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LESSON OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:
Define and distinguish electron , proton, neutron, atomic number, mass number
and isotope.
Write and interprete atomic notation of elements.
Calculate the energy, wavelength and frequency of the emitted photon in a
hydrogen atom or ultraviolet radiation or light using rydberg equation.
State Bohr atomic theory
Define and describe quantum numbers.
Draw the shape of s and p orbitals.
State the Aufbaus principle, Paulis principle and Hunds Rule.
Determine the number of electrons from shell, sub-shell, orbital and quantum
numbers.
Write the electron configurations (in terms of sub-shell notation and orbital
diagram) of atoms and ions.
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MODERN ATOMIC THEORY

All matter is composed of atoms

Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in ordinary
chemical reactions. However, these changes CAN occur in nuclear
reactions!
Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass
which is unique to that element.
Atoms of any one element differ in properties from
atoms of another element

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Model of atom
proton
Shell

neutron

electron

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WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM?

Nucleus center of the atom

Home of Protons and Neutrons

Proton
Has a positive (+) charge
Has a relative mass of 1
Determines the atomic number
Found inside the nucleus
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WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM?

Neutron
Has no (0) charge
Has a relative mass of 1
Determines the isotope
Isotopes are two of the same
element with different masses

Found inside the nucleus

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WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM?

Electron
Has a negative (-) charge
Has a relative mass of 0 (zero)
Determines the ion
Found outside the nucleus
Bohr model electrons are in specific
energy levels
Electron cloud model electrons are in
a random cloud
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How are P, N, e- related?

# protons = atomic number
# electrons = # protons in a neutral atom
# protons + # neutrons = mass number/ atomic mass
number/ nucleon number

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Atomic Notation
Mass number the number of protons and
neutrons in an atom

Chemical Symbol
Atomic number

the number of protons in an atom

number of electrons = number of protons

number of neutron = mass number atomic number

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EXAMPLES

1
H
1

4
2 He

12
C
6

16
8O

Mass number (A)

Atomic number (Z)
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63
Zn
30

EXAMPLE
Sodium has 11 protons and 12 neutrons. Write an
atomic notation of sodium.
Solution:
Atomic number = 11
Atomic mass = 11+12 = 23
Atomic notation of sodium

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IONS
If an atom gains or loses electrons the atom is no longer neutral .
The atom is then called an ION.
Atom accept electrons --- no. of electron > no. of protons. Atom
transform to an anion, negatively charged ion.
Charge = no. of e- in an atom no of e- in its ion.
Atom release electrons from its orbit --- no. of electrons < no. of
protons. Atom transform to cation, a positively charge ion.
Charge = no. of electron in an atom no of electron in its ion.

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ISOTOPES

All atoms in an element have the same atomic number

However, 2 atoms of the same element can have different mass
numbers called isotopes
Isotopes have:
Same # of p
Different # of n
Show similar chemical properties, due to the same number of electrons
in the atoms.
Posses different physical properties.

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Some Common Isotopes

1
H
1

12
C
6

235
92 U

2
1H

13
C
6

238
92 U

3
1H

14
C
6
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BOHRS THEORY

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 When energy (heat, electricity, etc.) is added to an

atom, the electrons within the atom jump to higher
energy levels.
When the electrons fall back to their original energy
level, they release the energy that they absorbed in
the form of light.
Therefore, in order to understand the electronic
structure of the atom we must first understand the
nature of light itself!

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The Wave Nature of the Light

Atomic structure elucidated by interaction of matter with light.
Light = electromagnetic radiation, a wave of oscillating electric
and magnetic influences called fields.
light travels through space as a wave, similar to an ocean wave.
Light properties: characterized by wavelength, , and
frequency,.
Frequency and wavelength inversely proportional to each other.

c =

where c = the speed of light = 3.00x108 m/s;

= frequency, s1
= wavelength, m

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Electromagnetic Radiation

Example: Red light has = 700 nm.

Calculate the frequency, .
=

3.00 x 108

m/s

=
7.00 x 10-7

4.29 x 1014

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Hz

EXAMPLE

E.g.1:
Calculate the frequency of light with a wavelength of 500 nm.
E.g.2:
Calculate the frequency of light if the wavelength is 400 nm.

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Max planck found that :

Energy of radiation is proportional to frequency.

E = h
= hc /
where h = Plancks constant = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
Light with large (small ) has a small E.
Light with a short (large ) has a large E.

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Quantized Energy and Photons

E.g. determine the energies of photons with

wavelengths of 650 nm, 700 nm and
frequencies 4.50x1014 s1, 6.50x1014 s1

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Bohrs model
Main postulates of Bohrs atomic theory are:
CONSTANT ENERGY CONCEPT

Energy of an electron is constant in one of its

allowed orbits. As long as an electron remains in its
orbit, it neither absorbs nor radiates energy.
CONCEPT OF ENERGY LEVELS

Electrons revolve around the nucleus of atom in

circular orbits in which energy of electrons is
constant. These circular paths are known as
"energy levels" or "stationary states".
RADIATION OF ENERGY

If an electron jumps form higher energy level to a

lower energy level, it radiates a definite amount
of energy.
ABSORPTION OF ENERGY

If an electron jumps from lower energy level to a

higher energy level, it absorbs a definite
amount of
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energy.

The Bohr Model of Hydrogen

When excited, the
electron is in a
higher energy level.

Emission: The
atom gives off
energyas a
photon.

Excitation: The atom

absorbs energy that
is exactly equal to the
difference between
two energy levels.

Each circle represents an

allowed energy level for the
electron. The electron may
be thought of as orbiting at
a fixed distance from the
nucleus.

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Upon emission, the

electron drops to a
lower energy level.

AMOUNT OF ENERGY

Energy released or absorbed by an electron is equal to the

difference of energy of two energy levels.
Let an electron jumps from a higher energy level E2 to a lower
energy level E1.The energy is emitted in the form of light . Amount of
energy released is given by:
E = E2 -E1

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Generalized Equation
The energy absorbed or emitted from the process of an electron
transition can be calculated by the equation:

RH is a Rydberg constant in energy units:

2.18 X 10-18 J.
n1 and n2 are the initial and final energy levels of the electron.

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EXAMPLE
Calculate the wavelength of light corresponding by an
electron transition from n = 4 to n = 2

-ve sign indicates that this energy associated with an emmission. To

calculate the , omit the ve sign because the wavelength must be +ve.

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LEARNING CHECK

Calculate the energy of the photon when

the electron drops to the fifth orbit to the
second orbit. Calculate also the
frequency and the wavelength of the
photon in nm.

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QUANTUM MECHANIC

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CLICK TO PLAY
atom structure.wmv

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QUANTUM NUMBER
In quantum mechanics, three quantum numbers are
required to describe the distribution of electrons in
hydrogen and other atoms
principal quantum number (n),
angular momentum quantum number (l)

magnetic quantum number (m)

Fourth quantum number spin quantum number(s)
describe the spin of a specific electron and completes
the descriptions in atoms.

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Principal Quantum Number, n

Show energy level of electron and shell or distance of

electron away from nucleus of atom.
n = 1,2,3,
The value represented using alphabets K,L,M,N.. to
name the shell.

Lower energy level, closer to

the nucleus

Higher energy level, further

away from nucleus

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The maximum
number of electrons in
a principal energy
level is given by:
Max # electrons = 2(n2)
n= the principal quantum number

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ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER , l

Main level energy may be composed of one or more orbitals ,
these orbitals are specified by the azimuthal quantum number, l
(indicates the shape of the orbital)
The value of l depend on the value of the principle quantum
number, n.
For a given n, l has a possible integral value from 0 to ( n-1)
the value of l is generally designated by the letter
s,p,d,f.

l value

subshell

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Orbital Shapes

Orbital Type

Shape Name

Spherical

Dumbbell

Complex

More complex
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l = 0 (s orbitals)

l = 1 (p orbitals)

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l = 2 (d orbitals)

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l = 3 (f orbitals)

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n=1
l = 0 (s)

n=3
l = 0 (s)
l = 1 (p)
l = 2 (d)

n=2
l = 0 (s)
l = 1 (p)
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Magnetic quantum number, ml

Determines the orientation of orbital in space.

Permitted value for m depend on the value of l
It has integer value ranging from 1 to +1 .
The no. of permitted value of m also indicates the
maximum number of orbitals for a particular value of l.

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magnetic quantum number ml

for a given value of l

ml = -l, ., 0, . +l
if l = 1 (p orbital), ml = -1, 0, or 1
if l = 2 (d orbital), ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2

orientation of the orbital in space

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ml = -1

ml = -2

ml = 0

ml = -1

m =0

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ml = 1

ml = 1

ml = 2

The Atomic Orbitals

Relation between quantum numbers and the atomic orbitals

n

Shell

Sub
shell

Orbital
designation

No. of
orbitals

Max. eoccupies

1s

0
1

s
p

0
-1,0,+1

2s
2p

1
3

2
6

0
1
2

s
p
d

0
-1,0,+1
-2,-1,0,+1,+2

3s
3p
3d

1
3
5

2
6
10

0
1
2
3

s
p
d
f

0
4s
-1,0,+1
4p
-2,-1,0,+1,+2
4d
-3,-2,-1,0,
4f
+1,+2,+3
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1
3
5
7

2
6
10
14

Spin Magnetic Quantum Number

It is convenient to think of the

electron as spinning on its
axis
The electron is not
physically spinning
There are two directions for
the spin
Spin up, ms =
Spin down, ms = -
There is a slight energy
difference between the two
spins and this accounts for
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the fine structure

Magnetic Spin Quantum Number (s)

- Corresponds to the spinning direction of an e-,
clockwise and counterclockwise
Spinning directions of electrons
N

CLOCKWISE
s = + 1/2

COUNTERCLOCKWISE
s = - 1/2
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QUANTUM
NUMBERS
n ---> shell

1, 2, 3, 4, ...

l ---> subshell

0, 1, 2, ... n - 1

ml ---> orbital

-l ... 0 ... +l

ms ---> electron spin

+1/2 and -1/2

Its like your address. To find where you are

you need to know 4 things: state, city,
street, house #. To know where or what
state the electron is in you need to know the
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How many 2p orbitals are there in an atom?

n=2
If l = 1, then ml = -1, 0, or +1
2p
3 orbitals
l=1

How many electrons can be placed in the 3d

subshell?
n=3

3d
l=2

If l = 2, then ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, or +2

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ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION

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ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT IN ORBITAL

Follow 3 rules
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE. e- must occupy the lowest energy orbitals.
for a given value of n, the energy of an orbital increase with
increasing value of l

(s<p<d<f)

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Overlapping Orbital Energies

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 PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

No two electrons in an atom can have the same four
quantum numbers.
An orbital can hold a maximum of 2e- And they must have
opposite spin.

HUNDS RULE
The lowest energy is attained when the number of e- with the same
spin is maximized.
e- arrange in this way are said to have parallel spin.

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Electron Configurations
Electrons fill the lowest energy levels first
(calcium shown)

4d

E
N
E
R
G
Y

5s

4p

3d

4s
3s

2s

3p

2p

1s
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Electron Configurations

Distribution of all
electrons in an atom
Consist of
Number denoting the
energy level

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Electron Configurations

Distribution of all
electrons in an atom
Consist of
Number denoting the
energy level
Letter denoting the type
of orbital

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Electron Configurations

Distribution of all
electrons in an atom.
Consist of
Number denoting the
energy level.
Letter denoting the type
of orbital.
Superscript denoting the
number of electrons in
those orbitals.

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EXAMPLE
SUBSHELL NOTATION
Ne 1s2 2s2 2p6
F 1s2 2s2 2p5
F- 1s2 2s2 2p6
Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6
ORBITAL NOTATION

Ne :
1s
F :
1s

2s

2s

2px

2px

(10 electrons)
(9 electrons)
(10 electrons)
(12 electrons)
(10 electrons)

2py

2py

2pz

2pz

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Electron Configuration
- The distribution of electrons in their respective
orbitals.
Example.
Hydrogen : 11H (one proton one electron): Lowest energy level : 1s
Electron configuration : 1s1.
14

7N

: No of proton = 7 (no of e- : 7).

Electron configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p3

Principal quantum number, n

12Mg

: 12 electron 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

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Three different ways to write the electron

configuration
Electron Configuration
Element

40

Ca

In term of
shell

In term of
subshell

In term of
Orbital diagram

[Ar] 4s2

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

3p6 4s2

Ar

2s

2p

3s

[Ne]

3s23p6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

3p6

1s

2s

2p

3s

18

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

23

Na

11

3p

4s

20
39

1s

[Ne] 3s1

1s
2s
2p
3s
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3p

EXERCISE
Q. The electron configuration for boron is 1s22s22p1
How many electrons are present in an atom of boron?
Write the orbital notation for boron
How many electron in b are present with quantum
number n=2, l= 1
Q.Give the sets of quantum numbers (n,l,m,s) for the
electron/s which are in the outermost shell in carbon
atom.

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