PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (--BC to 1564) A. Characteristics 1.Based on oral traditions 2.Crude on ideology and phraseology B. Literary Forms Oral Literature a. Riddles (bugtong) battle of wits among participants Tigmo Cebu Paktakon Ilonggo Patotdon Bicol b. Proverbs (salawikain) wise sayings that contain a metaphor used to teach as a food for thought etc. c. Tanaga - a monoriming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessonson life is "more emotionally charged than the terse proverb and thus hasaffinities with the folk lyric." 2. Folk Songs It is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the people's lifestyles as well as their loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naivea. Hele or oyayi lullaby b. Ambahan (Mangyan) 7-syllable per line poem that are about human relationships and social entertainment c. Kalusan (Ivatan) - work songs that depict the livelihood of the peopled. d. Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) drinking song. e. Kanogan (Cebuano) song of lamentation for the dead Folk Tales Myths explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna. Legends explain the origin of things Why the Pineapple Has Eyes The Legend of Maria Makiling c. Fables used animal characters and allegoryd. Fantasti stories deal with underworld characters such as tiyanak,aswang, kapre and others. Epics These are narratives of sustained length based on oral tradition revolving around supernatural events or heroic deeds (Arsenio Manuel) Examples: Lam-ang (Ilocano) Hinilawod (Panay) Kudaman (Palawan) Darangen (Maranao)
II. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD (1565 1863)
A. Characteristics 1. It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular. It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication. B. Literary Forms 1. Religious Literature - Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were included in early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language. a. Pasyon long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ. The most popular was Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Cristong Panignoon Natin by Aguino de Belen b. Senakulo dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passion and death of Christ Secular (non-religious) Literature a.Awit colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting Example: Ibong
SANICO, JASTER MONLOISE B.
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Adarna b.Korido metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains Example:
Florante at Laura by Francisco Baltazar c. Prose Narratives written to prescribe proper decorum i. Dialogo iii. Ejemplo ii.Manual de Urbanidad iv. tratado Examples: Modesto de Castro's "Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na siUrbana at si Feliza" and Joaquin Tuason's "Ang Bagong Robinson" (The New Robinson) in 1879. III. NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1864 1896) Characteristics Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog 3.Addressed the masses instead of the intelligentsia B. Literary Forms 1. Propaganda Literature Reformatory in objective a. Political Essays satires, editorials and news articles were written to attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule i. Diariong Tagalog founded by Marcelo del Pilar ii. La Solidaridad whose editor-inchief is Graciano Lopez-Jaena Political Novels i. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Jose Rizals master pieces that paved the way to the revolution 2.Revolutionary Literature more propagandistic than literary as it is more violent in nature and demanded complete independence for the country a. Political Essays helped inflame the spirit of revolution. Kalayaan newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacinto b. Poetry True Decalogue Apolinario Mabini Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas Andres Bonifacio Liwanag at Dilim Emilio Jacinto
IV. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 1945)
Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930) 1.Filipino Writers imitated English and American models 2.Poems -- written were amateurish and mushy, which phrasing and diction is awkward and artificial. a. Short Stories i. Dead Stars Paz Marquez Benitez ii.The Key Paz Latorena iii. Footnote to Youth Jose Garcia Villa b. Novels i. Childe of Sorrow first novel in English, by Zoilo Galang B. Period of Emergence (1920-1930) Highly influenced by Western literary trends like Romanticism and Realism. a. Short Stories most prevalent literary form i. Jose Garcia Villa earned the international title Poet of theCentury V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1960) War Years (1942-1944) 1. Tagalog poets broke away from the Balagtas tradition and instead wrote in simple language and free verse 2.Fiction prevailed over poetry a.25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kthang Pilipino (1943) compilation of theshort story contest by the military government. Suyuan sa Tubigan Macario Pineda Lupang Tinubuan Narciso Reyes Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa Liwayway Arceo B.Period of Maturity and Originality (1945-1960) 1.Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama and essay 2.Filipino writers mastered
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English and familiarized themselves with diverse techniques 3.Literary
giants appeared a. Palanca Awards for Literature i. Jose Garcia Villa ii. Nick Joaquin iii. NVM Gonzales iv. Bienvenido Santos v. Gregorio Brillantes vi. Gilda Cordero Fernando b. National Artist Awards i. Jose Garcia Villa ii. Nick Joaquian
VI. CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD (1960 PRESENT)
A. Characteristics 1.Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights, including freedom of the press 2.Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at the face of heavy censorship Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil. Educational Theater Association) and UP Theater. From the eighties onwards, writers continue to show dynamism and innovation