate the power maximum power transfer theorem?
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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

3. COMPENSATION THEOREM
Aim:
To verify Compensation Theorem for the given circuit.
Apparatus:
S. No.

Name of the Equipment

Rheostats

Ammeter

RPS

4
5

Multimeter
Connecting Wires

Range
20 , 10 ,
10
(0-2)A
(0-30)V,
(0-2)A
(0-10)A
-

Type

Quantity

Wire Wound

Each one

MC

Dual

Digital
-

1
Required Some

Circuit Diagram:

Practical Circuits:

IL = ILl - IL

Where,
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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Vc = Compensation Voltage
Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.
2. Set the resistance values of the rheostats exactly by measuring the resistances with a
multimeter.
3. Take the readings should without any parallax error.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.
2. Measure the current in resistor RL.
3. By changing RL, measure the current, ILl as shown in figure 2.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 3 for verification of compensation theorem.
Tabular Columns:
To find IL:
V (V)

IL (A)

V (V)

ILl (A)

VC (V)

IL (A)

To find ILl:

To find ILl:

Result:

Viva Questions
1. State Compensation theorem.
2. What are the uses of Compensation theorem?
3. Could we measure voltage in series?
4. What are the applications of compensation theorem
5. How do you calculate the change in current?
6. Define load?
7. How do you calculate the Vc?
8. Which type of supply is given to the circuit?
9. To find what we do compensation theorem?
10. What are active elements?
4 (a) RECIPROCITY THEOREM
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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Aim:
To verify Reciprocity Theorem for the given circuit.
Apparatus:
S. No.
1
2

Name of the Equipment

Rheostats
Ammeter

RPS

4
5

Multimeter
Connecting Wires

Range
10, 25, 25
(0-2)A
(0-30)V,
(0-2)A
(0-10)A
-

Type
Wire Wound
MC

Quantity
Each one
2

Dual

Digital
-

1
Required Some

Circuit Diagram:

Practical Circuits:
Before Interchanging:

After Interchanging:

Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.
2. Set the resistance values of the rheostats exactly by measuring the resistances with a
multimeter.
3. Take the readings should without any parallax error.
Procedure:
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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.

2. Measure the current Il in the branch AB.
3. Inter change voltage source and response as shown in figure 2 and note down the current
in the branch CD.
4. Observe that the current is same in both the branches AB and CD.
Tabular Column:
Theoretical Values

Practical Values

Before Interchanging
After Interchanging
Result:

4 (b) MILLMANNS THEOREM

Aim:
To verify Millmanns Theorem for the given circuit.
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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Apparatus:
S. No.

Name of the Equipment

Rheostats

Ammeter

RPS

4
5

Multimeter
Connecting Wires

Range
10 , 10 ,
25
(0-2)A
(0-30)V,
(0-2)A
(0-10)A
-

Type

Quantity

Wire Wound

Each one

MC

Dual

Digital
-

1
Required Some

Circuit Diagram:

Practical Circuits:

Where,
Vl = V1G1 + V2G2
G1 + G2

and

Rl =
1
G1 + G2

Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.
2. Set the resistance values of the rheostats exactly by measuring the resistances with a
multimeter.
3. Take the readings should without any parallax error.
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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.
2. Measure the current in resistor RL.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2 and measure the current in RL.
4. Observe that the two currents are same.

Result:

Viva Questions
1. State Reciprocity theorem.
2. What is the practical application of Reciprocity theorem?
3. Define bilateral network? Give one Example.
4. State Millimanns Theorem?
5. What are the applications of the Millimanns theorem?
6. State difference between unilateral and bilateral elements?
7. State the difference between active elements and passive elements?
8. What for we choose reciprocity theorem.

5. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

Aim:
To find resonant frequency, quality factor & bandwidth of a series and parallel resonant
circuit.
Apparatus:
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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Name of the Equipment

Function Generator
Decade Resistance Box
Decade Inductance Box
Decade Capacitance Box
Multimeter
BNC Adaptor
Patch Cords

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Range
(0-2)MHz
(0-100)
(0-1)H
(0-1)f
(0-10)A
-

Type
Digital
-

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
Required Some

Circuit Diagram:

Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.
Procedure:
Series Resonance:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure for series resonant circuit.
2. Set the voltage of the signal from function generator to 5V.
3. Vary the frequency of signal in steps and note down the corresponding ammeter reading
using multimeter.
4. Observe that the current first increases and then decreases.
5. Draw a graph between frequency and current and calculate the values of bandwidth and
quality factor.
Parallel Resonance:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure for parallel resonant circuit.
2. Set the voltage of the signal from function generator to 5V.
3. Vary the frequency of signal in steps and note down the corresponding ammeter reading
using multimeter.
4. Observe that the current first decreases and then increases.
5. Draw a graph between frequency and current and calculate the values of bandwidth and
quality factor.
Tabular Columns:

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Series Resonance:
Frequency
(Hz)

Current (A)

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Parallel Resonance:
Frequency
(Hz)

Current (A)

Model Graph:

Result:

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Viva Questions
1. What is the use of series and parallel resonance?
2. What is a parallel resonant circuit?
3. Would you use Series or parallel circuit for Christmas lights?
4. Why is a parallel circuit used in a household wiring?
5. What is the advantage of a parallel circuit over a series circuit?
6. What is the advantage of having a parallel circuit over a series circuit?
7. How is a parallel circuit different from a series circuit?
8. What is the benefit of using a parallel circuit compared to a series
circuit?
9. How does a series circuit differ from a parallel circuit?
10.

Would you use Series or parallel circuit for Christmas lights?

11.
What are the similarities between parallel circuits and series
circuits?
12.

Explain the examples of series and parallel circuits?

13. Why is the current larger in a parallel circuit than in a series circuit?

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

6. Z AND Y PARAMETERS
Aim:
To find the Z & Y Parameters of the given circuit.
Apparatus:
S. No.
1
2

Name of the Equipment

Rheostats
Ammeter

RPS

4
5
6

Multimeter
Connecting Wires
Voltmeter

Range
25, 25 , 15
(0-2)A
(0-30)V,
(0-2)A
(0-10)A
(0-30)V

Type
Wire Wound
MC

Quantity
Each one
2

Dual

Digital
MC

1
Required Some
1

Circuit Diagram:

Practical Circuits:

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.
2. Set the resistance values of the rheostats exactly by measuring the resistances with a
multimeter.
3. Take the readings should without any parallax error.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure to find Z11 and Z21 .
2. Open the circuit port 2 (i.e, I2 = 0) and measure I1 , V1 and V2 and calculate Z11 and Z21 .
3. Connect the circuit as shown in figure to find Z12 and Z22 .
4. Open the circuit port 1 (i.e, I1 = 0) and measure I2 , V1 and V2 and calculate Z12 and Z22 .
5. Connect the circuit as shown in figure to find Y11 and Y21 .
6. Short circuit port 2 (i.e, V2 = 0) and measure V1 , I1 and I2 and calculate Y11 and Y21 .
7. Connect the circuit as shown in figure to find Y12 and Y22 .
8. Short circuit port 1 (i.e, V1 = 0) and measure V2 , I1 and I2 and calculate Y12 and Y22.
Tabular Column:

I
1

Z Parameters
I2 = 0
I1 = 0
V V Z11 Z21 I V V Z12 Z22
1

V
1

Y Parameters
V2 = 0
V1 = 0
I I Y11 Y21 V I I Y12 Y22
1

Result:

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Viva Questions
1. What is the significance of the two port parameters?
2. How you know the admittance parameters from impedance parameters?
3. What is the application of Z & Y parameters?
4. What is the condition for reciprocal network?
5. What is the condition for symmetrical network?
6. What is a Lattice network?
7. What is a ladder network?
8. Define output driving point impedance
9. Define reverse transfer impedance.
10. Define forward transfer impedance
11. Write condition for reciprocity.
12. Write condition for symmetry.

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

7. TRANSMISSION AND HYBRID PARAMETERS

Aim:
To find the ABCD & h Parameters of the given circuit.
Apparatus:
S. No.
1
2

Name of the Equipment

Rheostats
Ammeter

RPS

4
5
6

Multimeter
Connecting Wires
Voltmeter

Range
25, 25 , 15
(0-2)A
(0-30)V,
(0-2)A
(0-10)A
(0-30)V

Type
Wire Wound
MC

Quantity
Each one
2

Dual

Digital
MC

1
Required Some
1

Circuit Diagram:

Practical Circuits:

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.
2. Set the resistance values of the rheostats exactly by measuring the resistances with a
multimeter.
3. Take the readings should without any parallax error.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure to find ABCD parameters.
2. Short circuit port 2 (i.e,V2 = 0) and measure I1 ,I2 and V1 .
3. Now open circuit port 2 (i.e, I2 = 0) and measure I1 , V1 and V2 .
4. Connect the circuit as shown in figure to find h parameters.
5. Short circuit port 2 (i.e,V2 = 0) and measure I1 ,I2 and V1 .
6. Open circuit port 1 (i.e, V1 = 0) and measure V2 , I1 and I2 and calculate Y12 and Y22.
Tabular Column:

I1

ABCD Parameters
V1 = 0
I2 = 0
V1 -I2 B D I1 V1 V2 A C V1

h Parameters
I1

V2 = 0
-I2 h11

-h21

V1

V2

I1 = 0
I2 h12

h22

Result:

Viva Questions
1. Define transmission parameters
2. Why ABCD parameters are also called as transmission parameters?
3. Where they are used?
4. Define transfer impedance (B).
5. Define transfer admittance (C).
6. Write the condition for symmetry & reciprocity.
7. Define h parameters?
8. Define input driving point impedance?
9. Define output driving point impedance?

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

8. SELF, MUTUAL INDUCTANCES AND COFFICIENT OF COUPLING

Aim:
To determine the values of L1 , L2 , M and coefficient of coupling, K for the given pair of
coils.
Apparatus:
S. No.
1
2
3

Name of the Equipment

Auto Transformer
Transformer

4
5
6

Ammeter
Wattmeter
Connecting Wires

Voltmeter

Range
1-, 230V / (0-230)V
1-, 230V / 115V
(0-150)V
(0-300)V
(0-2)A
300V/10A
---

Type
Core
MI
MI
MI
LPF
---

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
Some

Circuit Diagrams:

Figure (a)

Figure (b)
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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Precautions:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.
2. Take the readings should without any parallax error.
3. 1- Variac should be in OFF position.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (a).
2. Close the DPST Switch and Switch ON 220V DC Supply.
3. Note down all the meter readings. By adjusting the 1- Variac note down all the meter
readings till the rated primary voltage of the transformer and tabulate them.
4. Interchange the windings of the transformer as shown in figure (b) and repeat the steps as
followed for figure (a).
Tabular Column:
For figure (a):

I1 V1 W1 V1

V1
2
I 1 R1=W1/I1

XL1 = Z12 R12

L1 =
XM1=V1/I1
XL1/2f

V2
I 2 R2=W2/I22

XL2 = Z2 R2

L2 =
XM2=V2/I2
XL2/2f

Z1=

For figure (b):

I2 V2 W2 V2

Z2=

Result:

Viva Questions
1. What a mutual induction? Or what is mutually induced EMF?
2. What is coefficient of mutual induction?
3. What is the dot convention of a mutual magnetic circuit?
4. What do you mean by mutual coupling in a magnetic circuit?
5. What is coefficient of magnetic coupling?
6. What is inductance?
7. What is mutual inductance?
8. Define coefficient of coupling?
9. What is the range for lc?
10. Can you increase the coupling coefficient between two coils?
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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

9.MESH ANALYSIS BY USING PSPICE SIMULATION

Aim:
To Simulate the DC Circuit for determining the mesh currents using PSPICE.
Apparatus:
S.No
1

Apparatus
System with PSPICE Software

Quantity
1

Circuit Diagram:

Program:
*
VIN 1 0 100
R1

50

R2

100

R3

25

75

RL

.OP
.DC VIN

0 100 10

.PRINT DC V(RL)

(IR1)

I(R2)

I(R3)

.END

Theoritical Calculations:

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Result:

Viva Questions:
1. Define mesh?
2. What is the difference between mesh and loop?
3. What is super mesh analysis?
4. What is the basis of mesh analysis?
5. For which type of networks mesh analysis is applicable?

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

10. NODAL ANALYSIS BY USING PSPICE SIMULATION

Aim:
To Simulate the DC Circuit for determining the all node voltages using PSPICE.
Apparatus:
S.No
1

Apparatus
System with PSPICE Software

Quantity
1

Circuit Diagram:

Program:
*
VS 1 0 DC 20V
Ra

1 1 5K

Rb

2 0 4K

Rc

3 0

1K

Is

3 2

DC

2MA

.OP
.END

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Theoretical Calculations:

Result:

Viva Question:
1. What is a node?
2. What is the basis of nodal analysis?
3. What is a super node?
4. What are the advantages of nodal analysis over mesh analysis?
5. How is reference node chosen in nodal analysis?

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

11. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SINGLE TUNED COUPLED CIRCUITS.

Aim:
To determine the frequency response of a single tuned coupled circuits.
Apparatus:
S.No.

Name of the apparatus

Range

1.

Single tuned coupled circuits.

2.

Connecting wires

Quantity
1
As required

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Power supply is switched ON.
3. Input frequency is varied by AFO, corresponding input & output Voltage
are noted.
4. Graph is drawn between Frequency & Amplification factor.
Circuit diagram:

Tabulation:
Frequency (w) Output Voltage
in Hz
V0 (V)

Input voltage
Vi (V)

Amplification
factor

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Model Graph:

Theoretical Calculations:

Result:

Viva Question:
1.
2.
3.
4.

What is meant by magnetic circuit?

What is meant by coupled circuit?
What is meant by single tuned circuits?
What are the difference between single tuned circuits and double tuned
circuits?
5. Define frequency?
6. Define amplification factor?
7. Define resistance ?

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

12. VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAWS AND KIRCHHOFFS LAWS BY USING

PSPICE SIMULATION
Aim:
To simulate the dc circuits by using PSPICE.
Apparatus:
S.No
Apparatus
1
System with PSPICE Software
Circuit Diagram:

Quantity
1

Program:
*
V1 1 0 10
R1 1 2 1K
R2 2 3 2K
R3 2 0 1K
R4 3 0 2K
R5 3 4 3K
V2 4 0 5
.OP
.DC V1 50

50 5

.PRINT DC I(R1) I(R5) V(2) V(2,3)

.END

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

Theoretical calculations:

Result:

Viva Questions:
1. Define Ohms law?
2. What is PSPICE?
3. What are active and passive elements?
4. What is KCL and KVL?
5. What are the limitations of Ohms law?

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati

Electrical Circuits And Simulation Lab

32