All Chemistry Worksheets Chapter 5-8

Chapters 5 8 Resources
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 11 10 09 08 07
Table of
Contents
To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Chapters 5-8 Resources

Reproducible Student Pages
Student Lab Safety Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Chapter 5
Electrons in Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 6
The Periodic Table and Periodic Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter 7
Ionic Compounds and Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter 8
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Teacher Guide and Answers

Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
iii
Teacher Approval Initials

Date of Approval
Lab Safety Form

Name:
Date:
Lab type (circle one) : Launch Lab MiniLab ChemLab
Lab Title:
Read carefully the entire lab and then answer the following questions. Your teacher must initial
this form before you begin the lab.
2. Will you be working with a partner or on a team?

3. Is this a design-your-own procedure? Circle:
Yes
No
4. Describe the safety procedures and additional warnings that you must follow as you perform
this investigation.
5. Are there any steps in the procedure or lab safety symbols that you do not understand? Explain.
vi
1. What is the purpose of the investigation?
Table of
Contents
Reproducible Pages
Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms

MiniLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ChemLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Teaching Transparency
Masters and Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Math Skills Transparency
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chapter Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
STP Recording Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Name
Date
Class
mini LAB 5
Identify Compounds
How do flame colors vary for different elements?
Materials Bunsen burner; cotton swabs (6); crystals of lithium chloride, sodium chloride,
potassium chloride, calcium chloride, strontium chloride, unknown solution
Procedure
Flame Test Results
Compound
Flame color
Lithium chloride
Sodium chloride
Potassium chloride
Calcium chloride
Strontium chloride
Unknown
Analysis
1. Suggest a reason why each compound produced a flame of a different color, even
though they each contain chlorine.
2. Explain how an elements flame test might be related to its atomic emission spectrum.
3. Infer the identity of the unknown crystals. Explain your reasoning.
Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 5
ChemLab and MiniLab Worksheets
1. Read and complete the lab safety form.

2. Dip one of six cotton swabs into the lithium
chloride solution. Put the swab into the flame
of a Bunsen burner. Observe the color of the
flame, and record it in your data table.
3. Repeat Step 2 for each of the metallic chloride solutions (sodium chloride, potassium
chloride, calcium chloride, and strontium
chloride). Record the color of each flame in
your data table.
4. Compare your results to the flame tests
shown in the Elements Handbook.
5. Repeat Step 2 using a sample of unknown
solution obtained from your teacher. Record
the color of the flame produced.
6. Dispose of the used cotton swabs as directed
by your teacher.
Name
CHEMLAB
Date
Class
Analyze Line Spectra
mission spectra are produced when excited atoms return to a

more stable state by emitting radiation of specific wavelengths.
When white light passes through a sample, atoms in the sample
absorb specific wavelengths. This produces dark lines in the continuous spectrum of white light and is called an absorption spectrum.
Problem
Objectives
Materials
What absorption and emission spectra do various substances produce?
Observe emission spectra

of several gases.
Observe the absorption
spectra of various solutions.
Analyze patterns of
absorption and emission
spectra.
ring stand with

clamp
40-W tubular lightbulb
light socket with
grounded power
cord
275-mL polystyrene
culture flask
Flinn C-Spectra or
similar diffraction
grating
food coloring (red,

green, blue, and
yellow)
set of colored
pencils
spectrum tubes
(hydrogen, neon,
and sodium)
spectrumtube
power supplies (3)
Safety Precautions
Always wear safety goggles and a lab apron.
Use care around the spectrum tube power supplies.
Spectrum tubes will get hot when used.
Pre-Lab
Read the entire CHEMLAB.
2. Explain how electrons in an elements atoms
produce an emission spectrum.
1.
3.
Distinguish among a continuous spectrum, an

emission spectrum, and an absorption spectrum.
4.
Use the data table on the next page.
Name
Date
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Read and complete the lab safety form.

Use a Flinn C-Spectra or similar diffraction
grating to view an incandescent lightbulb. What
do you observe? Draw the observed spectrum
using colored pencils.
Use the Flinn C-Spectra to view the emission
spectra from tubes of gaseous hydrogen, neon,
and sodium. Use colored pencils to make drawings in the data table of the spectra observed.
Fill a 275-mL culture flask with about 100-mL
water. Add 2 or 3 drops of red food coloring to
the water. Shake the solution.
Repeat step 4 for the green, blue, and yellow food
coloring.
Set up the 40-W lightbulb so that it is near eye
level. Place the flask with red food coloring
about 8 cm from the lightbulb. You should be
able to see light from the bulb above the solution
and light from the bulb projecting through the
solution.
With the room lights darkened, view the light
using the Flinn C-Spectra. The top spectrum
viewed will be a continuous spectrum of the

white lightbulb. The bottom spectrum will be the
absorption spectrum of the red solution. Use colored pencils to make a drawing in the data table
of the absorption spectra you observed.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 using the green, blue, and
yellow colored solutions.
9. Cleanup and Disposal Turn off the light socket
and spectrum tube power supplies.Wait several
minutes to allow the incandescent lightbulb and
the spectrum tubes to cool. Follow your teachers
instructions on how to dispose of the liquids and
how to store the lightbulb and spectrum tubes.
CHEMLAB
Class
Drawings of Emission Spectra

Hydrogen
Neon
Mercury
Name
CHEMLAB
Date
Class
5
Drawings of Absorption Spectra
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow
Analyze and Conclude

1.
Think Critically How can the single electron in a hydrogen atom produce all of the lines
found in its emission spectrum?
2.
Predict How can you predict the absorption spectrum of a solution by looking at its color?
3.
Apply How can spectra be used to identify the presence of specific elements in a substance?
4.
Error Analysis Name a potential source of error in this experiment. Choose one of the
elements you observed, and research its absorption spectrum. Compare your findings with
the results of your experiment.
Inquiry Extension
Hypothesize What would happen if you mixed more than one color of food coloring
with water and repeated the experiment? Design an experiment to test your hypothesis.
AM
2
10
10
10
6
Energy increases
12
14
3 10
8
10
16
10
18
10
12
10
20
10
22
3 10
Gamma rays
3 10
X rays
3 10
Ultraviolet
3 10
14
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum
10
4
Infrared
3 10
Microwaves
3 10
Date
TEACHING TRANSPARENCY MASTER
Teaching Transparency Masters
TV, FM
Radio
3 10
10
10
10
Frequency () in hertz
3 10
Wavelengths () in meters
Visible light
Name
Class
15
Use with Chapter 5,

Section 5.1
Name
Date
Class
15
TEACHING TRANSPARENCY WORKSHEET
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Use with Chapter 5,

Section 5.1
1. What kinds of waves have the longest wavelength? What kinds of waves have the short-
est wavelength?
2. Which waves have the lowest frequency?
3. Which has a higher frequency: microwaves or X rays?
4. Which waves can be seen by the eye?
5. Sequence the different segments of the visible spectrum in order from shortest wave-
length to longest wavelength.
6. Sequence the following types of waves from lowest frequency to highest frequency:
ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, gamma rays, radio waves, and green light.
7. Compare the wavelengths and frequencies of each kind of wave. What is the relationship
between frequency and wavelength?
8. What is the wavelength of a radio station emitting its signal at 95.5 MHz? Estimate your
answer to the nearest power of ten.
Teaching Transparency Worksheets
Name
Date
Class
16
Atomic Orbitals
Use with Chapter 5,

Section 5.2
z
z
x
x
y
1s orbital
x
y
px
py
pz
p orbitals
z
z
z
y
dxy
dxz
dyz
x
y
dx 2y 2
dz2
d orbitals
2s orbital
Name
Date
Class
16
Atomic Orbitals
Use with Chapter 5,

Section 5.2
1. What is the shape of an s orbital?
2. What is the relationship between the size of an s orbital and the principal energy level in
which it is found?
3. What is the shape of a p orbital? How many p orbitals are there in a sublevel?
4. How many electrons can each orbital hold?
5. Look at the diagrams of the p orbitals. What do x, y, and z refer to?
6. How many d orbitals are there in a given sublevel? How many total electrons can the
d orbitals in a sublevel hold?
7. Which d orbitals have the same shape?
8. What point in each diagram represents an atoms nucleus?
9. How likely is it that an electron occupying a p or a d orbital would be found very near an
atoms nucleus? What part of the diagram supports your conclusion?
Name
Date
Class
17
1s
2p
2s
3s
Increasing Energy
Orbital filling sequence
10
2s
1s
2p
3s
4s
3p
4s
4p
3d
5s
4p
3p
3d
4d
5p
5d
6s
5d
4f
6s
5p
4d 5s
6p
7s
6p
6d
7p
5f
7s
7p
6d
Use with Chapter 5,

Section 5.3
4f
5f
Orbital Filling Sequence

and Energy Levels
Name
Date
Class
17
Orbital Filling Sequence

and Energy Levels
Use with Chapter 5,

Section 5.3
1. What does each small box in the diagram represent?
2. How many electrons can each orbital hold?
3. How many electrons can the d sublevel hold?
4. Which is associated with more energy: a 2s or a 2p orbital?
5. Which is associated with more energy: a 2s or a 3s orbital?
6. According to the aufbau principle, which orbital should fill first, a 4s or a 3d orbital?
7. Which orbital has the least amount of energy?
8. What is the likelihood that an atom contains a 1s orbital?
9. Sequence the following orbitals in the order that they should fill up according to the
aufbau principle: 4d, 4p, 4f, 5s, 6s, 5p, 3d, 4s.
10. Write a general rule to describe the filling of orbitals in an atom.
11
Name
Date
Class
MATH SKILLS TRANSPARENCY MASTER
Interpreting Waves
Use with Chapter 5,

Section 5.1
amplitude
amplitude
Waves A and B are both electromagnetic waves.

c for all electromagnetic waves.
12
Math Skills Transparency Masters
Name
Date
Class
MATH SKILLS TRANSPARENCY WORKSHEET
Interpreting Waves
Use with Chapter 5,

Section 5.1
1. Look at the two waves shown. What is the speed of each wave?
2. Look at the two waves shown. Which wave has a higher frequency? Which wave has a
longer wavelength?
3. Assume that wave A has a wavelength of 699 nm. Calculate the frequency of the wave.
Show your work.
4. Assume that wave B has a wavelength of 415 nm. Calculate the frequency of the wave.
Show your work.
5. Compare your calculations in question 4 with your answer to question 3. Do your calcu-
lations support your answer in question 2?
6. If wave A has a frequency of 4.60 1014 s1, what is its wavelength in nanometers?
Show your work.
Math Skills Transparency Worksheets
13
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Electrons in Atoms
Section 5.1
Light and Quantized Energy
In your textbook, read about the wave nature of light.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
amplitude
energy
frequency
hertz
light
wave
wavelength
speed
Electromagnetic radiation is a kind of (1)
that behaves like a(n)
as it travels through space. (3)
(2)
is one type of
electromagnetic radiation. Other examples include X rays, radio waves, and microwaves.
All waves can be characterized by their wavelength, amplitude, frequency, and
. The shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave is
(4)
called a(n) (5)
. The height of a wave from the origin to a crest or from the
origin to a trough is the (6)
. (7)
is the number of
waves that pass a given point in one second. The SI unit for frequency is the
, which is equivalent to one wave per second.
(8)
Use the figure to answer the following questions.

A
D
Origin
9. Which letter(s) represent one wavelength?
10. Which letter(s) represent the amplitude?

11. If twice the length of A passes a stationary point every second, what is the frequency of
the wave?
14
Study Guide
Name
CHAPTER
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Section 5.1 continued

In your textbook, read about the particle nature of light.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
12. A(n)
is the minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom.
a. valence electron
b. electron
c. quantum
d. Plancks constant
13. According to Plancks theory, for a given frequency, , matter can emit or absorb energy
only in
a. units of hertz.
c. entire wavelengths.
1
1
2
4
14. The
is the phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from a metals surface
when light of a certain frequency shines on it.
b. whole-number multiples of h.
d. multiples of h, h, and so on.
a. quantum
c. photon effect
b. Planck concept
d. photoelectric effect
15. Which equation would you use to calculate the energy of a photon?
1
2
a. Ephoton h Plancks constant
c. Ephoton h
b. Ephoton h
d. c
In your textbook, read about atomic emission spectra.
For each statement below, write true or false.

16. Like the visible spectrum, an atomic emission spectrum is a continuous
range of colors.
17. Each element has a unique atomic emission spectrum.
18. A flame test can be used to identify the presence of certain elements in
a compound.
19. The fact that only certain colors appear in an elements atomic emission
spectrum indicates that only certain frequencies of light are emitted.

20. Atomic emission spectra can be explained by the wave model of light.
21. The neon atoms in a neon sign emit their characteristic color of light as
they absorb energy.

22. When an atom emits light, photons having certain specific energies are
being emitted.
Study Guide
15
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 5.2
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Quantum Theory and the Atom
In your textbook, read about the Bohr model of the atom.
Use each of the terms below to complete the statements.

atomic emission spectrum
electron
frequencies
higher
energy levels
lower
ground state
1. The lowest allowable energy state of an atom is called its
2. Bohrs model of the atom predicted the
of the lines in
hydrogens atomic emission spectrum.

3. According to Bohrs atomic model, the smaller an electrons orbit, the
the atoms energy level.

4. According to Bohrs atomic model, the larger an electrons orbit, the
the atoms energy level.

5. Bohr proposed that when energy is added to a hydrogen atom, its
moves to a higher-energy orbit.
the difference between the
6. According to Bohrs atomic model, the hydrogen atom emits a photon corresponding to
associated with the two
orbits it transitions between.

7. Bohrs atomic model failed to explain the
of elements
other than hydrogen.

In your textbook, read about the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
Answer the following questions.

8. If you looked closely, could you see the wavelength of a fast-moving car? Explain
your answer.
9. Using de Broglies equation,

m
which would have the larger wavelength, a
slow-moving proton or a fast-moving golf ball? Explain your answer.
16
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE

In your textbook, read about the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A
Column B
10. The modern model of the atom that treats electrons
a. Heisenberg uncertainty
principle
as waves
11. States that it is impossible to know both the velocity
and the position of a particle at the same time
b. Schrdinger wave equation

c. quantum mechanical model
of the atom
12. A three-dimensional region around the nucleus
representing the probability of finding an electron
d. atomic orbital
13. Originally applied to the hydrogen atom, it led to the
quantum mechanical model of the atom

Answer the following question.
14. How do the Bohr model and the quantum mechanical model of the atom differ in how
they describe electrons?
In your textbook, read about hydrogens atomic orbitals.
In the space at the left, write the term in parentheses that correctly completes the
statement.
15. Atomic orbitals (do, do not) have an exactly defined size.
16. Each orbital may contain at most (two, four) electrons.
17. All s orbitals are (spherically shaped, dumbbell shaped).
18. A principal energy has (n, n2) energy sublevels.
19. The maximum number of (electrons, orbitals) related to each
principal energy level equals 2n2.

20. There are (three, five) equal energy p orbitals.
21. Hydrogens principal energy level 2 consists of (2s and 3s, 2s and
2p) orbitals.
22. Hydrogens principal energy level 3 consists of (nine, three)
orbitals.
Study Guide
17
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 5.3
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Electron Configuration
In your textbook, read about ground-state electron configurations.
Aufbau principle
electron configuration
ground-state electron configuration
Hunds rule
lowest
Pauli exclusion principle
spins
stable
The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called the atoms

. Electrons in an atom tend to assume the arrangement
(1)
that gives the atom the (2)
possible energy. This arrangement
of electrons is the most (3)
arrangement and is called the
atoms (4)
Three rules define how electrons can be arranged in an atoms orbitals. The
states that each electron occupies the lowest energy
(5)
orbital available. The (6)
states that a maximum of two
electrons may occupy a single atomic orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite
states that single
electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional
electrons with opposite spins occupy the same orbitals.
Complete the following table.

Element
Atomic Number
Orbitals
1s
2s
2px
2py
2pz
1s2
9. Helium
10.
11. Neon
18
)( )( )( )( )(
Study Guide
. (8)
(7)
Name
CHAPTER
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE

12. What is germaniums atomic number? How many electrons does germanium have?
13. What is noble-gas notation, and why is it used to write electron configurations?
14. Write the ground-state electron configuration of a germanium atom, using noble-gas
notation.
In your textbook, read about valence electrons.
15. The electrons in an atoms outermost orbitals are called
a. electron dots.
b. quantum electrons.
c. valence electrons.
d. noble-gas electrons.
16. In an electron-dot structure, the elements symbol represents the

a. nucleus of the noble gas closest to the atom in the periodic table.
b. atoms nucleus and inner-level electrons.
c. atoms valence electrons.
d. electrons of the noble gas closest to the atom in the periodic table.
17. How many valence electrons does a chlorine atom have if its electron configuration
is [Ne]3s23p5?
a. 3
b. 21
c. 5
d. 7
18. Given borons electron configuration of [He]2s22p1, which of the following represents its
electron-dot structure?
a. Be
b. B
c. B
d. Be
19. Given berylliums electron configuration of 1s22s2, which of the following represents its
electron-dot structure?
a. Be
b. B
c. B
d. Be
20. Which electrons are represented by the dots in an electron-dot structure?

a. valence electrons
c. only s electrons
b. inner-level electrons
d. both a and c
Study Guide
19
Name
Date
Class
CHAPTER 5
Student Recording Sheet
Assessment
Standardized Test Practice

Multiple Choice
Select the best answer from the choices given, and fill in the corresponding circle.
1.
4.
7.
2.
5.
8.
3.
6.
9.
10.
Short Answer
Answer each question with complete sentences.

11.
12.
13.
14.
SAT Subject Test: Chemistry
17.
16.
18.
19.
15.
26
Table of
Contents
Reproducible Pages
Chapter 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law

MiniLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
ChemLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Masters and Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
27
Name
Date
Class
mini LAB 6
Organize Elements
Can you find the pattern?
Materials Index cards, pencil
Procedure
2. Make a set of element cards based on the
information in the chart at right.
3. Organize the cards by increasing mass, and
start placing them into a 4 3 grid.
4. Place each card based on its properties, and
leave gaps when necessary.
Symbol
Mass (g)
State
Color
Ad
52.9
solid/liquid
orange
Ax
108.7
ductile solid
light blue
Bp
69.3
gas
red
Cx
112.0
brittle solid
light green
Lq
98.7
ductile solid
blue
Pd
83.4
brittle solid
green
Qa
68.2
ductile solid
dark blue
Rx
106.9
liquid
yellow
Tu
64.1
brittle solid
hunter
Xn
45.0
gas
crimson
Analysis
3. Describe the period and group trends for the mass in your new table. Explain your placement of
any elements that do not fit the trends.
4. Predict the placement of a newly found element, Ph, that is a fuchsia gas. What would be an
expected range for the mass of Ph?
5. Predict the properties for the element that would fill the last remaining gap in the table.
28
1. Make a table listing the placement of each element.

2. Describe the period (across) and group (down) trends for the color in your new table.
Name
Date
CHEMLAB
Class
Investigate Descriptive Chemistry
ou can observe several of the representative elements, classify them, and

compare their properties. The observation of the properties of elements is
called descriptive chemistry.
Problem
Objectives
Materials
What is the pattern of

properties of the
representative elements?
Observe properties of
various elements.
Classify elements as
metals, nonmetals, and
metalloids.
Examine general trends
within the periodic table.
stoppered test
tubes containing
small samples of
elements
plastic dishes containing samples
of elements
conductivity
apparatus
1.0M HCl
test tubes (6)
test-tube rack
10-mL graduated
cylinder
spatula
small hammer
glass marking
pencil
Safety Precautions
Wear safety goggles and a lab apron at all times.

Do not handle elements with bare hands. Brittle samples might shatter
into sharp pieces.
1.0M HCl is harmful to eyes and clothing.
Never test chemicals by tasting.
Follow any additional safety precautions provided by your teacher.
Pre-Lab
2. Use the data table on the next page to record the
observations you make during the lab.
3. Examine the periodic table. What is the physical
state of most metals? Nonmetals? Metalloids?
1.
4.
Look up the definitions of the terms luster,

malleability, and electrical conductivity. To what
elements do they apply?
29
Name
Date
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Observe and record the appearance (physical
state, color, luster, texture, and so on) of the element sample in each test tube without removing
the stoppers.
Remove a small sample of each of the elements
contained in a plastic dish and place it on a hard
surface. Gently tap each element sample with a
small hammer. If the element is malleable, it will
flatten. If it is brittle, it will shatter. Record your
observations.
Use the conductivity tester to determine which
elements conduct electricity. Clean the electrodes
with water, and dry them before testing each
element.
Label each test tube with the symbol for one of
the elements in the plastic dishes. Using a graduated cylinder, add 5 mL of water to each test tube.
Use a spatula to put a small amount of each element into the corresponding test tubes. Using a
graduated cylinder, add 5 mL of 1.0M HCl to
each test tube. Observe each tube for at least 1

minute. The formation of bubbles is evidence of a
reaction between the acid and the element.
Record your observations.
7. Cleanup and Disposal Dispose of all materials
as instructed by your teacher.
Observation of Elements
Classification
Properties
Metals
malleable
good conductor of electricity
lustrous
silver or white in color
many react with acids
Nonmetals
solids, liquids, or gases

do not conduct electricity
do not react with acids
likely brittle if solid
Metalloids
combine properties of metals

and nonmetals

1.
Interpret Data Using the table above and your observations, list the element samples that display the
general characteristics of metals.
2.
general characteristics of nonmetals.
3.
general characteristics of metalloids.
30
CHEMLAB
Class
Name
CHEMLAB
Date
Class
4.
Model Construct a periodic table, and label the representative elements by group (1 through 17).
Using your results and the periodic table presented in this chapter, record the identities of elements
observed during the lab in the periodic table you have constructed.
5.
Infer Describe any trends among the elements you observed in the lab.
Inquiry Extension
Investigate Were there any element samples that did not fit into one of the three categories?
What additional investigations could you conduct to learn even more about these elements characteristics?
31
32
8
10
Cobalt
11
12
38
Sr
37
Rb
40
Zirconium
26
(266)
Sg
106
Seaborgium
(264)
Bh
107
Bohrium
Zinc
94
U
238.029
231.036
232.038
(244)
(243)
Am
95
Americium
(247)
Cm
96
Curium
157.25
Gd
64
Gadolinium
(247)
Bk
97
Berkelium
158.925
Tb
65
Terbium
51
Sb
121.757
Sn
118.710
(284)
99
98
(251)
(252)
Es
Einsteinium
Californium
Cf
164.930
Ho
67
162.50
Dy
66
Dysprosium
Holmium
* Uut
(285)
Ununtrium
113
Ununbium
* Uub
204.383
200.59
81
Thallium
114.82
In
208.980
Bi
83
Bismuth
(257)
Fm
100
Fermium
167.259
Er
68
Erbium
(289)
* Uuq
(258)
Md
101
Mendelevium
168.934
Tm
69
Thulium
(288)
* Uup
Ununquadium Ununpentium
114
115
207.2
Pb
82
Lead
Antimony
50
49
Indium
Tin
33
As
74.922
32
Ge
72.61
31
Ga
Tl
112
30.974
Arsenic
69.723
Hg
80
Mercury
112.411
Cd
48
Cadmium
28.086
Germanium
(259)
No
102
Nobelium
173.04
Yb
70
Ytterbium
(291)
* Uuh
116
Ununhexium
208.982
Po
84
Polonium
127.60
Te
52
Tellurium
78.96
Se
34
Selenium
32.066
16
(262)
Lr
103
Lawrencium
174.967
Lu
71
Lutetium
209.987
At
85
Astatine
126.904
53
Iodine
79.904
Br
35
Bromine
35.453
Cl
17
Chlorine
18.998
Fluorine
17
(294)
* Uuo
Ununoctium
118
222.018
Rn
86
Radon
131.290
Xe
54
Xenon
83.80
Kr
36
Krypton
39.948
Ar
18
Argon
20.180
Ne
10
Neon
4.003
He
Helium
(237)
Pu
Plutonium
93
92
Np
Neptunium
Uranium
91
Pa
90
Protactinium
Eu
151.965
Sm
150.36
63
Europium
62
Samarium
(272)
Rg
Ds
(281)
Mt
(268)
Hs
30
Zn
65.39
26.982
Gallium
15
Sulfur
15.999
Oxygen
16
The Periodic Table
Th
Thorium
Pt
(277)
108
(145)
Pm
Nd
144.242
Pr
140.908
61
Promethium
60
Ce
59
Praseodymium Neodymium
140.115
58
Cerium
79
Au
78
196.967
Gold
195.08
107.868
106.42
Ag
47
Silver
Platinum
Pd
46
Palladium
Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium

111
109
110
192.217
Ir
77
Iridium
102.906
Rh
45
Rhodium
63.546
Cu
29
Ni
28
58.693
Hassium
190.23
Os
76
27
Co
58.933
Copper
Nickel
Si
14
Phosphorus
14.007
Nitrogen
15
18
Date
Actinide series
Lanthanide series
Re
186.207
W
183.84
75
74
Osmium
101.07
(98)
Rhenium
Ru
Tc
95.94
44
Ruthenium
43
Technetium
Tungsten
Mo
42
Molybdenum
The number in parentheses is the mass number of the longest lived isotope
for that element.
Db
(262)
Rf
(261)
Ac
Ra
(226)
Fr
(223)
(227)
105
104
Dubnium
Rutherfordium
89
87
Actinium
180.948
Ta
73
Tantalum
92.906
Nb
41
Niobium
55.847
Fe
25
54.938
Mn
24
Cr
V
51.996
23
50.942
Iron
Manganese
Chromium
Vanadium
88
Radium
Francium
Hf
178.49
La
138.905
Ba
137.327
72
Cs
57
56
55
Hafnium
132.905
88.906
Lanthanum
87.62
Barium
85.468
Cesium
91.224
39
Strontium
Rubidium
22
Ti
47.867
Zr
Yttrium
Ca
Titanium
21
Sc
44.956
20
40.078
19
39.098
Scandium
24.305
Calcium
22.990
Potassium
Al
Mg
Na
13
12
11
Silicon
12.011
10.811
Aluminum
9.012
Magnesium
6.941
Sodium
Carbon
14
Boron
Recently
observed
13
Synthetic
Nonmetal
Metalloid
Solid
Liquid
Be
1.008
State of
matter
Beryllium
Atomic mass
Hydrogen
Li
Symbol
Element
Atomic number
Metal
Gas
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Lithium
1.008
Hydrogen
Name
Class
18
Use with Chapter 6,

Section 6.1
Name
Date
Class
18
The Periodic Table
Use with Chapter 6,

Section 6.1
1. How many elements are listed in the periodic table?

2. What is the atomic number of selenium?
3. What is the symbol for palladium?
4. What is the atomic mass of strontium?
5. How are elements that are gases at room temperature designated in the periodic table?
6. How many columns of elements does the periodic table contain?

7. What is another name for a column of elements?
8. How many rows of elements does the periodic table contain?

9. What is another name for a row of elements?
10. Which period contains the least number of elements?
11. What element is found in period 4, group 7?

12. How are metals designated in the periodic table?
13. How are metalloids designated in the periodic table?
14. How are nonmetals designated in the periodic table?
15. What is the name of the group 1 elements (excluding hydrogen)?

16. What is the name of the group 2 elements?
19. What can be said about the electron configurations of all the elements in a group?
33
34
57
La
38
Sr
56
Ba
Rb
Cs
Fr
87
55
37
104
Rf
72
Hf
40
Zr
22
Ti
91
Pa
90
Th
60
92
Nd
59
Pr
58
Ce
75
Re
43
Tc
25
Mn
107
Bh
74
W
42
Mo
24
Cr
106
Sg
105
Db
73
Ta
41
Nb
23
V
Np
93
Pm
61
108
Hs
76
Os
44
Ru
26
Fe
d block
Pu
94
Sm
62
109
Mt
77
Ir
45
Rh
27
Co
Am
95
Eu
63
110
Uun
78
Pt
46
Pd
28
Ni
112
Uub
80
Hg
48
Cd
30
Zn
Cm
96
Gd
64
Bk
97
Tb
65
f block
111
Uuu
79
Au
47
Ag
29
Cu
Cf
98
Dy
66
81
Tl
49
In
31
Ga
13
Al
5
B
p1
Es
99
Ho
67
82
Pb
50
Sn
32
Ge
14
Si
6
C
p2
Fm
100
Er
68
83
Bi
51
Sb
33
As
15
P
7
N
Md
101
Tm
69
84
Po
52
Te
34
Se
16
S
8
O
p block
p3
p4
No
102
Yb
70
85
At
53
I
35
Br
17
Cl
9
F
p5
103
Lr
71
Lu
86
Rn
54
Xe
36
Kr
18
Ar
10
Ne
p6
2
He
Date
The s-, p-, d-, and

f-Block Elements
89
Ac
39
Y
20
Ca
19
88
Ra
21
Sc
12
Mg
11
Na
4
Be
s2
3
Li
1
H
s block
s1
s2
Name
Class
19
Use with Chapter 6,

Section 6.2
Name
Date
Class
19
The s-, p-, d-, and

f-Block Elements
Use with Chapter 6,

Section 6.2
1. What are the four sections, or blocks, of the periodic table?

2. What does each block represent?
3. What do elements in the s-block have in common?
4. What is the valence electron configuration of each element in group 1?

5. What is the valence electron configuration of each element in group 2?
6. Why does the s-block span two groups of elements?
7. Why does the p-block span six groups of elements?
8. Why are there no p-block elements in period 1?
9. What is the ending of the electron configuration of each element in group 4?

10. What is the electron configuration of neon?
11. In what period does the first d-energy sublevel appear?
12. Why does the d-block span ten groups of elements?
13. What is the ending of the electron configuration of each element in group 3?
14. What is the electron configuration of titanium?
15. In what period does the first f-energy sublevel appear?
16. Determine the group, period, and block for the element having the electron configuration
[Xe]4f145d106s26p3.
a. group
b. period
c. block
35
Name
Date
Class
20
Atomic and Ionic Radii
Use with Chapter 6,

Section 6.3
Chemical symbol
Charge
Li 76
Be 31
1
2
3
4
Na 102
Mg 72
Al 54
Si
1
2
3
4
Ca 100
Ga 62
1
2
3
Rb 152
Sr 118
13
Relative size
1
14
20
Ionic radius
138
15
16
17
N 146
O 140
F 133
3
2
1
P 212
S 184
Cl 181
3
2
1
Ge 53
As 222
Se 198
Br 195
4
3
2
1
Sn 71
Sb 62
Te 221
4
5
2
Pb 84
Bi
4
5
15
41
138
n
Transition
metals
1
2
Cs 167
Ba 135
Tl
1
2
3
81
3
95
220
1
74
Radii are given in picometers (1 1012 m)
36
Period
Name
Date
Class
20
Atomic and Ionic Radii
Use with Chapter 6,

Section 6.3
1. Which groups and periods of elements are shown in the table of atomic radii?
2. In what unit is atomic radius measured? Express this unit in scientific notation.
3. What are the values of the smallest and largest atomic radii shown? What elements have
these atomic radii?
4. What happens to atomic radii within a period as the atomic number increases?
5. Cite any exceptions to the generalization you stated in your answer to question 4.
6. What accounts for the trend in atomic radii within a period?
7. What happens to atomic radii within a group as the atomic number increases?
8. Cite any exceptions to the generalization you stated in your answer to question 7.
9. What accounts for the trend in atomic radii within a group?
10. In the table of ionic radii, how is the charge of the ions of elements in groups 1 and 2
related to the group number of the elements?
37
Name
Date
Class
21
First Ionization and Successive

Ionization Energies
Use with Chapter 6,

Section 6.3
First Ionization Energy of Elements in Periods 15

Period 2 Period 3
First ionization energy (kJ/mol)
2500
Period 4
Period 5
He
Ne
2000
Ar
1500
Kr
H
Xe
1000
500
Li
Na
Rb
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Atomic number
Successive Ionization Energies for the Period 2 Elements

Ionization energy (kJ/mol)*
Element
Valence
electrons
Li
520
7300
Be
900
1760
14,850
800
2430
3660
25,020
1090
2350
4620
6220
37,830
1400
2860
4580
7480
9440
53,270
1310
3390
5300
7470
10,980
13,330
71,330
1680
3370
6050
8410
11,020
15,160
17,870
92,040
Ne
2080
3950
6120
9370
12,180
15,240
20,000
23,070 115,380
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
* mol is an abbreviation for mole, a quantity of matter.
38
Name
Date
Class
21
First Ionization and Successive

Ionization Energies
Use with Chapter 6,

Section 6.3
1. What is meant by first ionization energy?
2. Which element has the smallest first ionization energy? The largest? What are their values?
3. What generally happens to the first ionization energy of the elements within a period as
the atomic number of the elements increases?
4. What accounts for the general trend in the first ionization energy of the elements within a period?
5. What happens to the values of the successive ionization energies of an element?
6. Based on the graph, rank the group 2 elements in periods 15 in decreasing order of first
ionization energy.
7. How is a jump in ionization energy related to the valence electrons of the element?
8. What generally happens to the first ionization energy of the elements within a group as
the atomic number of the elements increases?
9. What accounts for the general trend in the first ionization energy of the elements within a group?
39
Name
Date
6
Use with Chapter 6,
Section 6.2
Using the Periodic Table
Class
40
Name
Date
Class
Using the Periodic Table
Use with Chapter 6,

Section 6.2
1. Identify the number of valence electrons in each of the following elements.

a. Ne
e. O
b. K
f. Cl
c. B
g. P
d. Mg
h. Si
2. Identify the energy level of the valence electrons in each of the following elements.
a. Br
b. N
c. Ra
d. H
e. Ar
f. I
3. Use the periodic table to write the electron configurations (using noble gas notation) for
each of the following elements.

a. Li
b. F
c. As
d. Sr
e. Bi
4. Determine the group, period, and block of the elements having the following electron
configurations.
a. 1s2
b. [Ne]3s23p1
c. [Ar]4s1
d. [Kr]5s24d1
e. [Xe]6s24f145d106p4
41
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
The Periodic Table and Periodic Law

Section 6.1
Development of the Modern Periodic Table
In your textbook, reads about the history of the periodic tables development.
octaves
atomic mass
atomic number
nine
elements
properties
Henry Moseley
eight
protons
periodic law
Dmitri Mendeleev
accepted
The table below was developed by John Newlands and is based on a relationship called
the law of (1)
. According to this law, the properties of the elements
repeated every (2)
elements. Thus, for example, element two and
element (3)
have similar properties. The law of octaves did not work
for all the known elements and was not generally (4)
1
Li
Bo
10
11
12
13
14
Na
Mg
Al
Si
The first periodic table is mostly credited to (5)
. In his table, the
elements were arranged according to increasing (6)
. One important
result of this table was that the existence and properties of undiscovered
could be predicted.
(7)
The element in the modern periodic table are arranged according to increasing
(8)
, as a result of the work of (9)
arrangement is based on number of (10)
. This
in the nucleus of an atom of
the element. The modern form of the periodic table results in the
(11)
, which states that when elements are arranged according to
increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical
(12)
42
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE

In your textbook, read about the modern periodic table.
Use the information in the box on the left taken from the periodic table to complete the
table on the right.
7
Atomic Mass
13.
Atomic Number
14.
15.
Chemical Name
16.
Chemical Symbol
17.
Nitrogen
14.007
[He]2s22p3
Column A
Column B
18. A column on the periodic table
a. metals
19. A row on the periodic table
b. group
20. Elements in groups 1, 2, and 13 to 18
c. period
21. Elements that are shiny and conduct electricity
d. representative elements
22. Elements in groups 3 to 12
e. transition elements
In the space at the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false,
change the italicized word or phrase to make it true.
23. There are two main classifications of elements.
24. More than three-fourths of the elements in the periodic table are
nonmetals.
25. Group 1 elements (except for hydrogen) are known as the alkali
metals.
26. Group 13 elements are the alkaline earth metals.
27. Group 17 elements are highly reactive nonmetals known as
halogens.
28. Group 18 elements are very unreactive elements known as
transition metals.
29. Metalloids have properties of both metals and inner transition
metals.
Study Guide
43
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 6.2
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Classification of the Elements
In your textbook, read about organizing the elements by electron configuration.
Use the periodic table on pages 178179 in your textbook to match each element in
Column A with the element in Column B that has the most similar chemical properties.
Column A
Column B
1. arsenic (As)
a. boron (B)
2. bromine (Br)
b. cesium (Cs)
3. cadmium (Cd)
c. chromium (Cr)
4. gallium (Ga)
d. cobalt (Co)
5. germanium (Ge)
e. hafnium (Hf)
6. iridium (Ir)
f.
7. magnesium (Mg)
g. iron (Fe)
8. neon (Ne)
h. nitrogen (N)
9. nickel (Ni)
i.
platinum (Pt)
10. osmium (Os)
j.
scandium (Sc)
11. sodium (Na)
k. silicon (Si)
12. tellurium (Te)
l.
13. tungsten (W)
m. sulfur (S)
14. yttrium (Y)
n. zinc (Z)
15. zirconium (Zr)
o. xenon (Xe)
iodine (I)
strontium (Sr)

16. Why do sodium and potassium, which belong to the same group in the periodic table,
have similar chemical properties?
17. How is the energy level of an elements valence electrons related to its period on the
periodic table? Give an example.
44
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE

In your textbook, read about s-, p-, d-, and f-block elements.
Use the periodic table on pages 178179 in your textbook and the periodic table below to
answer the following questions.
s2
2
He
s block
s1
1
H
s2
p1
p2
p block
p3
p4
p5
p6
3
Li
4
Be
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
11
Na
12
Mg
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
19
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
38
Sr
39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe
56
Ba
57
La
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
88
Ra
Ac
104
Rf
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
108
Hs
109
Mt
110
Uun
111
Uuv
112
Uub
71
Lu
K
37
Rb
55
Cs
87
Fr
d block
89
f block
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
103
Lr
18. Into how many blocks is the periodic table divided?

19. What groups of elements does the s-block contain?
20. Why does the s-block portion of the periodic table span two groups?
21. What groups of elements does the p-block contain?

22. Why are members of group 18 virtually unreactive?
23. How many d-block elements are there?

24. What groups of elements does the d-block contain?
25. Why does the f-block portion of the periodic table span 14 groups?
26. What is the electron configuration of the element in period 3, group 16?
Study Guide
45
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 6.3
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Periodic Trends
In your textbook, read about atomic radius and ionic radius.
1. Atomic radii cannot be measured directly because the electron cloud surrounding the
nucleus does not have a clearly defined

a. charge.
b. mass.
c. outer edge.
d. probability.
2. Which diagram best represents the group and period trends in atomic radii in the periodic
table?
c.
Generally increase
d.
Generally decrease
3. The general trend in the radius of an atom moving down a group is partially accounted
for by the
a. decrease in the mass of the nucleus.
c. increase in the charge of the nucleus.
b. fewer number of filled orbitals.
d. shielding of the outer electrons by inner electrons.
4. A(n)
is an atom, or bonded group of atoms, that has a positive or negative
charge.
a. halogen
b. ion
c. isotope
d. molecule
c. losing an electron.
d. losing a neutron.
5. An atom becomes negatively charged by

a. gaining an electron.
b. gaining a proton.
6. Which diagram best represents the relationship between the diameter of a sodium atom
and the diameter of a positive sodium ion?

a.
b.
Na
46
Na
c.
Na
Na
Na
Na
Study Guide
Generally
decrease
Generally
decrease
b.
Generally decrease
Generally
increase
Generally increase
Generally
increase
a.
Name
CHAPTER
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE

In your textbook, read about ionization energy and electronegativity.

7. What is ionization energy?
8. Explain why an atom with a high ionization-energy value is not likely to form a positive
ion.
9. What is the period trend in the first ionization energies? Why?
10. What is the group trend in the first ionization energies? Why?
11. State the octet rule.
12. What does the electronegativity of an element indicate?
13. What are the period and group trends in electronegativities?
Study Guide
47
Name
Date
Class
CHAPTER 6
Assessment

Multiple Choice
1.
4.
7.
2.
5.
8.
3.
6.
9.
10.
Short Answer

11.
12.
13.
Extended Response
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
54
14.
Table of
Contents
Reproducible Pages
Chapter 7 Ionic Compounds and Metals

MiniLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
ChemLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Chapter Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
55
Name
Date
Class
mini LAB 7
Observe Properties
How do the properties of steel change when it is subjected to different types of
heat treatment? For many centuries, people have treated metals with heat to change
their properties. The final properties of the metal depend on the temperature to which the
metal is heated and the rate at which it cools.
Materials laboratory burner, forceps (2), hairpins (3), 250-mL beaker, cold water

2. Examine a property of spring steel by trying to bend open one of three hairpins.
3. Next hold each end of the hairpin with a
pair of forceps. Place the curved central
loop portion of the hairpin in the top of
the blue flame from a laboratory burner.
When the metal turns red, pull the hairpin open to form a straight piece of
metal. Allow it to cool as you record your
observations. Repeat Step 3 for the
remaining two hairpins. WARNING: Do
not touch the hot metal. Do not hold
your hand above the flame of the laboratory burner.
4. To make softened steel, use a pair of forceps to hold all three hairpins vertically
in the flame of the laboratory burner
until the hairpins glow red all over.
Slowly raise the three hairpins straight
up and out of the flame so they cool
slowly. Slow cooling results in the formation of large crystals.
5. After cooling, bend each of the

three hairpins into the shape of the letter J. Record how the metal feels as you
bend it.
6. To harden the steel, use tongs to hold
two of the bent hairpins in the flame
until they are glowing red all over.
Quickly plunge the hot metals into a
250-mL beaker containing approximately
200 mL of cold water. Quick-cooling
causes the crystal size to be small.
7. Attempt to straighten one of the bends.
8. To temper the steel, use tongs to hold
the remaining hardened metal bend
above the flame for a brief period of
time. Slowly move the metal back and
forth just above the flame until the gray
metal turns to an iridescent blue-gray
color. Do not allow the metal to become
hot enough to glow red. Slowly cool the
metal and then try to unbend it using
the end of your finger. Record your
observations.
Analysis
1. Analyze your results, and identify the two types of steel that appear to have their properties combined in tempered steel.
2. Hypothesize how the different observed properties relate to crystal size.
3. State a use for spring steel that takes advantage of its unique properties.
4. Infer the advantages and disadvantages of using softened steel for body panels on automobiles.
5. Apply What is the major disadvantage of hardened steel? Do you think hardened steel would be
wear-resistant and retain a sharpened edge? Explain your reasoning.
56
Procedure
Name
Date
CHEMLAB
Class
Synthesize an Ionic Compound
lements combine to form compounds. If energy is released as the

compound is formed, the resulting product is more stable than the
reacting elements. In this investigation, you will react elements to form
two compounds. You will test the compounds to determine
several of their properties. Ionic compounds have properties that
are different from those of other compounds. You will decide if the
products you formed are ionic compounds.
Problem
Objectives
Materials
Can the physical properties

of a compound indicate
that they have ionic bonds?
Observe evidence of a
chemical reaction.
Acquire and analyze
information that will
enable you to decide if a
compound has an ionic
bond.
Classify the products as
ionic or not ionic.
magnesium ribbon
(25 cm)
crucible
ring stand and ring
clay triangle
Bunsen burner
stirring rod
crucible tongs
centigram balance
100-mL beaker
distilled water
conductivity tester
Safety Precautions
Always wear safety glasses and a lab apron.
Do not look directly at the burning magnesium. The intensity of the
light can damage your eyes.
Avoid handling heated materials until they have cooled.
Pre-Lab
1.
Read the entire CHEMLAB. Identify the

variable. List any conditions that must be kept
constant.
b. Write the electron configuration of the
magnesium ion.
c. The magnesium ion has an electron
configuration like that of which noble gas?

2.
Write the electron configuration of the magnesium atom.
3.
Repeat question 2 for oxygen and nitrogen.
a. Based on this configuration, will magnesium
lose or gain electrons to become a magnesium

ion?
57
Name
Date
CHEMLAB
Use the data table in the next column.

5. In your data table, which mass values will be
measured directly? Which mass values will be
calculated?
4.
6.
Class
Explain what must be done to calculate each

mass value that is not measured directly.
4. Measure
the mass of the clean, dry crucible.

5. Roll 25 cm of magnesium ribbon into a loose
ball. Place it in the crucible. Measure the mass of
the magnesium and crucible together.
6. Place the crucible on the triangle, and heat it
with a hot flame (flame tip should be near the
crucible).
7. Turn off the burner as soon as the magnesium
ignites and begins to burn with a bright white
light. Allow it to cool, and measure the mass of
the magnesium product and the crucible.
8. Place the dry, solid product in the beaker.
9. Add 10 mL of distilled water to the beaker, and
stir. Check the mixture with a conductivity tester.
10. Cleanup and Disposal Dispose of the product
as directed by your teacher. Wash out the crucible
with water. Return all lab equipment to its proper
place.
Mass Data
Material(s)
Mass (g)
Procedure
2. Record all measurements in your data table.
3. Position the ring on the ring stand about 7 cm
above the top of the Bunsen burner. Place the
clay triangle on the ring.
1.
Crucible and Mg ribbon

before heating
Magnesium ribbon
Crucible and magnesium
products after heating
Magnesium products

1.
Analyze Data Calculate the mass of the ribbon and the product. Record these masses in your table.
2.
Classify the forms of energy released. What can you conclude about the stability of products?
58
Empty crucible
Name
CHEMLAB
Date
Class
3.
Infer Does the magnesium react with the air?
4.
Predict the ionic formulas for the two binary products formed, and write their names.
5.
Analyze and Conclude The product of the magnesium-oxygen reaction is white, whereas the product of
the magnesium-nitrogen reaction is yellow. Which compound makes up most of the product?
6.
Analyze and Conclude Did the magnesium compounds conduct a current when in solution? Do these
results verify that the compounds are ionic?
7.
Error Analysis If the results show that the magnesium lost mass instead of gaining mass, cite possible
sources of the error.
Inquiry Extension
Design an Experiment If the magnesium compounds conduct a current in solution, can you affect
how well they conduct electricity? If they did not conduct a current, could they? Design an experiment to
find out.
59
60
O ion (O2)
Energy
8 protons (8)
10 electrons (10)
Formation of Ions
8 protons (8 )
Ca ion (Ca2)
20 protons (20)
2e
Two
electrons
18 electrons (18)
Date
O atom
1s2 2s2 2p4
2e
Two
electrons
8 electrons (8)
Ca atom
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Energy
20 protons (20)
20 electrons (20)
Name
Class
22
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.1
Name
Date
Class
22
Formation of Ions
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.1
1. What are the names of the two elements shown?
2. Are the elements shown on the left sides of the two equations neutral? How can you tell?
3. What is the name for the energy needed to remove electrons from an atom, such as the
Ca atom shown?
4. What kind of charge does the Ca atom take on as a result of the reaction? What is the
name for an ion with that kind of charge?
5. What kind of charge does the O atom take on as a result of the reaction? What is the
name for an ion with that kind of charge?
6. Is the outer electron configuration of the Ca atom before the reaction a very stable one?
How can you tell?
7. Is the outer electron configuration of the O atom before the reaction a very stable one?
How can you tell?
8. Is the outer electron configuration of the Ca ion after the reaction a very stable one? How
can you tell?
9. Is the outer electron configuration of the O ion after the reaction a very stable one? How
can you tell?
10. What is the electron configuration of the Ca ion? What neutral atom has the same config-
uration, and in what chemical family is it located in the periodic table?
11. What is the electron configuration of the O ion? What neutral atom has the same config-
uration, and in what chemical family is it located in the periodic table?
61
Name
Date
Class
23
Ionic Bonds
62
P
+
Mg
Mg
e
Cl
Mg
e
Cl
+
Mg
2
Cl
Cl
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.2
Name
Date
Class
23
Ionic Bonds
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.2
1. How many valence electrons does a neutral magnesium (Mg) atom have?
2. What is the charge on a magnesium ion? What does magnesium have to do to form such
an ion, and why does it tend to do so?
3. How many valence electrons does a single neutral chlorine (Cl) atom have?
4. What is the charge on a chloride ion? What does chlorine have to do to form such an ion,
and why does it tend to do so?
5. How many magnesium atoms and how many chlorine atoms react to form one formula
unit of magnesium chloride? Why? What is the formula of magnesium chloride?
6. What kind of compound is magnesium chloride? What happens to electrons during the
formation of the compound? What holds the atoms together in the compound?
7. What is the formula of the ionic compound formed by magnesium and sulfur (S) atoms?
Explain why, in terms of electron transfer, stability, and overall charge.
8. What is the formula of the ionic compound formed by magnesium and phosphorus (P)
atoms? Explain why, in terms of electron transfer, stability, and overall charge.
63
Date
Class
3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.3
3s 3p 3s 3p
Periodic
Table
Row 3
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
Formulas for Ionic Compounds
24
Name
64
Name
Date
Class
24
Formulas for Ionic Compounds
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.3
1. How many valence electrons are there in an atom of sodium (Na)? What would a sodium
atom tend to do in bonding with another atom to form an ionic compound? Why?
2. How many valence electrons are there in an atom of phosphorus (P)? What would a phos-
phorus atom tend to do in bonding with another atom to form an ionic compound? Why?
3. What would be the formula and name of the ionic compound formed when sodium reacts
with phosphorus? What are the oxidation numbers of each of the ions present?
4. How many valence electrons are in an atom of sulfur (S)? What would a sulfur atom tend
to do in bonding with another atom to form an ionic compound? Why?
5. What would be the formula and name of the ionic compound formed when sodium reacts
with sulfur? What are the oxidation numbers of each of the ions present?
6. How many valence electrons are in an atom of aluminum (Al)? What would an alu-
minum atom tend to do in bonding with another atom to form an ionic compound? Why?
7. How many valence electrons are in an atom of chlorine (Cl)? What would a chlorine
atom tend to do in bonding with another atom to form an ionic compound? Why?
8. What would be the formula and name of the ionic compound formed when aluminum
reacts with chlorine? What are the oxidation numbers of each of the ions present?
9. What would be the formula and name of the ionic compound formed when aluminum
reacts with sulfur? What are the oxidation numbers of each of the ions present?
65
66

2 2 2

2 2 2

2 2 2 2
2
Group 2 Metal Atoms
Date
Metallic Bonding
Group 1 Metal Atoms
Name
Class
25
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.4
Name
Date
Class
25
Metallic Bonding
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.4
1. What is a regular, repeating three-dimensional arrangement of atoms called?
2. Do the separate electrons that are shown belong exclusively to a single atom? What word
is used to describe such electrons?
3. Are the electrons shown the only ones actually present? Explain.
4. Why are the central atoms shown as positively charged?
5. How does the number of separate electrons shown for the group 1 metal atoms compare
to the number of atoms? Explain why in terms of valence electrons.
6. How does the number of separate electrons shown for the group 2 metal atoms compare
to the number of atoms?
7. What holds the metal atoms together in such an arrangement?
8. What term is used to describe this model of metallic bonding?

9. How well do metals tend to conduct electricity? How does the model of metallic bonding
account for that property?
10. Do metals tend to be brittle, or are they malleable and ductile? How does the model of
metallic bonding account for that property?
67
Name
Date
Class
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.1
12
Mg
11
Na
13
Al
10
Ne
8
O
4
Be
3
Li
Groups
1
2
5
B
13
6
C
14
7
N
Groups
15 16
9
F
17
18
Calculating Numbers of Electrons

and Predicting Ionic Change
Periods
68
Name
Date
Class
Calculating Numbers of Electrons

and Predicting Ionic Change
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.1
1. What happens to a neutral atom if it loses one electron? Why?
2. What happens to a neutral atom if it gains two electrons? Why?
3. Write a simple word equation that shows how you can figure out the charge of an ion,
given its numbers of electrons and protons.
4. What is the electron configuration of each of the following, given its position in the
periodic table? In each case, also tell what charge the atom is likely to take on if it bonds,
and explain why. Write the electron configuration of the ion that is formed.
a. beryllium (Be)
b. fluorine (F)
c. argon (Ar)
d. sulfur (S)
e. sodium (Na)
f. nitrogen (N)
69
Name
Date
Class
Determining Numbers of Ions
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.3
Common Polyatomic Ions

Name
Ion
Name
NH4
ammonium
IO4
periodate
NO2
nitrite
C2H3O2
acetate
NO3
nitrate
H2PO4
dihydrogen phosphate
HSO4
hydrogen sulfate
CO32
carbonate
OH
hydroxide
SO32
sulfite
CN
cyanide
SO42
sulfate
MnO4
permanganate
S2O32
thiosulfate
HCO3
hydrogen carbonate
O22
peroxide
ClO
hypochlorite
CrO42
chromate
ClO2
chlorite
Cr2O72
dichromate
ClO3
chlorate
HPO42
hydrogen phosphate
ClO4
perchlorate
PO43
phosphate
BrO3
bromate
AsO43
arsenate
IO3
iodate
70
Ion
Name
Date
Class
Determining Numbers of Ions
Use with Chapter 7,

Section 7.3
1. Write a simple word equation that illustrates what must be true of total positive charge
and total negative charge in an ionic compound.
2. How many potassium ions (group 1) would be related to balance the charge of each of
the following in a compound?

a. one cyanide ion
b. one sulfite ion
c. one arsenate ion
3. How many iodate ions would be needed to balance the charge of each of the following in
a compound?
a. one Fe3 ion
b. one lithium ion (group 1)
c. one barium ion (group 2)
4. What is the formula of the ionic compound formed by each of the following in
combination? Demonstrate that each result is correct by figuring out total positive
charge and total negative charge.
a. ammonium ions and sulfate ions
b. sodium ions (group 1) and phosphate ions
c. magnesium ions (group 2) and hydrogen sulfate ions
d. aluminum ions (group 13) and carbonate ions
e. ammonium ions and arsenate ions
f. calcium ions (group 2) and acetate ions
g. ammonium ions and nitrite ions
71
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Ionic Compounds and Metals

Section 7.1
Ion Formation
In your textbook, read about chemical bonds and formation of ions.
chemical bond
electrons
energy level
ions
nucleus
octet
pseudo-noble gas formations
noble gases
valence
The force that holds two atoms together is called a(n) (1)
Such an attachment may form by the attraction of the positively charged
(2)
of one atom for the negatively charged
(3)
of another atom, or by the attraction of charged atoms,
which are called (4)
. The attractions may also involve

electrons, which are the electrons in the outermost
(5)
. The (7)
(6)
are a family of elements that
electrons, which is called a stable (8)
have very little tendency to react. Most of these elements have a set of eight outermost
. The relatively stable electron
structures developed by loss of electrons in certain elements of groups 3, 4, 13, and 14 are
called (9)

10. A positively charged ion is called an anion.
11. Elements in group 1 lose their one valence electron, forming an ion with a
1 charge.
12. Elements tend to react so that they acquire the electron structure of a
halogen.
13. A sodium atom tends to lose one electron when it reacts.
14. The electron structure of a zinc ion (Zn2) is an example of a pseudo-
noble gas formation.

15. A Cl ion is an example of a cation.
16. The ending -ide is used to designate an anion.
17. Nonmetals form a stable outer electron configuration by losing electrons
and becoming anions.

72
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 7.2
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
In your textbook, read about forming ionic bonds and the characteristics of
ionic compounds.
1. An ionic bond is
a. attraction of an atom for its electrons.
b. attraction of atoms for electrons they share.
c. a force that holds together atoms that are oppositely charged.
d. the movement of electrons from one atom to another.
2. The formula unit of an ionic compound shows the
a. total number of each kind of ion in a sample.
b. simplest ratio of the ions.
c. numbers of atoms within each molecule.
d. number of nearest neighboring ions surrounding each kind of ion.
3. The overall charge of a formula unit for an ionic compound
a. is always zero.
c. is always positive.
b. is always negative.
d. may have any value.
4. How many chloride (Cl) ions are present in a formula unit of magnesium chloride,
given that the charge on a Mg ion is 2?

a. one-half
b. one
c. two
d. four
5. Ionic bonds generally occur between

a. metals.
c. a metal and a nonmetal.
b. nonmetals.
d. noble gases.
6. Salts are examples of

a. nonionic compounds. b. metals.
c. nonmetals.
d. ionic compounds.
7. A three-dimensional arrangement of particles in an ionic solid is called a(n)

a. crystal lattice.
b. sea of electrons.
c. formula unit.
d. electrolyte.
8. In a crystal lattice of an ionic compound,

a. ions of a given charge are clustered together, far from ions of the opposite charge.
b. ions are surrounded by ions of the opposite charge.
c. a sea of electrons surrounds the ions.
d. neutral molecules are present.
Study Guide
73
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE

9. What is the relationship between lattice energy and the strength of the attractive force
holding ions in place?

a. The more positive the lattice energy is, the greater the force.
b. The more negative the lattice energy is, the greater the force.
c. The closer the lattice energy is to zero, the greater the force.
d. There is no relationship between the two quantities.
10. The formation of a stable ionic compound from ions
a. is always exothermic.
c. is always endothermic.
b. may be either exothermic or endothermic.
d. neither absorbs nor releases energy.
11. In electron transfer involving a metallic atom and a nonmetallic atom during ion forma-
tion, which of the following is correct?

a. The metallic atom gains electrons from the nonmetallic atom.
b. The nonmetallic atom gains electrons from the metallic atom.
c. Both atoms gain electrons.
d. Neither atom gains electrons.
12. Melting point
Low
High
13. Boiling point
Low
High
14. Hardness
Hard
Soft
15. Brittleness
Flexible
Brittle
16. Electrical conductivity in the solid state
Good
Poor
17. Electrical conductivity in the liquid state
Good
Poor
18. Electrical conductivity when dissolved in water
Good
Poor
Underline the word that correctly describes each property in ionic compounds.

19. The crystal lattice of ionic compounds affects their melting and boiling
points.
20. The lattice energy is the energy required to separate the ions of an ionic
compound.
21. The energy of an ionic compound is higher than that of the separate
elements that formed it.

22. Large ions tend to produce a more negative value for lattice energy than
smaller ions do.

23. Ions that have larger charges tend to produce a more negative lattice
energy than ions with smaller charges do.

74
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 7.3
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds
In your textbook, read about communicating what is in a compound and naming ions
and ionic compounds.
anion
-ate
cation
electrons
zero
lower right
monatomic
one
oxidation number
-ite
oxyanion
polyatomic
subscript
A one-atom ion is called a(n) (1)
ion. The charge of such an ion is
equal to the atoms (2)
, which is the number of (3)
transferred to or from the atom to form the ion. In ionic compounds, the sum of the charges of
all the ions equals (4)
. Ions made up of more than one atom are called

ions. If such an ion is negatively charged and includes one or more
(5)
oxygen atoms, it is called a(n) (6)
. If two such ions can be formed that
contain different numbers of oxygen atoms, the name for the ion with more oxygen atoms ends
with the suffix (7)
ends with (8)
. The name for the ion with fewer oxygen atoms

.
In the chemical formula for any ionic compound, the chemical symbol for the
is written first, followed by the chemical symbol for the
(9)
. A(n) (11)
(10)
is a small number used to
represent the number of ions of a given element in a chemical formula. Such numbers are
written to the (12)
of the symbol for the element. If no number
appears, the assumption is that the number equals (13)
For each formula in Column A, write the letter of the matching name in Column B.
Column A
Column B
14. ClO2
a. chlorate
15. ClO4
b. hypochlorite
16. ClO
c. chloride
17. Cl
d. perchlorate
18. ClO3
e. chlorite
Study Guide
75
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE

For each of the following chemical formulas, write the correct name of the ionic compound
represented. You may refer to the periodic table on pages 156157 and Table 8.7 for help.
19. NaI
20. CaCl2
21. K2S
22. MgO
23. LiHSO4
24. NH4Br
25. Ca3N2
26. Cs3P
27. KBrO3
28. Mg(ClO)2
29. Li2O2
30. Be3(PO4)2
31. (NH4)2CO3
32. NaBrO3
33. Fe2O3
34. Fe(IO3)2
For each of the following ionic compounds, write the correct formula for the compound.
You may refer to the periodic table on pages 156157 and Table 8.7 for help.
35. beryllium nitride
36. nickel(II) chloride
37. potassium chlorite
38. copper(I) oxide
39. magnesium sulfite
40. ammonium sulfide
41. calcium iodate
42. iron(III) perchlorate
43. sodium nitride
76
Study Guide
Name
CHAPTER
Section 7.4
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Metallic Bonds and the Properties of Metals
In your textbook, read about metallic bonds.
Use the diagram of metallic bonding to answer the following questions.

1. What is the name of the model of metallic bonding that is illustrated?
2. Why are the electrons in a metallic solid described as delocalized?
3. Which electrons from the metal make up the delocalized electrons?
4. Are the metal atoms that are shown cations or anions? How can you tell?
5. How do the metallic ions differ from the ions that exist in ionic solids?
6. Explain what holds the metal atoms together in the solid.
In your textbook, read about the properties of metals.
For each property, write yes if the property is characteristic of most metals, or no if it is
not. If the property is a characteristic of metals, explain how metallic bonding accounts
for the property.
7. Malleable
8. Brittle
9. Lustrous
10. High melting point
11. Low boiling point
12. Ductile
13. Poor conduction of heat

14. Good conduction of electricity
Study Guide
77
Name
Date
Class
CHAPTER 7
Assessment

Multiple Choice
1.
4.
7.
2.
5.
8.
3.
6.
9.
Short Answer

10.
11.
12.
Extended Response
14.

15.
17.
19.
16.
18.
20.
84
13.
Table of
Contents
Reproducible Pages
Chapter 8 Covalent Bonding

MiniLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
ChemLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
90

96
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Chapter Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
STP Recording Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
85
Name
Date
Class
mini LAB 8
Compare Melting Points

How can you determine the relationship between bond type and melting
point? The properties of a compound depend on whether the bonds in the compound
are ionic or covalent.
Materials permanent marker, disposable 9-inch aluminum pie pan, hot plate, sugar
crystals, salt crystals, paraffin

2. Create a data table for the experiment.
3. Using a permanent marker, draw three lines on the inside bottom of a disposable, 9inch aluminum pie pan to create three, equal wedges. Label the wedges, A, B, and C.
4. Set the pie pan on a hot plate.
WARNING: Hot plate and metal pie pan will burn skinhandle with care.
5. Obtain samples of the following from your teacher and deposit them onto the
labeled wedges as follows: sugar crystals (C12H22O11), A; salt crystals (NaCl) B;
paraffin (C23H48), C.
6. Predict the order in which the compounds will melt.
7. Turn the temperature knob on the hot plate to the highest setting. You will heat the
compounds for 5 min. Assign someone to time the heating of the compounds.
8. Observe the compounds during the 5-min period. Record which compounds melt and
the order in which they melt.
9. After 5 min, turn off the hot plate and remove the pie pan using a hot mitt or tongs.
10. Allow the pie pan to cool, and then place it in the proper waste container.
Analysis
1. State Which solid melted first? Which solid did not melt?
2. Apply Based on your observations and data, describe the melting point of each solid
as low, medium, high, or very high.
3. Infer Which compounds are bonded with ionic bonds? Which are bonded with covalent bonds?
4. Summarize how the type of bonding affects the melting points of compounds.
86
Procedure
Name
CHEMLAB
Date
Class
Model Molecular Shapes
ovalent bonding occurs when atoms share valence electrons. In the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
theory, the way in which valence electrons of bonding atoms
are positioned, is the basis for predicting a molecules shape.
This method of visualizing shape is also based on the molecules Lewis structure.
Problem
Objectives
Materials
How do the Lewis structure

and the positions of valence
electrons affect the shape of
the covalent compound?
Predict the shape of

molecular compounds
Construct molecular
models
Evaluate the strength of
covalent bonds
Identify resonance
structures
Distinguish polar and
nonpolar molecules
molecular-model kit
Pre-Lab
do you need to determine whether or not a molecule is polar?

2. Review the VSEPR model. What do the initials
VSEPR stand for? What is the basis for the predictions of molecular shape made by the VSEPR
model?
1.
4.
3.
What is a resonance structure? If a molecule has

resonance structures, what can you infer about the
types of bonds in that molecule?
How do you determine whether or not a bond is a

polar covalent bond? What additional information
87
Name
Date
CHEMLAB
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Class

Create a table to record your data.
Note the color used to represent each of these
atoms in the molecular modele kit: H, O, P, C, F,
S, and N.
Draw the Lewis structures of the H2, O2, and N2
molecules.
Obtain two hydrogen atoms and one connector
and assemble a hydrogen (H2) molecule.
Obtain two oxygen atoms and two connectors and
assemble an oxygen (O2) molecule. Observe that
your model represents a double-bonded diatomic
oxygen molecule.
Obtain two nitrogen atoms and three connectors

and assemble a nitrogen (N2) molecule. Observe
that your model represents a triple-bonded
diatomic nitrogen molecule.
8. Recognize that these diatomic molecules are linear in shape because they have only two atoms.
9. Draw the Lewis structure of water (H2O) and
construct its molecule.
10.Classify the shape of the H2O molecule using
information in Table 8.6.
11. Repeat steps 9 and 10 for PH3, CF4, CO2, SO3,
HCN, and CO molecules.
7.
1.
Think Critically Based on the molecular models you built and observed in this lab, rank
single, double, and triple bonds in order of increasing flexibility and increasing strength.
2.
Observe and Infer Explain why H2O and CO2 molecules have different shapes.
3.
Analyze and Conclude One of the molecules from this lab undergoes resonance. Identify the molecule
that has three resonance structures, draw the structures, and explain why resonance occurs.
88
Name
CHEMLAB
4.
Date
Class
Recognize Cause and Effect Use the electronegativity difference to determine the
polarity of the molecules in Steps 9-11. Based on their calculated bond polarities and the
models constructed in this lab, determine the molecular polarity of each structure.
Inquiry Extension
Model Use a molecular model kit to build the two resonance structures of ozone (O3).
Then, use Lewis structures to explain how you can convert between the two resonance
structures by interchanging a lone pair for a covalent bond.
89
90
SiO2
N2H4
Formula
Step
5
Step
6
O Si O
Unnecessary
(octets
H N N H H N N H complete)
H H
H H
Step
4
Date
Lewis Structures
O Si O
Step Step
2
3
H N N H 14
HH
Step
1
Name
Class
26
Use with Chapter 8,

Section 8.3
Name
Date
Class
26
Lewis Structures
Use with Chapter 8,

Section 8.3
1. Step 1 in drawing the Lewis structure for a molecule is to decide which atoms of the
molecule are most likely the terminal ones. In the transparency, why are the hydrogen
(H) atoms in hydrazine (N2H4) shown as the terminal atoms?
2. Step 2 in drawing a Lewis structure involves determining the total number of valence
electrons in the atoms in the molecule. Explain why the total number of valence electrons
in N2H4 is 14.
3. Step 3 in drawing a Lewis structure requires finding the number of bonding pairs. What
must be done to the result of step 2 to find the number of bonding pairs? Verify that this
is so in the case of N2H4 in the transparency.
4. In step 4 in the transparency, one bonding pair has been placed between each pair of
bonded atoms in N2H4. How many such bonding pairs are shown in step 4, and what
symbol is used to represent them?
5. Step 5 requires subtraction of the number of bonding pairs used in step 4 from the
number of bonding pairs determined in step 3. Verify that the result is 2 for N2H4. Lone
pairs are then placed around each terminal atom to achieve a full outer level, and any
remaining pairs are assigned to the central atom(s). Explain the drawing that has resulted
for N2H4.
6. In step 6, if any central atom drawn in step 5 does not have an octet, lone pairs from the
terminal atoms must be converted to double or triple bonds involving the central atom.
Why was this extra step unnecessary in the case of N2H4?
7. What number should be placed in the blank for step 2 for the silicon dioxide (SiO2) molecule?
8. What number should be placed in the blank for step 3 for SiO2?
91
Name
Date
Class
27
VSEPR Model and Molecular

Shape
H
H
H
H
B
H
H
H
H
H N H
H
H
H C H
H
H
B
92
O H
H
F H
Use with Chapter 8,

Section 8.4
Name
Date
Class
27
VSEPR Model and Molecular

Shape
Use with Chapter 8,

Section 8.4
1. The shapes of the molecules shown have been determined by means of the VSEPR
model. What is the basic assumption of this model?
2. How many lone pairs and how many shared pairs of electrons surround the boron (B)
atom in the borane (BH3) molecule shown?
3. What is the shape of the BH3 molecule? Explain why.
4. How many lone pairs and how many shared pairs of electrons surround the carbon (C)
atom in the methane (CH4) molecule shown? What is the shape of the molecule?
5. How many lone pairs and how many shared pairs of electrons surround the nitrogen (N)
atom in the ammonia (NH3) molecule shown? What is the shape of the molecule?
6. How many lone pairs and how many shared pairs of electrons surround the oxygen (O)
atom in the water (H2O) molecule shown? What is the shape of the molecule?
7. How many lone pairs and how many shared pairs of electrons surround the fluorine (F)
atom in the hydrogen fluoride (HF) molecule shown? What is the shape of the molecule?
93
94
Be
1.57
B
2.04
C
2.55
N
3.04
O
3.44
Date
Electronegativity and Polarity
At
2.2
I
2.66
Br
2.96
Cl
3.16
F
3.98
Group Group Group Group Group

3
4
5
6
7
Li
Period
0.98
2
Group Group
1
2
Electronegativities
Name
Class
28
Use with Chapter 8,

Section 8.5
Name
Date
Class
28
Use with Chapter 8,

Section 8.5
1. What is electronegativity?
2. The electronegativities of the elements of period 2 and of group 17 of the periodic table are
shown. What trends in electronegativity do you see across the period? Down the group?
3. When there is an electronegativity difference between two covalently bonded atoms,
what is true of the bond between them? Toward which of the atoms are the shared
electrons more attracted?
4. What kind of bond exists between a carbon (C) atom and a chlorine (Cl) atom? (Assume
that a bond is nonpolar covalent if the electronegativity difference is 0, polar covalent if

the difference is greater than 0 but not more than 1.70, and ionic if the difference is more
than 1.70.)
5. Given your answer to question 4 and your knowledge of molecular shapes, is a carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4) molecule polar or nonpolar? Explain.
6. What kind of bond exists between a nitrogen (N) atom and a fluorine (F) atom? Is a
nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) molecule polar or nonpolar? Explain.
7. What kind of bond exists between a beryllium (Be) atom and a bromine (Br) atom? Is a
beryllium bromide (BeBr2) molecule polar or nonpolar? Explain.
8. What kind of bond exists between a beryllium (Be) atom and a fluorine (F) atom?
9. What kind of bond exists between a boron (B) atom and an iodine (I) atom? Is a boron
triiodide (BI3) molecule polar or nonpolar? Explain.
95
96
(a)
(c)
N
O
6
7
8
9
10
(d)
Si
hexaheptaoctanonadeca-
Prefix
(e)
O
F
Determining the Names of

Binary Compounds and Their
Numbers of Atoms
(b)
(never for first

element in the
formula)
Number
of Atoms
Date
monoditritetrapenta-
1
2
3
4
5
Prefix
Number
of Atoms
Name
Class
Use with Chapter 8,

Section 8.2
Name
Date
Class
Determining the Names of

Binary Compounds and Their
Numbers of Atoms
Use with Chapter 8,

Section 8.2
1. The table shows the prefixes used in naming binary compounds. Notice that each prefix
corresponds to a certain number of atoms. These prefixes are also used in naming many
geometric figures with which you probably are familiar. For example, a triangle has three
sides. The prefix tri- signifies three. How many sides does a pentagon have? A hexagon?
An octagon?
2. Look at the drawings of molecules (labeled ae) below the table. For each molecule, tell
how many atoms of each kind are present. Then write the name of the compound, using
the prefixes in the table. In each case, the central atom is named first.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. For each compound listed below, tell how many of each kind of atom are present in a
molecule of the compound and the total number of atoms per molecule. Then name the
compound.
a. P4O10
b. S2O7
c. Si3H8
4. What is the formula for each compound listed below?

a. tetrasulfur dinitride
b. dichlorine monoxide
97
2.0
2.19
P
2.58
3.0
Polar covalent
1.90
Si
3.16
Cl
Determining Electronegativity
Difference and Percent Ionic
Character
Electronegativity difference
1.0
1.61
Al
Covalent
1.31
Mg
Date
25
50
75
Ionic
0.93
Electronegativity
100
Na
Percent ionic character
98
Period 3 Element
Name
Class
10
Use with Chapter 8,

Section 8.5
Name
Date
Class
10
Determining Electronegativity
Difference and Percent Ionic
Character
Use with Chapter 8,

Section 8.5
1. The electronegativities of the period-3 elements are listed on the transparency. Calculate
the electronegativity differences for the following pairs of bonded period-3 atoms.
a. Na and Cl
d. Si and Cl
b. Mg and S
e. Si and S
c. Al and P
2. An electronegativity difference greater than 1.70 generally corresponds to a bond that is
considered ionic. For which of the bonded-atoms combinations from question 1 would
the bonds be considered ionic according to this rule?
3. Bonds are rarely completely covalent or completely ionic. Rather, they have a percent
ionic character. The graph illustrates that fact. What two variables are plotted on the
graph, and what is the overall relationship between the variables?
4. Use the graph to find the approximate percent ionic character for the five pairs of bonded
atoms listed in question 1.

a. Na and Cl
d. Si and Cl
b. Mg and S
e. Si and S
c. Al and P
5. Given what you know about percentages in general, what must be the relationship
between the percent ionic character and the percent covalent character for a given bond?
6. Calculate the percent covalent character for the five pairs of bonded atoms listed in
question 1.
a. Na and Cl
d. Si and Cl
b. Mg and S
e. Si and S
c. Al and P
99
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Covalent Bonding
Section 8.1
The Covalent Bond
In your textbook, read about the nature of covalent bonds.
covalent bond
molecule
sigma bond
exothermic
pi bond
When sharing of electrons occurs, the attachment between atoms that results is called
a(n) (1)
. When such an attachment is formed, bond dissociation
energy is released, and the process is (2)
. When two or more
atoms bond by means of electron sharing, the resulting particle is called a(n)
. If the electrons shared are centered between the two atoms, the
(3)
attachment is called a(n) (4)
. If the sharing involves the overlap of
parallel orbitals, the attachment is called a(n) (5)
In your textbook, read about single and multiple bonds and bond strength.
6. In what form do elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen normally occur?
a. as single atoms
c. as molecules containing three atoms
b. as molecules containing two atoms
d. as molecules containing four atoms
7. How many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?

a. none
b. one
c. two
d. four
8. Bond length is the distance between

a. two molecules of the same substance.
c. the nuclei of two attached atoms.
b. the electrons in two attached atoms.
d. the orbitals of two attached atoms.
9. Which of the following relationships relating to bond length is generally correct?

a. the shorter the bond, the stronger the bond
b. the shorter the bond, the weaker the bond
c. the shorter the bond, the fewer the electrons in it
d. the shorter the bond, the lower the bond dissociation energy
100
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 8.2
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Naming Molecules
In your textbook, read about how binary compounds and acids are named from their
formulas.

1. Binary molecular compounds are generally composed of a metal and a
nonmetal.
2. The second element in the formula of a binary compound is named using
the suffix -ite.

3. The prefix tetra- indicates three atoms.
4. The prefix hexa- indicates six atoms.
5. In naming the first element in a formula, the prefix mono- is not used.
6. For binary acids, the hydrogen part of the compound is named using the
prefix hydro-.
7. An oxyacid contains only two elements.
8. If the name of the anion of an oxyacid ends in -ate, the acid name
contains the suffix -ous.
In your textbook, read about naming molecular compounds and oxyacids.
Column A
9. CO
Column B
a. hydrobromic acid
10. CO2
b. dinitrogen tetroxide
11. H2CO3
c. carbon monoxide
12. NH3
d. nitrous acid
13. N2O4
e. ammonia
14. HNO2
f.
15. HNO3
g. carbonic acid
16. HBr
h. bromic acid
17. HBrO3
i.
Study Guide
nitric acid
carbon dioxide
101
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 8.3
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Molecular Structures
In your textbook, read about Lewis structures.

1. A structural formula shows the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule.
2. The central atom in a molecule is the one with the highest electron
affinity.
3. In molecules, hydrogen is always a terminal atom.
4. The number of bonding pairs in a molecule is equal to the number of
electrons.
5. To find the total number of electrons available for bonding in a positive
ion, you should add the ion charge to the total number of valence
electrons of the atoms present.
6. The electrons in a coordinate covalent bond are donated by both the
bonded atoms.
7. Resonance occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be
written for a molecule.

8. Nitrate is an example of an ion that forms resonance structures.
9. The carbon dioxide molecule contains two double bonds.

10. All electrons in an atom are available for bonding.
11. In the sulfate ion (SO42), 32 electrons are available for bonding.
12. When carbon and oxygen bond, the molecule contains ten pairs of
bonding electrons.
In your textbook, read about resonance structures and exceptions to the octet rule.
Column A
102
Column B
13. Odd number of valence electrons
a. O3
14. Fewer than 8 electrons around an atom
b. BF3
15. More than 8 electrons around central atom
c. NO
16. More than one valid Lewis structure
d. SF6
Study Guide
Name
CHAPTER
Section 8.4
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Molecular Shape
In your textbook, read about the VSEPR model.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.
1. The VSEPR model is used mainly to
a. determine molecular shape.
c. determine ionic charge.
b. write resonance structures.
d. measure intermolecular distances.
2. The bond angle is the angle between

a. the sigma and pi bonds in a double bond.
c. two terminal atoms and the central atom.
b. the nucleus and the bonding electrons.
d. the orbitals of a bonding atom.
3. The VSEPR model is based on the idea that

a. there is always an octet of electrons around an atom in a molecule.
b. electrons are attracted to the nucleus.
c. molecules repel one another.
d. shared and unshared electron pairs repel each other as much as possible.
4. The shape of a molecule whose central atom has four pairs of bonding electrons is
a. tetrahedral.
b. trigonal planar.
c. trigonal pyramidal.
d. linear.
5. The shape of a molecule that has two covalent single bonds and no lone pairs on the
central atom is
a. tetrahedral.
b. trigonal planar.
d. linear.
6. The shape of a molecule that has three single covalent bonds and one lone pair on the
central atom is
a. tetrahedral.
b. trigonal planar.
d. linear.
In your textbook, read about hybridization.
carbon
hybridization
sp3
identical
methane
The formation of new orbitals from a combination or rearrangement of valence electrons

is called (7)
(8)
. The orbitals that are produced in this way are

to one another. An example of an element that commonly
undergoes such formation is (9)
. When this atom combines its three
p orbitals and its one s orbital, the orbitals that result are called (10)
orbitals. An example of a molecule that has this type of orbital is (11)
Study Guide
103
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 8.5
Class
STUDY GUIDE
In your textbook, read about electronegativity.
Use the table of electronegativities below to answer the following questions.

Electronegativities of Some Elements
1
H
2.20
3
Li
0.98
11
Na
0.93
19
K
0.82
37
Rb
0.82
4
Be
1.57
12
Mg
1.31
20
Ca
1.00
38
Sr
0.95
21
Sc
1.36
39
Y
1.22
22
Ti
1.54
40
Zr
1.33
23
V
1.63
41
Nb
1.6
24
Cr
1.66
42
Mo
2.16
25
Mn
1.55
43
Tc
2.10
26
Fe
1.83
44
Ru
2.2
27
Co
1.88
45
Rh
2.28
28
Ni
1.91
46
Pd
2.20
29
Cu
1.90
47
Ag
1.93
55
Cs
0.79
87
Fr
0.7
56
Ba
0.89
88
Ra
0.9
57
La
1.10
89
Ac
1.1
72
Hf
1.3
73
Ta
1.5
74
W
1.7
75
Re
1.9
76
Os
2.2
77
Ir
2.2
78
Pt
2.2
79
Au
2.4
5
B
2.04
6
C
2.55
7
N
3.04
8
O
3.44
9
F
3.98
30
Zn
1.65
48
Cd
1.69
13
Al
1.61
31
Ga
1.81
49
In
1.78
14
Si
1.90
32
Ge
2.01
50
Sn
1.96
15
P
2.19
33
As
2.18
51
Sb
2.05
16
S
2.58
34
Se
2.55
52
Te
2.1
17
Cl
3.16
35
Br
2.96
53
I
2.66
80
Hg
1.9
81
Tl
1.8
82
Pb
1.8
83
Bi
1.9
84
Po
2.0
85
At
2.2
Metal
Metalloid
Nonmetal
2. Which element has the highest electronegativity? What is the numerical value? What are the
name and group number of the chemical family that has the highest overall electronegativities?
3. Which element has the lowest electronegativity? What is the numerical value? What are the
name and group number of the chemical family that has the lowest overall electronegativities?
4. What general trend in electronegativity do you note going down a group? Across a period?
5. How are the electronegativity values used to determine the type of bond that exists
between two atoms?
In your textbook, read about the properties of covalent compounds.

6. Ionic compounds are usually soluble in polar substances.
7. In a covalent molecular compound, the attraction between molecules tends
to be strong.
104
Study Guide
1. What is the meaning of the term electronegativity?
Name
CHAPTER
Section 8.5
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE
continued
In your textbook, read about bond polarity.
Using the table of electronegativities on the preceding page, circle the letter of the choice
that best completes the statement or answers the question.
8. Unequal sharing of electrons between two bonded atoms always indicates
a. a nonpolar covalent bond.
c. a polar covalent bond.
b. an ionic bond.
d. a polar molecule.
9. When electronegativities of two bonded atoms differ greatly, the bond is

a. polar covalent.
b. coordinate covalent.
c. polar covalent.
d. ionic.
10. What is the electronegativity difference that usually is the dividing line between covalent
and ionic bonds?

a. 1.0
b. 1.7
c. 2.7
d. 4.0
11. The symbol is placed next to which of the following?

a. the less electronegative atom in a polar covalent bond
c. a positive ion
b. the more electronegative atom in a polar covalent bond
d. the nucleus
12. A nonpolar covalent bond is one in which

a. electrons are transferred.
c. electrons are shared equally.
b. electrons are shared unequally.
d. both electrons are provided by the same atom.
13. Molecules containing only polar covalent bonds

a. are always polar.
c. are always ionic.
b. may or may not be polar.
d. are always nonpolar.
14. What factor other than electronegativity determines whether a molecule as a whole is
polar or not?
a. temperature
b. its geometry
c. its physical state
d. its mass
15. Which of the following correctly describes the compound water, H2O?
a. ionic
c. polar overall, with nonpolar covalent bonds
b. nonpolar overall, with polar covalent bonds
d. polar overall, with polar covalent bonds
16. Which of the following correctly describes the compound carbon tetrachloride, CCl4?
a. ionic
c. polar overall, with nonpolar covalent bonds
b. nonpolar overall, with polar covalent bonds
d. polar overall, with polar covalent bonds
17. A molecule of ammonia, NH3, is

a. nonpolar because it is linear.
b. polar because it is linear.
c. nonpolar because there is no electronegativity difference.
d. polar because there is an electronegativity difference and the molecule is trigonal pyramidal.
Study Guide
105
Name
Date
Class
CHAPTER 8
Assessment

Multiple Choice
1.
4.
7.
2.
5.
8.
3.
6.
9.
10.
Short Answer

11.
12.
13.
Extended Response

15.
17.
16.
18.
112
19.
14.

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STP Recording Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 5

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Analyze Line Spectra

mission spectra are produced when excited atoms return to a

What absorption and emission spectra do various substances produce?

Observe emission spectra

ring stand with

food coloring (red,

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Distinguish among a continuous spectrum, an

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Use with Chapter 5,

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4. Which waves can be seen by the eye?

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d. multiples of h, h, and so on.

a. Ephoton h Plancks constant