Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
religion
Prof Schierle
symbol
visibility
wind power
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Cheops
Pyramid
Giza
Vertical structures
Canary
Warf
London
Empire
State
New York
Petronas
Towers
Kuala Lumpur
Sears
Taipei
Tower
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Chicago Taipei
Prof Schierle
Burj
Dubai
Dubai
Burj
Dubai
Dubai
Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
Prof Schierle
ASCE 7, page 10
ASCE 7 Table 4.1 excerpts of common live loads
Residential and
schools
40 psf
Office
50 psf
Assembly
Manufacturing
Library
Prof Schierle
Bracedframeoptimization
Alternate 1:
Standard framing
Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
Momentframeoptimization
Alternate 2:
Tapered steel beams
Rectangular ducts
Reduced curtain wall
Savings:
Alternate 1:
Standard framing
Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
$12,000 more
$3,000 more
$120,000 less
S105,000
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Note:
Shear walls
Vertical structures
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2
3
4
1
2
3
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Platform framing
Platform framing is used for low-rise residential
structures, due to economy & flexibility. 2x4 studs
@ 16 reach from platform to platform. Double
top plates overlap at corners and splices. Plywood
sheathing, nailed to studs, resists lateral wind and
seismic loads. Joists, usually 2x12 @ 16 support
plywood floor and roof (platforms). Blocking
resists joist buckling and supports plywood panel
edges to transfer shear. Standard plywood and
gypsum board panels 48 (4) wide match 2, 3, or 4
joist/stud spaces of 24, 16 or 12, respectively.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
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Wall erection
plywood sheathing resists
lateral load
Woodframe house
Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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Architect: Schierle
Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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3, 4
Twin tower
5, 6
Suspended
Prof Schierle
Single tower
T V tower Stuttgart
Cantilevers
Vertical structures
1, 2
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Cantilever
Pirelli Tower, Milan
Architect: Ponti
Engineer: Nervi
Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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Moment frames
Vertical structures
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Moment frames
Provide ductility
Require rigid
beam-column joints
to transfer moments
Steel:
Reduced beam flanges
reduce joint stress
Vertical structures
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Moment frames
Casa Terragni, Como, Italy
Architect: Terragni
Concrete moment frame combined with
shear wall for fail-save seismic performance
Vertical structures
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8 mat footing
Vertical structures
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A Column
B Spandrel beam
C Girder
D Joist @ 7
E Gusset plate
F Fire proofing
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Vertical structures
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Commerzbank, Frankfurt
Vierendeel frames
above sky gardens
Framed Tube
Vertical structures
1 Framed tube
2 Framed tube with core
3 Shear lag visualized
(shear lag = reduced shear transfer
from tension to compression side)
4 Framed tube with outriggers
5 Prefab framed tube
6 Prefab framed tube element
A Shear lag at mid facade
B Shear peak at cross walls
C Joint at inflection point of zero
bending stress
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Size:
Typical story height:
Height/width ratio
Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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Bundled tubes
Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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Braced Frames
Bracing configurations
Moment frame
drift
Vertical structures
Braced frame
drift
Combined
drift
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Expressed bracing
Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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Expressed bracing
Vertical structures
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Twisted Tower Mal (1996) - Architect/Engineer Santiago Calatrava: 54 stories, 9 cubes, 147 apartments
Vertical structures
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Belt truss/outrigger
Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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Vertical structures
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(Adjusts
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Link Beam
Short Link Beam for stiffness
Long Link Beam for ductility
Typical link beam ~ 20% of beam
Visco elastic bracing
Stiff at normal load
Ductile at large earthquakes
Vertical structures
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Suspended high-rise
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2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
Single tower
Multiple towers
Multiple stacks
Multiple stacks / towers
Triple stacks
Triple stacks / twin towers
Challenges
Load path detour: load travels up to
top, then down to foundation
Combined hanger / column deflection
yields large differential deflection
Architectural rational
Column-free flexible ground floor
Facilitates top down future expansion
with minimal operation interference
Small hangers replace large columns
Structural rational
Eliminates buckling in hangers
Hangers replace large columns
Concentration of compression to a few
large columns minimizes buckling
Options
Multiple towers to reduce lateral drift
Multiple stacks control deflection
Adjust hangers for DL and partial LL
to reduce deflection
Prestress hangers to reduce deflection
Vertical structures
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12 suspenders
supported by concrete core
108
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UN Center Vienna
Competition entry
Architect: G G Schierle
Competition objectives:
Independent expansion
of conference center and
offices
Triangular grid allows
expansion in 3 directions
Suspended design allows
independent top-down
expansion
Vertical structures
Prof Schierle
UN Center Vienna
built project
Architect: J Staber
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Vertical structures
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Read chapters 10 &15-19 and bring book to class for quiz next Tuesday
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