Examrace Psychology Course Content Overview

Examrace
Actual postal course comes without the watermark.
PsychologySuccessSeries|1
For queries call 9998008851
CONTENTS
CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ 1
VOLUME I ............................................................................................................................ 14
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Psychology ......................................................................... 14
Concept and Meaning of Psychology............................................................................................ 14
Characteristics and Nature of Psychology ................................................................................... 14
Process of Psychological Inferences ............................................................................................. 15
Psychology and its Relation to Other Sciences ............................................................................ 15
Scope and Branches of Psychology............................................................................................... 15
Applications and Utility of Psychology ........................................................................................ 16
Major Psychological Terms............................................................................................................ 16
Schools of Psychology ................................................................................................................... 17
History of Psychology.................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 2: Methods of Psychology ................................................................................ 19
Sampling Design ............................................................................................................................ 19
Methods of Collection of Primary Data ........................................................................................ 19
Collection of Secondary Data ........................................................................................................ 20
Characteristics of Measurement ................................................................................................... 20
Introspection .................................................................................................................................. 26
Interview ......................................................................................................................................... 26
Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................... 28
Schedules........................................................................................................................................ 29
Case Study ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Observation .................................................................................................................................... 32
Rating Scales................................................................................................................................... 34
Projective Techniques.................................................................................................................... 46
Sociometry...................................................................................................................................... 48
Situational Test............................................................................................................................... 49
Experimental Methods ................................................................................................................... 49
Psychometric Methods .................................................................................................................. 51
Psychophysical Methods ............................................................................................................... 51
Methodological Problems in Psychology...................................................................................... 52
CHAPTER 3: Research Aptitude ........................................................................................ 53
Scientific Research ......................................................................................................................... 53
Types of Research .......................................................................................................................... 53
Diagnostic Research....................................................................................................................... 54
Prognostic Research....................................................................................................................... 54
Research Design ............................................................................................................................. 55
Hypothesis...................................................................................................................................... 57
Variables ......................................................................................................................................... 61
Sampling ......................................................................................................................................... 62
Format of Scientific Reporting ...................................................................................................... 65
Types of Psychological Research .................................................................................................. 65
Laboratory Experiment .................................................................................................................. 65
Field Experiment ............................................................................................................................ 66
Field Studies ................................................................................................................................... 66
Survey Research ............................................................................................................................. 67
Experimental Design ...................................................................................................................... 68
CHAPTER 4: Statistics & Research Methods In Psychology ............................................ 73
Application of Statistics in Psychology ........................................................................................ 73
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Basic Descriptive Statistics............................................................................................................ 73

Measures of Central Tendency ...................................................................................................... 74
Skewness ........................................................................................................................................ 74
Measures of Variation .................................................................................................................... 75
Inferential Statistics ....................................................................................................................... 76
Common Statistical Tests in Psychology...................................................................................... 76
T-Tests............................................................................................................................................. 77
ANOVA or F-Test ............................................................................................................................. 78
Factor Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 80
Regression Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 81
Item Response Theory (IRT) .......................................................................................................... 82
CHAPTER 5: Focused Group Discussions (FGD) .............................................................. 84
Purpose of FGD .............................................................................................................................. 84
Situations not Suitable for FGD..................................................................................................... 84
Tips and Procedure to Conduct FGD ............................................................................................ 84
Strengths of FGD ............................................................................................................................ 85
Limitations of FGD ......................................................................................................................... 85
CHAPTER 6: Grounded Theory Approach ........................................................................ 86
Concept and Definition ................................................................................................................. 86
Elements of Grounded Theory Approach .................................................................................... 86
Applications of Grounded Theory Approach............................................................................... 86
Research Method: Grounded Theory Approach .......................................................................... 86
Analysis of Grounded Theory ....................................................................................................... 87
Judging Grounded Theory ............................................................................................................ 87
CHAPTER 7: Brainstorming ............................................................................................... 88
Concept of Brainstorming ............................................................................................................. 88
Basic Rules of Brainstorming ........................................................................................................ 88
Steps of Brainstorming .................................................................................................................. 88
Brainstorming Types...................................................................................................................... 88
Brainstorming Techniques ............................................................................................................ 89
Benefits of Brainstorming.............................................................................................................. 90
CHAPTER 8: Development of Human Behavior ............................................................... 91
Hereditary and Environment (Nature or Nurture Issue).............................................................. 91
Learning and Maturation ............................................................................................................... 92
Culture and Personality ................................................................................................................. 94
Measurement of Human Behavior ................................................................................................ 96
Socialization ................................................................................................................................... 96
National Character ....................................................................................................................... 100
CHAPTER 9: Biological Basis of Psychology................................................................... 101
Neurons ........................................................................................................................................ 101
Neurotransmitters........................................................................................................................ 102
Transmission of a Nerve Impulse ............................................................................................... 102
Brain and Nervous System .......................................................................................................... 104
VOLUME II ......................................................................................................................... 109
CHAPTER 10: Sensation, Attention & Perception .......................................................... 109
Introduction to Sensation and Perception ................................................................................. 109
Sensation ...................................................................................................................................... 109
Perception..................................................................................................................................... 109
Depth Perception ......................................................................................................................... 110
Classification of Perception ........................................................................................................ 112
Theories of Pain Perception ........................................................................................................ 114
Selective Perception ..................................................................................................................... 114
Theories of Perception ................................................................................................................ 115
Person Perception ........................................................................................................................ 117
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Attribution Theory ....................................................................................................................... 117

Perception and Personality.......................................................................................................... 118
Signal Detection Theory .............................................................................................................. 119
Attention ....................................................................................................................................... 120
Distraction .................................................................................................................................... 122
Culture and Perception ................................................................................................................ 122
Subliminal Perception.................................................................................................................. 123
Plasticity of Perception ................................................................................................................ 123
Intersensory Perception .............................................................................................................. 123
Simulation Studies ....................................................................................................................... 124
CHAPTER 11: Learning .................................................................................................... 126
Important Definitions .................................................................................................................. 126
Sensitization and Habituation..................................................................................................... 126
Characteristics of Learning ......................................................................................................... 126
Factors in Human Learning ......................................................................................................... 126
Factors affecting Learning ........................................................................................................... 127
Organic Model of Man.................................................................................................................. 127
Humanistic Model of Man............................................................................................................ 128
Mechanical Model of Man ............................................................................................................ 128
Important Research ..................................................................................................................... 128
Thorndikes Theory...................................................................................................................... 129
Classical Conditioning ................................................................................................................. 130
Operant Conditioning .................................................................................................................. 131
Reinforcement .............................................................................................................................. 133
Punishment .................................................................................................................................. 134
Extinction...................................................................................................................................... 134
Generalization .............................................................................................................................. 134
Behavior Modification.................................................................................................................. 135
Social Learning Theory ................................................................................................................ 135
Observational Learning ............................................................................................................... 135
Contingency Theory .................................................................................................................... 135
Tolmans Purposive Behavior ...................................................................................................... 135
Cognitive Learning (S-S Learning) ............................................................................................... 137
Latent Learning ............................................................................................................................ 137
Insight ........................................................................................................................................... 137
Programmed Learning ................................................................................................................. 138
Discrimination Learning Theory ................................................................................................. 140
CHAPTER 12: Memory ..................................................................................................... 142
Definition...................................................................................................................................... 142
Basics of Memory ......................................................................................................................... 142
Models of Memory ....................................................................................................................... 142
Memory Process ........................................................................................................................... 144
Measurement of Memory............................................................................................................. 145
Factors affecting Memorization .................................................................................................. 146
Amnesia ........................................................................................................................................ 147
Papezs Circuit .............................................................................................................................. 147
Definition...................................................................................................................................... 147
Anterograde vs. Retrograde Amnesia ......................................................................................... 148
Retrograde Amnesia..................................................................................................................... 148
Metacognition............................................................................................................................... 149
Metamemory ................................................................................................................................ 149
CHAPTER 13: Forgetting.................................................................................................. 151
Concept and Definition ............................................................................................................... 151
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve...................................................................................................... 151
Factors affecting Rate of Forgetting ........................................................................................... 152
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Methods for Increasing the Strength of Memory ....................................................................... 152

Factors affecting Forgetting ........................................................................................................ 152
Types of Forgetting ...................................................................................................................... 153
Theories of Forgetting ................................................................................................................. 153
CHAPTER 14: Thinking .................................................................................................... 154
Definitions .................................................................................................................................... 154
Characteristics of Thinking ......................................................................................................... 154
Tools of Thinking ......................................................................................................................... 154
Types of Thinking ........................................................................................................................ 154
CHAPTER 15: Reasoning .................................................................................................. 155
Types of Reasoning ...................................................................................................................... 155
CHAPTER 16: Problem Solving ........................................................................................ 157
Nature of Problem-Solving Behavior........................................................................................... 157
Rules in Problem Solving............................................................................................................. 157
Steps in Problem Solving ............................................................................................................. 157
Factors Influencing Problem Solving .......................................................................................... 158
CHAPTER 17: Concept Formation ................................................................................... 159
Definitions .................................................................................................................................... 159
Characteristics of Concepts ........................................................................................................ 159
Ways of Concept Formation ........................................................................................................ 159
Characteristics of Concept Formation........................................................................................ 159
Types of Concepts ....................................................................................................................... 159
Process of Concept Formation .................................................................................................... 159
Steps in Concept Formation ........................................................................................................ 159
Factors influencing Concept Learning........................................................................................ 160
Factors Affecting Concept Learning ........................................................................................... 160
Factors Affecting Concept Attainment ....................................................................................... 160
Strategies of Concept Formation ................................................................................................ 160
CHAPTER 18: Emotion ..................................................................................................... 162
Concept and Definition of Emotion ............................................................................................ 162
Characteristics of Emotions ........................................................................................................ 162
Factors Affecting Emotions ......................................................................................................... 163
Plutchiks Emotional Wheel ......................................................................................................... 164
Measurement of Emotions........................................................................................................... 165
Physiological Basis of Emotions.................................................................................................. 166
Effects of Emotions ...................................................................................................................... 166
Areas Involved with Emotions .................................................................................................... 167
Theories of Emotion .................................................................................................................... 168
CHAPTER 19: Motivation ................................................................................................. 173
Concept and Definition of Motivation ........................................................................................ 173
Motivational Cycle ....................................................................................................................... 173
Characteristics of Motivation ...................................................................................................... 173
Motivational Process .................................................................................................................... 174
Sources of Motivation .................................................................................................................. 174
Demotivating Factors................................................................................................................... 174
Causes of Motivation ................................................................................................................... 175
Motives ......................................................................................................................................... 175
Important Terminology ............................................................................................................... 177
Classification of Needs ................................................................................................................ 178
Measurement of Motivation ........................................................................................................ 179
CHAPTER 20: Theories of Motivation & Work Motivation ............................................ 181
Instinct Theory ............................................................................................................................. 181
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Drive Reduction Theory .............................................................................................................. 181

Arousal Theory............................................................................................................................. 182
Psychoanalytic Theory ................................................................................................................ 182
Alders Social Urge Theory........................................................................................................... 182
Need Hierarchy Theory ............................................................................................................... 183
Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory .................................................................................................... 184
Escape Theory .............................................................................................................................. 185
Expectancy Theory....................................................................................................................... 186
Skinners Behavior Modification Theory..................................................................................... 187
Acquired Needs Theory ............................................................................................................... 187
Attribution Theory ....................................................................................................................... 187
Cognitive Dissonance Theory ..................................................................................................... 188
ERG Theory ................................................................................................................................... 189
Consistency Theory ..................................................................................................................... 190
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) ................................................................................................ 190
Opponent-Process Theory ........................................................................................................... 190
Attitude-Behavior Consistency ................................................................................................... 191
Reward Theory (Incentive Theory) ............................................................................................. 191
Carrot and Stick Theory .............................................................................................................. 191
Fear of Punishment Theory ......................................................................................................... 191
Pareeks Integrated Theory .......................................................................................................... 191
Likerts Approach to Motivation.................................................................................................. 192
Theory X and Theory Y ................................................................................................................ 193
Lewins Field Theory .................................................................................................................... 194
Porter and Lawler Model.............................................................................................................. 195
Adams Equity Theory.................................................................................................................. 196
VOLUME III ........................................................................................................................ 198
CHAPTER 21: Intelligence ............................................................................................... 198
Concept and Definition of Intelligence ...................................................................................... 198
Characteristics of Intelligence..................................................................................................... 198
Functions of Intelligence ............................................................................................................. 198
Operations of Intelligence ........................................................................................................... 199
Factors affecting Intelligence ...................................................................................................... 199
Theories of Intelligence ............................................................................................................... 199
IQ ................................................................................................................................................... 205
Deviation IQ.................................................................................................................................. 207
Constancy of IQ............................................................................................................................ 207
Social Intelligence ........................................................................................................................ 207
Emotional Intelligence (EI) ........................................................................................................... 208
Measurement of Intelligence ....................................................................................................... 212
Common Subtests ........................................................................................................................ 213
Common Intelligence Tests ......................................................................................................... 214
CHAPTER 22: Aptitude..................................................................................................... 218
Concept and Definition of Aptitude ........................................................................................... 218
Characteristics of Aptitude ......................................................................................................... 218
Assumptions of Aptitude Concept ............................................................................................. 218
Application of Aptitude in Various Branches ............................................................................. 218
Aptitude Test ................................................................................................................................ 219
Some Important Tests.................................................................................................................. 219
Limitations of Aptitude Tests...................................................................................................... 220
CHAPTER 23: Creativity................................................................................................... 221
Concept and Definition of Creativity ......................................................................................... 221
Characteristics of Creativity........................................................................................................ 221
Nature of Creativity ..................................................................................................................... 222
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Stimulation of Creativity ............................................................................................................. 222

Characteristics of Creative Person.............................................................................................. 222
Creative Process ........................................................................................................................... 223
Levels of Creativity ...................................................................................................................... 223
Some Major Creativity Tests........................................................................................................ 223
Procedure for Constructing Creative Tests ................................................................................ 225
Teaching Problem Solving ........................................................................................................... 225
Teaching Creativity ...................................................................................................................... 225
CHAPTER 24: Personality ................................................................................................ 226
Definitions and Concepts ............................................................................................................ 226
Characteristics of Personality ..................................................................................................... 226
Traits of Personality ..................................................................................................................... 226
Determinants of Personality ....................................................................................................... 227
Theories of Personality................................................................................................................ 229
Type Approach ............................................................................................................................. 229
Trait Approach ............................................................................................................................. 232
Type-cum-Trait Approach............................................................................................................ 235
Psychoanalytic Approach ............................................................................................................ 236
Humanistic Approach .................................................................................................................. 244
Learning Approach....................................................................................................................... 247
Big Five Theory of Personality .................................................................................................... 247
Measurement of Personality........................................................................................................ 249
CHAPTER 25: Attitude ..................................................................................................... 250
Concept and Definition of Attitude ............................................................................................ 250
Characteristics of Attitude .......................................................................................................... 250
Formation of Attitude .................................................................................................................. 251
Approaches to Study Attitude..................................................................................................... 251
Benefits of Positive Attitude........................................................................................................ 252
Consequences of Negative Attitude ........................................................................................... 252
Determinants of Attitude ............................................................................................................ 252
Factors affecting Attitude Development .................................................................................... 252
Difference between Attitude and Opinion ................................................................................. 252
Attitude Change ........................................................................................................................... 253
Theories of Attitude Change ....................................................................................................... 253
Measurement of Attitude............................................................................................................. 256
CHAPTER 26: Values ........................................................................................................ 258
Concept and Definition of Values ............................................................................................... 258
Characteristics of Values ............................................................................................................. 258
Motivational Property of Values .................................................................................................. 258
Rokeach Description of Types of Values .................................................................................... 258
Tests of Values.............................................................................................................................. 259
CHAPTER 27: Interests .................................................................................................... 260
Concept and Definition of Interests ........................................................................................... 260
Characteristics of Interests ......................................................................................................... 260
Interest Tests ................................................................................................................................ 260
Measurement of Interests............................................................................................................ 260
CHAPTER 28: Language ................................................................................................... 262
Concept and Definition of Language .......................................................................................... 262
Linguistic Relativity ..................................................................................................................... 262
Rules of Grammar & Syntax ........................................................................................................ 262
Units of Language ........................................................................................................................ 262
Structure of Language.................................................................................................................. 263
Semantics...................................................................................................................................... 264
Stages of Language Development ............................................................................................... 264
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Theories of Language Development ........................................................................................... 266

Linguistic Hierarchy..................................................................................................................... 270
Critical Period Hypothesis........................................................................................................... 271
Language Acquisition .................................................................................................................. 272
CHAPTER 29: Communication......................................................................................... 274
Concept and Definition of Communication ............................................................................... 274
Communication Terminology ..................................................................................................... 274
Importance of Communication ................................................................................................... 275
Characteristics of Good Communication ................................................................................... 275
Components of Communication................................................................................................. 275
Objectives of Communication .................................................................................................... 275
Communication Situations .......................................................................................................... 276
Barriers to Communication ......................................................................................................... 276
Steps to Remove Communication Barriers ................................................................................ 277
Process of Two-Way Communication ......................................................................................... 278
Factors affecting Communication .............................................................................................. 278
Effective Communication ............................................................................................................ 280
Active Listening............................................................................................................................ 282
Developmental Process of Communication in Children ........................................................... 283
Group Communication ................................................................................................................ 283
Methods of Communication........................................................................................................ 283
Mediums of Communication....................................................................................................... 283
Complexities of Communication System ................................................................................... 284
Types of Communication ............................................................................................................ 284
Grapevine Communication ......................................................................................................... 287
Information Overload .................................................................................................................. 287
VOLUME IV ........................................................................................................................ 289
CHAPTER 30: Applied Psychology .................................................................................. 289
Concept of Applied Psychology .................................................................................................. 289
Nature, Scope and Branches of Applied Psychology ................................................................. 289
Problems in Applied Psychology ................................................................................................ 289
CHAPTER 31: Role of Psychology in Information Technology & Mass Media ............ 290
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 290
Information Overload .................................................................................................................. 290
Management of Information Systems (MIS) ............................................................................... 290
Technology & its Impact on Human Behavior............................................................................ 292
CHAPTER 32: Computer Application in Psychology ..................................................... 295
Steps and Stages of Computer Application................................................................................ 295
Contribution of Computer to Psychological Studies ................................................................. 295
Applications of Computers to Psychology................................................................................. 296
Computer Software and Systems used in Psychology .............................................................. 296
Steps for Implementation of Computer Applications ............................................................... 296
Extent of Computerization .......................................................................................................... 297
CHAPTER 33: Artificial Intelligence (AI) ........................................................................ 299
Definition and Concepts.............................................................................................................. 299
Fields of AI.................................................................................................................................... 299
AI Techniques ............................................................................................................................... 300
Applications of AI ........................................................................................................................ 300
Problems in AI .............................................................................................................................. 300
CHAPTER 34: Psycho-cybernetic Imagery...................................................................... 302
Cybernetics................................................................................................................................... 302
Psycho-cybernetic Imagery ......................................................................................................... 305
CHAPTER 35: Extrasensory Perception .......................................................................... 306
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Scope & Types of ESP ................................................................................................................... 306

Criticism of ESP ............................................................................................................................ 306
CHAPTER 36: Psychological Tests & Individual Differences ....................................... 307
Psychological Tests ...................................................................................................................... 307
Individual Differences ................................................................................................................. 310
CHAPTER 37: Mental Disorders ...................................................................................... 312
Mental Health ............................................................................................................................... 312
Happiness Disposition ................................................................................................................ 315
Anxiety .......................................................................................................................................... 316
Phobia ........................................................................................................................................... 318
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) ...................................................................................... 322
Neurasthenia ................................................................................................................................ 324
Depressive Neurosis .................................................................................................................... 325
Psychosis ...................................................................................................................................... 326
Difference between Neurosis and Psychosis ............................................................................. 326
Hallucination ................................................................................................................................ 327
Delusion........................................................................................................................................ 328
Hysteria......................................................................................................................................... 328
Schizophrenia .............................................................................................................................. 330
Paranoia ........................................................................................................................................ 333
Mood Disorder ............................................................................................................................. 335
Manic Depressive Disorder ......................................................................................................... 336
Personality Disorder .................................................................................................................... 338
Substance Use Disorder ............................................................................................................... 341
CHAPTER 38: Drugs & Its Induced Changes .................................................................. 344
Categories of Drugs ..................................................................................................................... 344
Some Common Drugs .................................................................................................................. 344
VOLUME V ......................................................................................................................... 348
CHAPTER 39: Sleep & Dreams......................................................................................... 348
Concept of Sleep .......................................................................................................................... 348
Sleep Measurement ...................................................................................................................... 348
Timing of Sleep ............................................................................................................................ 348
Types or Stages of Sleep .............................................................................................................. 349
Pattern of Sleep (Hypnogram) ..................................................................................................... 350
Daydreams ................................................................................................................................... 350
Sleep Theories .............................................................................................................................. 351
Functions of Sleep........................................................................................................................ 351
Optimal Amounts of Sleep .......................................................................................................... 351
Sleep Disorders ............................................................................................................................ 352
Dreams.......................................................................................................................................... 352
Dream Content ............................................................................................................................. 353
Dream Theories............................................................................................................................ 353
CHAPTER 40: Environmental Psychology ...................................................................... 355
Concept of Environmental Psychology ...................................................................................... 355
Perspectives of Environmental Psychology ............................................................................... 355
Elements of Environmental Psychology ..................................................................................... 355
Areas of Study .............................................................................................................................. 356
Approaches to Environmental Psychology ................................................................................ 356
Scope of Environmental Psychology .......................................................................................... 357
CHAPTER 41: Therapeutic Approaches ......................................................................... 358
Group Therapy ............................................................................................................................. 358
Reiki .............................................................................................................................................. 358
Meditation or Dhayan .................................................................................................................. 359
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Yoga............................................................................................................................................... 359
Psychotherapy.............................................................................................................................. 362
Behavioral Therapy ...................................................................................................................... 365
Humanistic Therapy .................................................................................................................... 367
Cognitive Therapy ....................................................................................................................... 368
Existential Therapy ...................................................................................................................... 369
Hypnosis ....................................................................................................................................... 370
Biofeedback Therapy ................................................................................................................... 371
Activity Therapy .......................................................................................................................... 372
Rehabilitation ............................................................................................................................... 372
CHAPTER 42: Work Psychology & Organizational Behavior......................................... 373
Management ................................................................................................................................. 373
Human Resource Management (HRM) ........................................................................................ 376
Selection ....................................................................................................................................... 379
Training......................................................................................................................................... 382
Recruitment .................................................................................................................................. 386
Human Resource Development (HRD)........................................................................................ 388
Marketing ...................................................................................................................................... 390
Participative Management ........................................................................................................... 394
Advertisement .............................................................................................................................. 396
Ergonomics ................................................................................................................................... 397
Stress............................................................................................................................................. 398
Sensitivity Training ...................................................................................................................... 402
CHAPTER 43: Psychology of Economic Development................................................... 404
Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship........................................................................................... 404
Achievement Motivation.............................................................................................................. 412
Consumer Protection & Consumer Courts ................................................................................. 414
VOLUME VI ........................................................................................................................ 417
CHAPTER 44: Educational Psychology ........................................................................... 417
Career Counseling........................................................................................................................ 417
Educational Guidance .................................................................................................................. 418
Vocational Guidance .................................................................................................................... 420
Psychological Tests in Educational Institutions ........................................................................ 423
Exceptional Children.................................................................................................................... 424
Physical Handicapped ................................................................................................................. 425
Gifted Children............................................................................................................................. 427
Creative Children ......................................................................................................................... 429
Mentally Retarded Child .............................................................................................................. 430
Educationally Backward Child..................................................................................................... 432
Learning Disabled Child .............................................................................................................. 433
Adolescent in Learning Situation ................................................................................................ 434
CHAPTER 45: Community Psychology ........................................................................... 436
Social Change ............................................................................................................................... 436
Small Groups ................................................................................................................................ 439
Leadership .................................................................................................................................... 441
CHAPTER 46: Psychology of Disadvantaged Groups .................................................... 447
Disadvantages Group .................................................................................................................. 447
Classification of Disadvantaged Groups .................................................................................... 447
Criteria Used to Determine Disadvantaged Groups .................................................................. 447
Deprivation................................................................................................................................... 447
CHAPTER 47: Psychology of Social Integration ............................................................. 451
Prejudice ....................................................................................................................................... 451
Stereotypes ................................................................................................................................... 457
Social Integration ......................................................................................................................... 458
www.examrace.com
Examrace
CHAPTER 48: Political Psychology ................................................................................. 459

Concept of Political Psychology .................................................................................................. 459
Concepts of Political Psychology ................................................................................................ 459
CHAPTER 49: Rehabilitation Psychology ....................................................................... 460
Rehabilitation ............................................................................................................................... 460
Social Deviance ............................................................................................................................ 463
Crime ............................................................................................................................................ 464
Psychology of Law ....................................................................................................................... 467
Juvenile Delinquency................................................................................................................... 468
Prostitution................................................................................................................................... 468
Beggary ......................................................................................................................................... 469
Problem of Aged........................................................................................................................... 469
Drugs & Drug Addiction .............................................................................................................. 471
Disease Prevention....................................................................................................................... 472
CHAPTER 50: Population Psychology ............................................................................. 474
Important Research in Population Psychology .......................................................................... 474
Effects of Change in Role of Women........................................................................................... 474
Reasons for Acceptance of Smaller Family ................................................................................ 474
Crowding ...................................................................................................................................... 475
VOLUME VII....................................................................................................................... 477
CHAPTER 51: Military Psychology .................................................................................. 477
Introduction to Military Psychology ........................................................................................... 477
Perceiving and Performance........................................................................................................ 477
Selection and Recruitment .......................................................................................................... 478
Issues Faced by Military Personnel ............................................................................................. 480
Human Problems in Aviation & Space ........................................................................................ 481
Human Engineering in Defense .................................................................................................. 483
CHAPTER 52: Sports Psychology .................................................................................... 484
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 484
Sporting Excellence ...................................................................................................................... 484
Goal Setting .................................................................................................................................. 484
Training of Sports Personnel ....................................................................................................... 485
CHAPTER 53: Psychology of Terrorism ......................................................................... 489
Important Definitions .................................................................................................................. 489
Stages of World Terrorism ........................................................................................................... 489
Terrorist Motivating Factors ........................................................................................................ 489
Kinds of Terrorist Aggression ..................................................................................................... 490
Reasons to Spread Terror ............................................................................................................ 490
Approaches to Understand Psychic of Terrorists ...................................................................... 490
Important Research on Psychology of Terrorism ...................................................................... 491
CHAPTER 54: Psychology of Gender .............................................................................. 493
Introduction to Gender Psychology............................................................................................ 493
History: Psychology of Gender ................................................................................................... 493
Stereotypes, Prejudice, Discrimination and Gender Discrimination ....................................... 493
Emergence of Gender Psychology .............................................................................................. 493
Theory of Development of Gender Psychology......................................................................... 494
Developmental Issues: Gender Psychology ............................................................................... 494
Gender Therapy ........................................................................................................................... 495
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy................................................................................................................ 497
Glass Ceiling Effect ...................................................................................................................... 498
Women & Indian Society .............................................................................................................. 500
Government Policies for Promotion of Women Entrepreneurship ........................................... 501
Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 505
Write Short Notes on (200 words) ............................................................................................... 505
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Long answer Questions (1000-1500 words)............................................................................... 506

One Line Answers-Section I ......................................................................................................... 508
One Line Answers-Section II ........................................................................................................ 510
Glossary ............................................................................................................................ 512
Other Books and E-Books by Examrace .......................................................................... 539
www.examrace.com
Examracce
Alll of Non
ne Princ
ciple: Re
elation between neural im
mpulse p
production & stiimulation levels
is all
a or no
one princciple. Acction potential continues withou
ut diminishing through axon. It
depends o
on cell membran
m
ne permeability & not in
ntensity of trigge
ering stimulus.
Figure 25: Action Po
otential
Refrractory Period
d
Small refracttoriness affects neuron
n
firing independe
ent of stiimulation, once action potential
urs. It is of 2 kin
nd, abso
olute & rrelative. The abssolute re
efractory period lasts for short
occu
e followed by relative
time
r
h intenssity stimulus generates action
that occurs when high
ential be
en neurral thresshold is
pote
efore ne
euron acchieve resting state. Ne
eurons fire whe
reached, after refracctory period.
aptic Trransmis
Syna
ssion
apse is n
Syna
neural junction to exchange information
n & is callled by action po
otential. Axon of
st
euron kn
1 ne
nown as Presyn
naptic Neuron transmitss inform
mation to dendrites of 2nd neuron
ed Posttsynaptiic Neurron by neurotransmittters. Th
calle
hese are kept in vesicles or
conttainers a
at axon tips term
minal buttons. Synaptiic Cleft separates axon of presynaptic
neurron from
m postsy
ynaptic neurons dendrites. Prresynapttic neuron stimulation causes
on poten
actio
ntial thatt release
es neurotransmitters in synapticc cleft & bind with molecules at
eptors (special sites) on
Rece
n dendrites of postsyna
aptic neu
uron.
www.examrace.com
Examracce
CHA
APTER 19: MOTIV
VATION
Con
ncept and Definition off Motivaation
Interrnal forcces, which arou
use or initiate action or
o behav
vior, dirrect it, account for its
term
mination and cessation. It is derived from Lattin word
d movere meaning to move.
Insp
piration cchanges thinkin
ng and motivation chang
ges actio
on.
Figure 49: Process of Motivation
M
n
Imp
portant D
Definitiions
Accorrding to M
McDonalld, it is ann energy change within persson characcterized by effectivee arousal and goal
oriennted activitty.
Accorrding to JJ.P. Gullifo
ford, a mootive is anny particular factor or condittion that tends to initiate and sustain
activiity.
Accorrding to Jaames Drevver, motivvation is an affective conative factor, whhich operaates in determining direction
of end or goal conscioussly apprehhended or unconsciousness.
Atkinnson descrribed mottivation ass arousal oof tendency to act, to
t producce one or more effects.
Motivationa
al Cycle
e
Figure 50: Motivation
nal Cycle
aracterisstics of Motivattion
Cha
Behavior is goal diirected. Unless goal is fulfilled readinesss remaiins in th

he person
otivated behavio
Mo
or is stro
onger
otivated behavio
Mo
or is sele
ective
otivated individu
Mo
ual is en
nergized and evocated
b
It cannot
c
be directtly obserrved
Shows con
ntinuity and diffferent behavior are simiilarly mo
otivated
Perrson eng
gages in
n activity
y quickly and vigorously
y
nds to fo
Ten
ocus on particular activity but has adap
ptive value
Strronger th
he motiv
ve, more
e persisttent the behavio
or
as variab
Ha
bility and
d high energy concentration
oduces e
Pro
energy mobiliza
m
ation
auses persistence
Ca
auses resstlessnesss to atttain goall but it becomess extinct after goal is acwww.examrace.com
Ca
hieved
Examrace
Morphology: Study of various sound combinations having meaning & there are three
principal approaches:
Morpheme-Based Morphology: Item-and-Arrangement approach is used to combine &
arrange morphemes in word forms.
Lexeme-Based Morphology: Item-and-Process approach is used & word form is result
of applying rules altering word form or stem to produce new one & generating stem.
Inflectional Rule: It takes & changes stem as is required by rule & outputs word form.
Derivational Rule: It takes & changes stem as per its own requirements & outputs
derived stem.
Compounding Rule: It takes word forms, and similarly outputs a compound stem.
Word-Based Morphology: Word-and-Paradigm approach is used & it states
generalizations holding between forms of inflectional paradigms.
Semantics
Study of meanings is semantics & is classified as denotative and connotative.
Denotative: Meaning refers to explicit kind of references e.g. number or the count
Connotative: Refers to qualities possessed by the object. Connotative reference can be
measured through the semantic differential method developed by Charles Osgood (Refer
Semantic Differential on page 44), dividing connotative references into three categories:
Good-bad (Evaluative)
Weak-strong (Potency)
Active-Passive (Activity)
Stages of Language Development

Harlod Vetter and Richard Howell described four stages of language development as:
Pre-linguistic Stage: These are childs first attempt to develop phonemic system of his
native tongue. In the first month child cries in response to language. In the sixth month
babbling starts and in 8th month child engages in echolalia (repeat word or phrase over
and over) and imitates sounds produced by others.
Holophrase or One Word Utterances Stage: This happens between 10 and 13 months
of stage, during the last part of sensorimotor period child speaks single words. Although
the child speaks single words, its meaning is supplemented by non-verbal cues.
Two-Word Stage: By 18th month of age, at the end of sensorimotor period child has
reached the level of pre-operational thinking that allows him to represent objects with
signs and symbols. Child begins learning patterns and structures rather than particular
words.
Morpho-Syntactic Developmental Stage: This period has a number of interrelated
processes such as analogic formations, overgeneralizations, expansion of speech,
increase in sentence length, and increase in mastery of syntactic rules. Finally, the child
masters the language rules.
Age
6
Months
12
Months
18
Months
Table 40: Typical Language Development using English as Example

Typical Language Development
Vocalization with pitch
Responds to name & human voices by turning eyes & head
Differentiates friendly and angry tones
Uses one or more words with meaning (word fragment)
Understands simple vocal or physical instructions
Practices modulation
Is aware of the social value of speech
Vocabulary of about 5-20 words with mainly nouns
Some echolalia & jargon with emotional content
Is able to follow simple commands
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Sadistic superego system

Inability to face hardships
Narcissistic tendency
Denial and projection
Situations created by anger
Spirit of revenge
Self-devaluation
Mental conflict
Symptoms of Paranoia
Symptoms develop gradually over years
Most common in age group 25-65 years
Delusions: Refer delusions on page 328.
Person develops a feeling that others are conspiring against him or her
Person develops a feeling that world is full of selfish people
Patient cannot be convinced by reasoning
Lack of systematic and logical thought
Disorientation
Protective thinking
Hostility
Instability
Anxiety
Treatment of Paranoia
Refer Therapeutic Approaches on page 348 for details on the below mentioned therapies.
Individual therapy
Group therapy
Aversive therapy
Conditioning
Behavior therapy
Socio-therapy
Drugs
Somatic treatment
Types of Paranoia
Paranoid Personality Disorder: No explicit delusion or individual experiencing
hallucinations is present, except, during extreme stress periods. Individuals with PPD
tend to become suspicious loner type. Some covertly entertain grandiose fantasies e.g.
being worlds greatest inventor.
Delusional (Paranoid) Disorder: Logical delusional system to protect ego and succeed
in effecting marginal adjustment to work place. Delusions are firm beliefs that are untrue
& not shared or modified by others. This form can be more severe and debilitating than
PPD & is less severe than paranoid schizophrenia. The delusions are logical up to some
extent and ego is not disintegrated. It is characterized by some common delusions. Refer
types of delusions on page 328.
Paranoid Schizophrenia: Severely broken personality with denial of reality, projection
of ideas as delusion and hallucinations and infantile regression behavior. Symptoms
include extremely bizarre delusions or hallucinations with specific theme always.
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Help students find right education tracks depending on abilities, aptitudes, interests and
aspiration level
Principles of Educational Guidance

Educational guidance is based on the following principle
It is objective oriented
It helps achieve best of a persons ability
It recognizes individual differences
It is student oriented
It uses standardized tests
It helps in problem solving from very beginning
It fosters relation between school and parents
It recommends creating follow-up studies for data collection
It creates strategies for educational resources
It helps in identifying the basic needs, which should be addressed by all institutions
Functions of Educational Guidance
Selection of curriculum that fits the ability and capacity of students
Improvement in method of study
Provision for distinct education for backward child
Provision for distinct education for gifted child
Determine reasons for failure of students in examinations & create remedial measures
Encourage children to study and develop their interest in study
Help in removing student weaknesses in particular subjects
Vocational Guidance
Vocational guidance is the process of helping people in planning their lifework. Also refer
Career Counseling on page 417.
Important Definition
Myers defined that vocational guidance assists individual to do certain definite things relating to ones vocation.
Characteristics of Vocational Guidance
Helps in selecting vocation of interest and aptitude
Helps progress in a vocation and its eventual selection as a livelihood
It is a comprehensive process
Helps profession to better adapt to changes and earn livelihood
Helps in developing an individuals potentials
Help people in achieving their goals in profession life, create happiness and satisfaction
Requires following information
Individuals parameters such as aptitude, interests, needs, intelligence and abilities
Requirements for various jobs on the same parameters
Finds best match between individual parameters & job requirements
Works by evaluating a persons role in real sense
Objectives of Vocational Guidance
Vocational guidance is used to
Match individuals with right vocation
Facilitate observation of different vocations
Help an individual develop comprehensive interest in a vocation
Assist in developing the right abilities after selection for a vocation
Inform individuals and society about the importance of vocation
www.examrace.com
Examrace
Thinking positive
Knowledge that a player can perform well despite distractions
Taking proper sleep and rest
Developing a re-focusing plan
Learning methods to alter bad mood to good mood
Coaching
Activity of coach to help develop abilities of coaches or clients is known as coaching. It
aims to focus on goal achievement or precise skills.
Effective Coaching
Effective coaching of sportspersons considers various parameters like nutrition, training
aids, sports drinks, injury prevention, massage, objective evaluation, correction of bad
techniques, techniques of warming up and cooling down, maintaining energy level, heart
rate monitoring and dietary supplements.
Mental Mechanism in Training
The left-brain governs the logic, mathematics, planning, goal setting, and analysis of
complex skills while right brain governs imagery, coordination, integration of complex
skills and creativity. During training, left-brain (analyzer) is dominant to enable picking up
errors, faults in techniques and harmful attitudes. During performance, right brain
(integrator) is in control so that all the skills learnt can be coordinated in a smooth way and
the player can make right tactical decisions.
Management of Stress
Some techniques of sports stress management are as follows:
Being relaxed and alert
Paying full attention towards performance
Practicing well and training to maintain focus
Regulating flow of mental activity in positive direction on improving and performing well
Creating & objectively analyzing the video recording of performance & analyzing findings
Observing that current skill levels are good enough to match difficult contests
Keeping interest and concentration even in tough competition
Keeping distractions under control
Also, refer stress & management of stress on page 398.
Imagery
Process by which one creates, modifies, or strengthens pathways important to coordination
of muscles, by training purely within mind is called imagery & imagination is main driving
force. One exercises these cranial parts with imagination & senses is the main aim & is
useful in training where:
Athlete is injured, and cannot train in any other way
Correct equipment is not available, or practice is not possible for some other reason
Where rapid practice is needed
Importance of Imagery
Real power of imagery lies in a number of much more sophisticated uses:
Imagery allows practice & preparation for events and possibilities
It allows preparing and practicing to physical and psychological problems that do not
occur normally
It allows pre-experiencing achievement of goals.
It enables attainment of complex skills, isolation & re-practicing problems in technique.
It helps to set up performance stage
It helps in refocusing
www.examrace.com

Examrace Psychology Course Content Overview

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Examrace Psychology Course Content Overview

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Examrace

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Basic Descriptive Statistics............................................................................................................ 73

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Attribution Theory ....................................................................................................................... 117

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Methods for Increasing the Strength of Memory ....................................................................... 152

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Drive Reduction Theory .............................................................................................................. 181

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Stimulation of Creativity ............................................................................................................. 222

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Theories of Language Development ........................................................................................... 266

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Scope & Types of ESP ................................................................................................................... 306

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

CHAPTER 48: Political Psychology ................................................................................. 459

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Long answer Questions (1000-1500 words)............................................................................... 506

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Behavior is goal diirected. Unless goal is fulfilled readinesss remaiins in th

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Stages of Language Development

Table 40: Typical Language Development using English as Example

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Sadistic superego system

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Principles of Educational Guidance

Actual postal course comes without the watermark.

For queries call 9998008851

Potrebbero piacerti anche