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Chapter17OnlineHW
Due:12:45pmonWednesday,September7,2016
Tounderstandhowpointsareawarded,readtheGradingPolicyforthisassignment.

HeatversusTemperature
Thespecificheatcapacityofaluminumisabouttwicethatofiron.Considertwoblocksofequalmass,onemadeofaluminumandtheotheronemadeofiron,
initiallyinthermalequilibrium.

PartA
Heatisaddedtoeachblockatthesameconstantrateuntilitreachesatemperatureof500K.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Heatisaddedtobothblocksatthesameconstantrate.Thatis,thesameamountofheatisaddedtoeachblockperunittime.Therefore,the
blockthatreachesthefinaltemperatureinthesmallestamountoftimeistheblockthatrequiresthesmallestamountofheattoundergothegiven
temperaturechange.Sincebothblockshavethesamemassandundergothesametemperaturechange,youcanrelatetheamountofheat
absorbedbyeachblocktotheblock'sspecificheatcapacity.

Hint2.Specificheatcapacity
Givenasampleofmassmofacertainsubstance,theamountofheatQneededtochangeitstemperaturebyanamountT isgivenby
Q = mcT

wherecisthespecificheatcapacitycharacteristicofthatsubstance.Itfollowsthatthespecificheatcapacitycofasampleistheamountofheat
requiredtoraisethetemperatureofonegramofthesampleby1K.

Hint3.Identifywhichmaterialrequiresmoreheat
Considerseveralonegramsamplesofdifferentmaterials.Heatisaddedtoeachsampletoincreaseitstemperatureby1K.Whichmaterialwill
absorbthemostheat?

Hint1.Definitionofspecificheatcapacity
Thespecificheatcapacitycofasampleistheamountofheatrequiredtoraisethetemperatureofonegramofthatsampleby1K.
ANSWER:
Thematerialwiththesmallestspecificheatcapacitywillabsorbthemostheat.
Thematerialwiththelargestspecificheatcapacitywillabsorbthemostheat.
Allthematerialswillabsorbthesameamountofheatbecausetheyallhavethesamemass.
Allthematerialswillabsorbthesameamountofheatbecausetheyallundergothesamechangeintemperature.

ANSWER:
Theirontakeslesstimethanthealuminumtoreachthefinaltemperature.
Thealuminumtakeslesstimethantheirontoreachthefinaltemperature.
Thetwoblockstakethesameamountoftimetoreachthefinaltemperature.

Correct

PartB
Whenthetwomaterialshavereachedthermalequilibrium,theblockofaluminumiscutinhalfandequalquantitiesofheatareaddedtotheironblockand
toeachportionofthealuminumblock.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Sincethesamequantitiesofheatareaddedtosamplesthathavedifferentmassesanddifferentspecificheatcapacities,thismayresultin
differentfinaltemperaturesforeachsample.However,youmustkeepinmindthateachsmallerblockofaluminumnowhashalfthemassofthe

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ironblock,butabouttwicethespecificheatcapacity.
TosolvethisproblemuseproportionalreasoningtofindarelationbetweenT ,c,andm.
Findthesimplestequationthatcontainsthesevariablesandotherknownquantitiesfromtheproblem.
Writethisequationtwice:oncetodescribeTi ,ci ,andmi andagaintorelateTa ,ca ,andma ,wherethesubscriptireferstoiron
andatoaluminum.
Writeeachequationsothatalltheconstantsareononesideandthevariablesareontheother.InthisproblemthevariableisT
sowriteyourequationsintheformT = .
Finally,comparethetwocasespresentedintheproblem.ForthisquestionyoushouldfindtheratioTi /Ta .

Hint2.Findthetemperaturechangeoftheironblock
WhenanamountofheatQisabsorbedbytheblockofiron,whatisitschangeintemperatureTi ?Usemi andci forthemassoftheironblock
andthespecificheatcapacityofiron,respectively.
Expressyouranswerintermsofmi ,ci ,andQ.

Hint1.Specificheatcapacity
Givenamassmofacertainsubstance,theamountofheatQneededtochangeitstemperaturebyanamountT isgivenby
Q = mcT

wherecisaconstant,calledspecificheatcapacity,characteristicofthatsubstance.
ANSWER:

Ti

Q
m i ci

Hint3.Findthetemperaturechangeofthesmalleraluminumblock
WhenanamountofheatQisabsorbedbytheblockofiron,whatisitschangeintemperatureTa ?Expressthemassoftheblockintermsof
themassoftheironblockmi andthespecificheatcapacityofaluminumintermsofthespecificheatcapacityofironci .
Expressyouranswerintermsofmi ,ci ,andQ.

Hint1.Specificheatcapacityofaluminum
Recallthatthespecificheatcapacityofaluminumisabouttwicethespecificheatcapacityofiron.
ANSWER:

Ta

Q
m i ci

ANSWER:
Thethreeblocksarenolongerinthermalequilibriumtheironblockiswarmer.
Thethreeblocksarenolongerinthermalequilibriumboththealuminumblocksarewarmer.
Theblocksremaininthermalequilibrium.

Correct

ThermalConductivityRankingTask
Sixobjectsareplacedina500 F(260 C)ovenandallowedtoreachthermalequilibrium.Eachobjecthasamassof1.0kg.Thespecificheatandthermal
conductivityofeachsubstancearedenotedbycandk.

PartA
Ranktheseobjectsonthebasisoftheirtemperatureswhenremovedfromtheoven.

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Rankfromlargesttosmallest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.

Hint1.Specificheat
Thespecificheatofasubstanceistheamountofheatenergyneededtoraisethetemperatureof1.0kgofthesubstanceby1 C.

Hint2.Thermalconductivity
Thethermalconductivityofasubstanceisameasureoftherateatwhichheatenergycanflowthroughasubstance.Asubstancewithlarge
thermalconductivityallowstherapidflowofheatenergythroughit.

Hint3.Equilibrium
Atequilibrium,anobjectanditssurroundingsareatthesametemperature.
ANSWER:

Reset

Help

largest

smallest
silver ingot

skillet
c = 235iron
J/(kg
C)

kglass
=c
420
=
casserole
448
J/(sJ/(kg
mdish
C)
C)

k 837
= 80
J/(s
C)
c =
J/(kg
m
C)
aluminum
pot

k = 0.8 J/(s m C)
wooden
c = 900
cutting
J/(kg
board
C)

220 done
J/(s steak
m
C)
ck
==
1700
well
J/(kg
C)

k =
0.1
J/(sJ/(kg
m C)
c =
3500
C)
k = 0.2 J/(s m

C)

Thecorrectrankingcannotbedetermined.

Correct

PartB
Whenremovingtheobjectsfromtheoven,youaccidentallytoucheachonewithyourhand.Ranktheseobjectsonthebasisofhowhottheyfeel.
Rankfromlargesttosmallest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.

Hint1.Sensingtemperature
Therateatwhichheatenergyflowsinto(oroutof)yourbodywilldeterminehowhot(orcold)somethingfeelswhenyoutouchit.Forexample,if
heatenergyflowsrapidlyfromyourhandwhenyoutouchanobject,theobjectwillfeelverycold.

Hint2.Rateofheatflow
Therateofheatflow(viaconduction)Q/tfromonepointtoanotherdependsonthetemperaturedifferenceT ,betweenthepoints,thearea
A andthickness L ofthecontactingsurface,andthethermalconductivity kofthesurface.Mathematically,thiscanberepresentedas
Q
t

=k

A
L

(T ).

ANSWER:

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Reset

Help

largest

smallest

silver ingot

aluminum pot

c = 235 J/(kg

C)

k = 420 J/(s m

C)

c = 900 J/(kg

C)

k = 220 J/(s m

C)

iron skillet

c = 448 J/(kg

k = 80 J/(s m

glass casserole dish

C)

C)

c = 837 J/(kg

k = 0.8 J/(s m

C)

C)

well done steak

c = 3500 J/(kg

k = 0.2 J/(s m

C)

C)

wooden cutting board

c = 1700 J/(kg

k = 0.1 J/(s m

C)

C)

Thecorrectrankingcannotbedetermined.

Correct

PartC
Eachoftheobjectsisimmediatelydunkedinanidenticaltubofcoldwater.Thetubsarequicklysealedandinsulated.Ranktheobjectsonthebasisof
theirtemperatureonreachingequilibriumwiththewater.
Rankfromlargesttosmallest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.

Hint1.Conservationofenergy
Onceplacedincontactwiththecoldwater,heatenergywillflowfromthehotobjectsintothecoldwater,loweringthetemperatureoftheobjects
andraisingthetemperatureofthewater.Objectsthatcantransferalargeamountofheatenergywithasmallchangeintemperaturewillendup
withthehighestequilibriumtemperatures.

Hint2.Energytransferandspecificheat
Anobjectthatcantransferalargeamountofheatenergywithasmallchangeintemperaturehasalargespecificheat.
ANSWER:

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Reset

Help

largest

smallest

well done steak

c = 3500 J/(kg

k = 0.2 J/(s m

wooden cutting board

C)

c = 1700 J/(kg

C)

k = 0.1 J/(s m

C)

C)

aluminum pot

glass casserole dish

c = 900 J/(kg

C)

k = 220 J/(s m

C)

c = 837 J/(kg

k = 0.8 J/(s m

iron skillet

c = 448 J/(kg

C)

k = 80 J/(s m

C)

silver ingot

C)

C)

c = 235 J/(kg

C)

k = 420 J/(s m

C)

Thecorrectrankingcannotbedetermined.

Correct

TheSizeofStars
Thehotglowingsurfacesofstarsemitenergyintheformofelectromagneticradiation.Itisagoodapproximationtoassumethattheemissivityeisequalto1
forthesesurfaces.

PartA
FindtheradiusRRigel ofthestarRigel,thebrightbluestarintheconstellationOrionthatradiatesenergyatarateof2.7 10 31
temperatureof11,000K.Assumethatthestarisspherical.
Use

= 5.67 10

W/m

andhasasurface

fortheStefanBoltzmannconstantandexpressyouranswernumericallyinmeterstotwosignificantfigures.

Hint1.Equationforheatradiation
TherateofheatradiationisgivenbyH = AeT 4 ,whereAisthesurfaceareaoftheobject,eistheemissivityofthesurface,istheStefan
Boltzmannconstant,andT isthetemperatureoftheobjectinkelvins.

Hint2.Surfaceareaofthestar
Sincethestarisassumedtobespherical,thesurfaceareaisgivenbyA

= 4R

,whereRistheradiusofthestar.

ANSWER:
RRigel

= 5.11010 m

Correct
Thisisover50timesthesizeofourownsunandaboutathirdoftheorbitalradiusoftheeartharoundthesun.Rigelisanexampleofasupergiant
star.

PartB
FindtheradiusRProcyonB ofthestarProcyonB,whichradiatesenergyatarateof2.1 10
thatthestarisspherical.

23

andhasasurfacetemperatureof10,000K.Assume

Use = 5.67 8 W/ 2 4 fortheStefanBoltzmannconstantandexpressyouranswernumericallyinmeterstotwosignificantfigures.

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Use

= 5.67 10

W/m

fortheStefanBoltzmannconstantandexpressyouranswernumericallyinmeterstotwosignificantfigures.

ANSWER:
RProcyonB

= 5.4106 m

Correct
Thisisslightlysmallerthanthesizeoftheearthandmuchsmallerthan(lessthan1%)thesizeofoursun.ProcyonBisanexampleofawhitedwarf
star.Likemanysmall,dimstarsitisvisibleonlythroughatelescope.

RankineTemperatureScale
LiketheKelvinscale,theRankinescaleisanabsolutetemperaturescale:AbsolutezeroiszerodegreesRankine(0 R).However,theunitsofthisscaleare
thesamesizeasthoseontheFahrenheitscale( F)ratherthantheCelsiusscale( C).

PartA
Giventhatwateratstandardpressurefreezesat0 C,whichcorrespondsto32 F,andthatitboilsat100 C,whichcorrespondsto212 F,calculatethe
temperaturedifferenceT indegreesFahrenheitthatcorrespondstoatemperaturedifferenceof1KontheKelvinscale.
Giveyouranswertotwosignificantfigures.

Hint1.RelationofCelsiusandKelvintemperaturescales
AtemperatureincreaseofonekelvincorrespondstoatemperatureincreaseofonedegreealsoontheCelsiusscale.TheKelvintemperaturescale
andtheCelsiustemperaturescaledifferonlyintheirzeropoint.
ANSWER:
= 1.8 F

T = 1 K

Correct

PartB
WhatisthenumericalvalueofthetriplepointtemperatureTtriple ofwaterontheRankinescale?
Giveyouranswertothreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Triplepointtemperature
OntheKelvintemperaturescale,waterfreezesandcoexistsinthreephases(solid,liquid,andvapor)at273.16Katstandardpressure.This
temperatureisknownasthetriplepoint.
ANSWER:
Ttriple

= 492 R

Correct

PSS17.2Calorimetry
LearningGoal:
TopracticeProblemSolvingStrategy17.2Calorimetry.
A1.00kgchunkofanunknownmetalthathasbeeninboilingwaterforseveralminutesisquicklydroppedintoaninsulatingStyrofoambeakercontaining
1.00kgofwaterat18.0 C.Aftergentlystirringfor5.00minutes,youobservethatthewater'stemperaturehasreachedaconstantvalueof22.0 C.The
specificheatcapacityofwateriscw =4190J/(kg K).AssumingthattheStyrofoamabsorbsanegligiblysmallamountofheatandthatnoheatwaslostto
thesurroundings,whatisthespecificheatcapacityofthemetal,cm ?

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ProblemSolvingStrategy:Calorimetryproblems
IDENTIFYtherelevantconcepts:
Whenheatflowoccursbetweentwobodiesthatareisolatedfromtheirsurroundings,theamountofheatlostbyonebodymustequaltheamountgainedby
theotherbody.
SETUPtheproblemusingthefollowingsteps:
1.Identifywhichobjectsexchangeheat.Toavoidconfusionwithalgebraicsigns,takeeachquantityofheataddedtoabodyaspositiveandeach
quantityleavingabodyasnegative.Whentwoormorebodiesinteract,thealgebraicsumofthequantitiesofheattransferredtoallthebodies
mustbezero.
2.Eachobjectwillundergoatemperaturechangewithnophasechange,aphasechangeatconstanttemperature,orboth.Usetheequation
Q = mcT todescribetemperaturechangesandequations Q = mL f and Q = mL v todescribephasechanges.
3.Consulttablesforvaluesofthespecificheat,molarheatcapacity,heatoffusion,orheatofvaporization.
4.Becertaintoidentifywhichquantitiesareknownandwhicharetheunknowntargetvariables.
EXECUTEthesolutionasfollows:
1.Solveforthetargetvariables.Often,youwillneedtofindanunknowntemperatureT .Forexample,ifanobjecthasaninitialtemperatureof

20 Candanunknownfinaltemperature Tf
,thetemperaturechangefortheobjectisT = Tf Ti = Tf 20 C.
2.Inproblemswhereaphasechangetakesplace,aswhenicemelts,youmaynotknowinadvancewhetherallthematerialundergoesaphase
changeoronlypartofit.Youcanalwaysassumeoneortheother,andiftheresultingcalculationgivesanabsurdresult,youknowtheinitial
assumptionwaswrong.Backupandtryagain!
EVALUATEyouranswer:
AcommonerroristousethewrongalgebraicsignforeitheraQorT term.Doublecheckyourcalculations,andmakesurethatthefinalresultsare
physicallysensible.

IDENTIFYtherelevantconcepts
SinceitisassumedthattheStyrofoambeakerabsorbsanegligiblysmallamountofheatandthatnoheatislosttothesurroundings,youcanthinkofthe
metalandthewaterastwobodiesisolatedfromthesurroundingsthatexchangeacertainamountofheat.Calorimetrycalculationswillallowyoutogeta
quantitativedescriptionoftheheatexchangebetweenthemetalandthewater.

SETUPtheproblemusingthefollowingsteps
PartA
Inwhichdirectiondoestheheatflow?

Hint1.Heatasenergytransfer
Heatistheamountofenergythatistransferredfromonebodytoanotherbecauseofadifferenceintemperature.Italwaysflowsspontaneously
fromanobjectathighertemperaturetooneatlowertemperature.
ANSWER:
Heatentersthemetalandentersthewater.
Heatleavesthewaterandentersthemetal.
Heatleavesthemetalandleavesthewater.
Heatleavesthemetalandentersthewater.

Correct
Theprincipleofconservationofenergyforanisolatedsystemrequiresthattheenergythatleavesthewarmersubstanceequaltheenergythat
entersthecoldersubstance.Inourcase,thismeansthat
Q
+Q
= 0,
w
m
whereQw istheheatgainedbythewaterandQm istheheatlostbythemetal.Notethataccordingtothenotationintroducedinthestrategy,Qw
willbeapositivequantity,whereasQm willbenegative.

EXECUTEthesolutionasfollows
PartB
AssumingthattheStyrofoamabsorbsanegligiblysmallamountofheatandthatnoheatwaslosttothesurroundings,whatisthespecificheatcapacity
ofthemetal,cm ?
Expressyouranswerinjoulesperkilogramkelvin.

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Hint1.Findtheheatgainedbythewater
FindageneralexpressionforQw ,theheatrequiredtochangethetemperatureofthewaterwhenitisheatedbythemetal.Usemw forthemass
ofthewater,cw forthespecificheatofwater,andTwi andTwf fortheinitialandfinaltemperaturesofthewater,respectively.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesmw ,cw ,Twi ,andTwf .

Hint1.Theheatrequiredforatemperaturechange
RecallthattheamountofheatQrequiredtochangethetemperatureofagivenmaterialbyanamountT isproportionaltothemassmof
thematerialandtothetemperaturechangeT :
Q = mcT

wherecisthespecificheatcapacityofthematerial.
ANSWER:
Q

m w c w (Twf Twi )

Hint2.Findtheheatlostbythemetal
FindanexpressionforQm ,theheatrequiredtochangethetemperatureofthemetalwhenitiscooledbythewater.Usemm forthemassofthe
pieceofmetal,cm forthespecificheatofthemetal,andTmi andTmf fortheinitialandfinaltemperaturesofthemetal,respectively.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesmm ,cm ,Tmi ,andTmf

Hint1.Theheatrequiredforatemperaturechange
RecallthattheamountofheatQrequiredtochangethetemperatureofagivenmaterialbyanamountT isproportionaltothemassmof
thematerialandtothetemperaturechangeT :
Q = mcT

wherecisthespecificheatcapacityofthematerial.
ANSWER:
Q

m m c m (Tmf Tmi )

Hint3.Theinitialandfinaltemperaturesofthemetal
BeforebeingdroppedintotheStyrofoambeaker,thepieceofmetalhasbeeninboilingwaterforseveralminutes.Thissuggeststhatthepieceof
metalisattheboilingtemperatureofwaterwhenitisdroppedintotheinsulatingbeaker.
SincenophasechangesoccurredinsidetheStyrofoambeakeraftertheintroductionofthepieceofmetal,whenthetemperatureofthewaterinthe
insulatingbeakerhasreachedaconstantvalue,themetalandthewaterareinthermalequilibrium.

Hint4.Puttingitalltogether
Applyconservationofenergy:Equatethetotalheattransferredintoandoutoftheisolatedsystemtozero.Thisconservationisrepresentedbythe
equation
Qw + Qm = 0.
SubstitutingtheexpressionsyoufoundforQw andQm intothisexpressionyields
.

m w c w Tw + m m c m Tm = 0

Solvethisequationfortheunknowncm .
ANSWER:
cm

= 215 J/(kg K)

Correct

EVALUATEyouranswer
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PartC
Youfoundthattheunknownmetalhasaspecificheatcapacitycloseto,forexample,thatofsilver[c = 234 J/(kg K)].Let'scomparesilvertoother
knownmaterialsandseewhetheryourresultsmakesense.Imagineyouhave1kgofeachofthesubstanceslistedbelow.
IfthesameamountofheatQisaddedtoeach,whichsubstancewillundergothelargestchangeintemperatureT ?Assumethatnosubstance
experiencesaphasechange.
Rankthesamplesfromlargesttosmallestchangeintemperature.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.

Hint1.Determinetherelationshipbetweenthespecificheatcapacityandthetemperaturechange
RecallthattheamountofheatQrequiredtochangethetemperatureofagivenmaterialbyanamountT isproportionaltothemassmofthe
material,thespecificheatcapacitycofthematerial,andthetemperaturechangeT ,thatis,Q = mcT .
SinceQandmarethesameforeachsubstanceinthetable,youcanrelatethetemperaturechangetotheheatcapacity.Whichofthefollowing
statementsdescribesthisrelationship?
ANSWER:
T isproportionaltoc.
T isinverselyproportionaltoc.
T doesnotdependuponc.

ANSWER:

Reset

Largest

Help

Smallest

Thecorrectrankingcannotbedetermined.

Correct
Yourresultsmakesense.Silver,whichisametal,willexperienceagreaterchangeintemperaturethanwaterwhenbothsubstancesabsorbthe
sameamountofheatbecauseithasalowerspecificheatcapacity.Thisisexactlywhatoccurredtothewaterandthepieceofmetalplacedinthe
Styrofoamcontainer.
Waterhasoneofthehighestspecificheatcapacitiesofallsubstances,soitstoresmoreheatperdegreeoftemperaturechange.Thismakesitan
idealsubstanceforhotwaterspaceheatingsystemsandotherusesthatrequireaminimumdropintemperatureforagivenamountofheatreleased
intotheenvironment.

PSS17.3:HeatConduction
LearningGoal:

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TopracticeProblemSolvingStrategy17.3Heatconduction
Animalsincoldclimatesoftendependontwolayersofinsulation:alayerofbodyfat(ofthermalconductivity0.200W/(m K))surroundedbyalayerofair
trappedinsidefurordown.Wecanmodelablackbearasasphere1.50mindiameterhavingalayeroffat4.00102mthick,asshowninthefigure.In
studiesofbearhibernation,itwasfoundthattheoutersurfacelayerofthefurisatTC =2.70 C
duringhibernation,whiletheinnersurfaceofthefatlayerisatTH =31.0 C.Howthickshouldthe
airlayer(containedwithinthefur)besothatthebearlosesheatatarateof50.0W?Thermal
conductivityofairiskair =2.40102W/(m K).

ProblemSolvingStrategy17.3:Heatconduction
IDENTIFYtherelevantconcepts:
Theconceptofheatconductioncomesintoplaywhenevertwoobjectsatdifferenttemperatureareplacedincontact.
SETUPtheproblemusingthefollowingsteps
1.Identifythedirectionofheatflowintheproblem(fromhottocold).Intheequation
H =

dQ
dt

= kA

TH TC
L

isalwaysmeasuredalongthatdirectionandAisalwaysanareaperpendiculartothatdirection.Often,whenaboxorothercontainerhasan
irregularshape,butuniformwallthickness,youcanapproximateitasaflatslabwiththesamethicknessandtotalwallarea.
2.Identifythetargetvariable.
L

EXECUTEthesolutionasfollows:
1.Ifheatflowsthroughasingleobject,usetheaboveequationtosolveforthetargetvariable.
2.Insomeproblems,theheatflowsthroughtwodifferentmaterialsinsuccession.ThetemperatureT attheinterfacebetweenthetwomaterialsis
thenintermediatebetweenTH andTC Insteadystateheatflow,thesameheathastopassthroughbothmaterialsinsuccession,sotheheat
currentH mustbethesameinbothmaterials.
3.Iftherearetwoparallelheatflowpaths,sothatsomeheatflowsthrougheach,thenthetotalH isthesumofthequantitiesH1 andH2 forthe
separatepaths.
4.Asalways,itisessentialtouseaconsistentsetofunits.
EVALUATEyouranswer:
Asalways,askyourselfwhethertheresultsarephysicallyreasonable.

IDENTIFYtherelevantconcepts
Inthisproblemthereisheatflowthroughtwodifferentmaterialsinsuccession.Thetemperatureattheinterfaceforthefurandfatmustbesomenumber
betweentheexternalandinternaltemperatureofthebear.Assumingthedataintheproblemareforasteadystate,thentheheatcurrentinbothmaterials
mustbethesame.

SETUPtheproblemusingthefollowingsteps
PartA
Asmentionedintheintroduction,thebearcanbemodeledasaspherewithdifferentlayers.Inthismodel,inwhichdirectiondoestheheatflow?

Hint1.Directionofheatflow
Heattransferoccursonlybetweenregionsatdifferenttemperatures,andthedirectionofheatflowisalwaysfromhighertolowertemperature.
ANSWER:
Inwardalongtheradiusofthesphere.
Outwardalongtheradiusofthesphere.
Tangentperpendiculartotheradiusofthesphere.

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Correct
Bymodelingthebearasasphere,theproblemtranslatesintothestudyofheatflowthroughtwosphericalshellsinsuccession:aninternalshell
representingthelayeroffat,andanexternalshellrepresentingthelayerofairtrappedinthefur.Toapplytheheatconductionmodeldiscussedinthe
strategyabove,assumethatbothlayersaremadeofanhomogeneousmaterialandthattheircrosssectionsperpendiculartothedirectionoffloware
constant.Thisisreasonablebecausethethicknessofthelayersofinsulationissmallcomparedtotheradiusofthesphere.Yourtargetvariableis
thethicknessoftheexternallayer.

EXECUTEthesolutionasfollows
PartB
Whatisthethicknessoftheairlayer(containedwithinthefur),Lair ?
Expressyouranswerinmeters.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Recallthatinasteadystateheatflowthroughtwomaterialsinsuccession,theheatcurrentmustbethesameinbothmaterials.Thus,inthebear
model,theheatcurrentthroughthefatlayermustbethesameastheheatcurrentthroughthelayerofairtrappedwithinthefur.Youalsoknowthe
temperatureoftheoutersurfacelayerofair.Youmustfindthetemperatureattheinterfacebetweenthefatandthefur.Thenyoucanusethese
valuesintheheatcurrentequationtocalculatethethicknessoftheairlayer.

Hint2.Equationforheatconductionthroughthelayerofair
TheheatcurrentH1 throughtheairlayeris
H1 =

dQ
dt

= kair A

T TC
Lair

wherekair isthethermalconductivityoftheairandLair andAare,respectively,thethicknessandtotalsurfaceareaoftheairlayer.

Hint3.Findthesurfaceareaofthefatlayer
Notethatyouaremodelingthebearasasphere.AsexplainedinPartA,thethicknessofthelayersofinsulationissmallcomparedtotheradius
ofthespheresoyoucanconsiderthesurfaceareaperpendiculartothedirectionofheatflowasconstant.WhatisthesurfaceareaAofthelayer
offat?
Expressyouranswerinmeterssquared.

Hint1.Surfaceareaofasphere

Asshowninthefigure,theheatflowsalongtheradiusofthesphere.Theareaperpendiculartothatdirectionisthesurfaceareaofthe
sphere,whichis
whereRistheradiusofthesphere.

A = 4R

ANSWER:
A

= 7.07 m2

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Correct
Fortherestoftheproblem,wewillassumethatalsothesecondlayerofinsulationhasthesamesurfaceareaAasthelayeroffat.

Hint4.Findthetemperatureoftheoutersurfacelayerofthefur
Whatisthetemperatureoftheoutersurfacelayerofthefur,TC .
ExpressyouranswerindegreesCelsius.
ANSWER:
TC

= 2.70 C

Correct
Eventhoughthethermalconductivityofbodyfat,kf at ,isgiveninW/(m K),itsnumericalvalueremainsunchangedwhenyouexpressitin

W/(m C)becausetheCelsiusandKelvinscaleshavethesamesizeunit.Therefore,youcancontinuetoworkusingtemperaturesin
degreesCelsius.

Hint5.Findthetemperatureattheinterfacebetweenthefatandfur
FindthetemperatureT attheinterfacebetweenthefatandfurlayers.
ExpressyouranswersindegreesCelsius.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Becauseasteadystatehasbeenreached,theheatcurrentsthroughthelayeroffatandthelayerofairtrappedinthefurmustbeequal.
Notethatinthesteadystate,theintermediatetemperatureattheinterfacebetweenthetwolayersdoesn'tchange.Thus,setuptheheat
conductionequationforthefatlayeronlyandsolveforthefatfurinterfacetemperatureT .Makesuretouseconsistentunitsforthe
temperature.Notethattheheatcurrentisproportionaltothetemperaturegradient(thatis,thechangeintemperatureperunitlength).Since
theCelsiusandKelvintemperaturescaleshavethesamesizeunit,youcanequallyexpressthetemperaturegradientineither C/mor
K/m.

Hint2.Equationforheatconductionthroughthelayeroffat
TheheatcurrentH2 throughthelayeroffatis
H2 =

dQ
dt

= kf at A

TH T
Lf at

wherekf at isthethermalconductivityofbodyfatandAandLf at are,respectively,thesurfaceareaandthicknessofthefatlayer.

Hint3.Findthetemperatureattheinnersurfaceofthefatlayer
Whatisthetemperatureattheinnersurfaceofthefatlayer,TH ?
ExpressyouranswerindegreesCelsius.
ANSWER:
TH

= 31.0 C

Correct
Eventhoughthethermalconductivityofbodyfat,kf at ,isgiveninW/(m K),itsnumericalvalueremainsunchangedwhenyou
expressitinW/(m C)becausetheCelsiusandKelvinscaleshavethesamesizeunit.Therefore,youcancontinuetoworkusing
temperaturesindegreesCelsius.

ANSWER:
T

= 29.6 C

Correct

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Chapter17OnlineHW

ANSWER:
L air

= 9.12102 m

Correct
Notethatanimals'furservesonlyasalayerofinsulation.Theairtrappedwithinthefurhasalowthermalconductivityandreducesthetransferof
energyawayfrombodyduetoconduction.Inasimilarway,blanketsandcoatskeepuswarmincoldweatherbytrappingthewarmerairinregions
closetoourbodiesandhencereducingenergylossbyconvectionandconduction.Inotherwords,whatkeepsuswarmisnottheclothingitselfbut
theairtrappedintheclothing.

EVALUATEyouranswer
PartC
Howmanyinchesorcentimetersthickshouldthebear'sfurlayer(Lf ur )betoholdalayerofairLair sothatadequateinsulationisprovided?
Expressyouranswerusinginches(in)orcentimeters(cm).

Hint1.Inchesandcentimeters
Recallthat1

in = 2.54 cm

ANSWER:
L f ur

= 9.12in

Correct
Yourcalculationsmakesense!Infact,itisfoundthattypicallyinwinterblackbearshaveafurthatcangrowuptofourinchesthickoraboutten
centimeters.

ASlidingCrateofFruit
Acrateoffruitwithamassof30.5kgandaspecificheatcapacityof3550J/(kg K)slides8.80mdownarampinclinedatanangleof36.4degreesbelow
thehorizontal.

PartA
Ifthecratewasatrestatthetopoftheinclineandhasaspeedof2.40m/satthebottom,howmuchworkWf wasdoneonthecratebyfriction?
Use9.81m/s2 fortheaccelerationduetogravityandexpressyouranswerinjoules.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Ifnofrictionwereacting,thenthekineticenergyofthecrateatthebottomoftheinclinewouldequalthedifferenceingravitationalpotentialenergy
ofthecratebetweenitsinitialandfinalpositions.Thenonconservative(nc)frictionalforceisresponsibleforthedifference.Tofindtheworkdone
byfriction,applyenergyconservation:Ki + Ui + Wnc = Kf + Uf .

Hint2.Findtheinitialandfinalkineticenergies
Whatisthekineticenergyofthecratebeforeitstartstoslide(Ki )andafteritreachesthebottomoftheramp(Kf )?
Expressyouranswerinjoulesastwotermsseparatedbycommas.
ANSWER:
,

Ki Kf

= 0,87.8 J

Hint3.Findthedifferencebetweeninitialandfinalpotentialenergy
WhatisUf

Ui

,thechangeinthepotentialenergyofthecratefromwhenitstartstoslidetoafteritreachesthebottomoftheramp?

Expressyouranswerinjoules.

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Chapter17OnlineHW

Hint1.Ahelpfulformulaandahelpfuldiagram
ThedifferenceinthepotentialenergyofthecrateisgivenbyUf
thevalueofh?

,wherehistheheightshowninthefigurebelow.Whatis

Ui = mgh

Expressyouranswerinmeters.

ANSWER:
h

= 5.22 m

ANSWER:
Uf Ui

= 1560 J

ANSWER:
Wf

= 1470 J

Correct
Thefrictionalforceopposesthemotionofthecrate,sotheworkdoneonthecratebyfrictionmustbeanegativequantity.

PartB
Ifanamountofheatequaltothemagnitudeoftheworkdonebyfrictionisabsorbedbythecrateoffruitandthefruitreachesauniformfinaltemperature,
whatisitstemperaturechangeT ?

Hint1.Equationfortemperaturechange
ThequantityofheatneededtoincreasethetemperatureofanobjectbyacertainamountisgivenbyQ = mcT ,wheremistheobject'smass,
c isitsspecificheat,and T isthetemperaturechange(inkelvins)oftheobject.Inthiscase Qisapositivequantitysincethetemperatureof
thecrateisincreasing.
ANSWER:
T

= 1.36102 C

Correct
Ofcourse,theassumptionsof"totalheatabsorption"and"uniformtemperaturechange"arenotveryrealisticstill,thissimplifiedmodelprovidesa
usefulreminderaboutthetransformationofmechanicalenergyintothermalenergywhennonconservativeforcesarepresent.

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