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Type of
conductor
Solid
Solid
Conductor c.s.a.
(mm)
1.0
1.5
Factor for
trunking pvc
insulation
Factor for
conduit
Factor for
trunking
thermosetting
insulation
16
3.6
3.8
22
8.0
8.6
Stranded
1.5
22
8.6
9.1
Solid
2.5
30
11.9
11.9
Stranded
2.5
30
12.6
13.9
Stranded
4.0
43
16.6
18.1
Stranded
6.0
58
21.2
22.9
Stranded
10.0
105
35.3
36.3
Stranded
16.0
145
47.8
50.3
Stranded
25.0
217
73.9
75.4
Conductor c.s.a.
(mm)
Cable factor
Solid
1.0
22
Solid
1.5
27
Solid
2.5
39
Stranded
1.5
31
Stranded
2.5
43
Stranded
4.0
58
Stranded
6.0
88
Stranded
10.0
146
Conduit, straight
10
16mm
290
290
290
171
171
167
158
150
20mm
460
460
460
286
278
270
256
244
25mm
800
800
800
514
500
487
463
442
32mm
1400
1400
1400
900
878
857
818
783
16mm
188
177
167
158
150
143
130
120
20mm
303
286
270
256
244
233
213
196
25mm
543
514
487
463
442
422
388
258
32mm
947
900
857
818
783
750
692
643
16mm
177
158
143
130
120
111
97
86
20mm
286
256
233
213
196
182
159
141
25mm
514
463
422
388
358
333
292
260
32mm
900
818
750
692
643
600
529
474
Factor
Dimensions
of trunking
(mm x mm)
Factor
37.5 x 50
767
25 x 100
993
50 x 50
1037
37.5 x 100
1542
25 x 75
738
50 x 100
2091
37.5 x 75
1146
75 x 100
3189
50 x 75
1555
100 x 100
4252
75 x 75
2371
Exa mple:-
The following single-core p.v.c. insulated cables are to be run in a conduit 6 m long with a double set:
8 x 1,4 x 2.5 and 2 x 6 mm. Choose a suitable size.
Consulting {Table 1} gives the following cable factors:
16 for 1 mm, 30 for 2.5 mm and 58 for 6 mm
Total cable factor is then
The first conduit from a distribution board will be straight and 10 m long. It is to enclose 4 x
10 mm and 8 x 4 mm cables. Calculate a suitable size.
From {Table 1}, cable factors are 105 and 43 respectively. Total cable factor:
=(4 x 105) + (8 x 43) = 420 + 344 = 764
From ({Table 2}, a 10 m long straight 25 mm conduit has a factor of 442. This is too small, so
the next size, with a factor of 783 must be used.
The correct conduit size is 32 mm diameter.
A 1.5 m straight length of conduit from a consumer's unit encloses ten 1.5 mm and four 2.5
mm solid conductor p.v.c. insulated cables. Calculate a suitable con duit size.
From ({Table 2} (which is for short straight runs of conduit) total cable factor will be:
= (10 x 27) + (4 x 39) = 426
Table 3
Example
A length of trunking is to carry eighteen 10 mm, sixteen 6 mm, twelve 4 mm, and ten 2.5
mm stranded single p.v.c. insulated cables. Calculate a suitable trunking size.
The total cable factor for trunking is calculated with data from {Table 1}.
18 x 10mm at 36.3
= 18 x 36.3
= 653.4
16 x 6mm at 22.9
= 16 x 22.9
= 366.4
12 x 4mm at 15.2
= 12 x 15.2
= 182.4
10 x 2.5mm at 11.4
= l0 x ll.4
= 114.0
= 1316.2
From the trunking factor {Table 4. }, two standard trunking sizes have factors slightly greater
than the cable factor, and either could be used .
They are 50 mm x 75 mm at 1555, and 37.5 mm x 100 mm at 1542.
Metal
Insulating
Horizontal
Vertical
Horizontal
Vertical
Up to 25 x 25
0.75
1.0
0.5
0.5
Up to 50 x 25
1.25
1.5
0.5
0.5
Up to 50 x 50
1.75
2.0
1.25
1.25
Up to 100 x 50
3.0
3.0
1.75
2.0
The considerably improved life, efficiency and colour rendering properties of extra-low voltage
tungsten halogen lamps has led to their increasing use, often fed by lighting trunking. It is important
here to remember that whilst the voltage of a 12 V lamp is only one twentieth of normal mains
potential, the current for the same power inputs will be twenty times greater. Thus, a trunking feeding
six 50 W 12 V lamps will need to he rated at 25 A.
Breaker or Fuse
Type
Fuses and FixedTrip Circuit
Breakers**
Conditions
Rating
The standard ampere
ratings for fuses and
inverse time circuit
breakers shall be
considered as follows:
15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,
45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,
100, 110, 125, 150, 175,
200, 225, 250, 300, 350,
400, 450, 500, 600, 700,
800, 1000, 1200, 1600,
2000, 2500, 3000, 4000,
5000, and 6000 amperes.
Additional standard
ampere ratings for fuses
shall be 1, 3, 6, 10, and
601.
Adjustable-Trip
Circuit
Breakers**
Restricted Access
Adjustable-Trip
Circuit Breakers
**(see fig.1)
personnel.
Notes:
* The use of fuses and inverse time circuit breakers with nonstandard ampere
ratings shall be permitted.
** A combination of a current transformer and overcurrent relay shall be considered
equivalent to an overcurrent trip unit.
- The set long-time pickup rating is the opposite to the instantaneous trip rating.
Multipole or Single-Pole Circuit breakers
Circuit breakers (as Overcurrent Device) shall open all ungrounded conductors of the
circuit both manually and automatically. (see fig.2)
Exception: single-pole circuit breakers, with identified handle ties, shall be permitted as
the protection for each ungrounded conductor as in the blow table.
Case
Multiwire Branch
Circuits(see fig.3)
Grounded Single-Phase
Alternating-Current
Circuits (see fig.4)
Condition
Serve only single-phase line-to neutral loads.
3-Wire Direct-Current
Circuits
Circuit breakers marked HID can be used for switching both high-intensity
discharge and fluorescent lighting loads; however, a circuit breaker marked SWD can be
used only as a switching device for fluorescent lighting loads.
Permissible Usages for Fuses
fuses shall be permitted to be used in certain circuits as per the following Table:
Fuse Type
Plug fuses of the
Edison-base
type(see fig.5)
Cartridge fuses
and fuseholders
of the 300-volt
type (see fig.6)
Ratings
Permissible Usages
Shall be classified
at not over 125
volts and 30
amperes and
below.
Single-phase line-to-neutral
circuits supplied from a 3-phase, 4wire, solidly grounded neutral
source where the line-to-neutral
voltage does not exceed 300 volts
Battery Conductors.
Current and voltage transformers to step down the high voltages and currents of the
electrical power system to convenient levels for the relays to deal with
Protective relays to sense the fault and initiate a trip, or disconnection, order;
Circuit breakers to open/close the system based on relay and autorecloser commands;
For parts of a distribution system, fuses are capable of both sensing and disconnectingfaults.
Where a branch circuit supplies continuous (runs all the time) loads, or a
combination of continuous and non-continuous (intermittent) loads, the rating
of the overcurrent device shall not be less than the non-continuous load plus
125% of the continuous load. Branch circuit conductors shall be protected .
Flexible cords and fixture wires shall be protected in accordance with MEW
Communication channels to allow analysis of current and voltage at remote
terminals of a line and to allow remote tripping of equipment.
For parts of a distribution system, fuses are capable of both sensing and disconnecting faults.
set of conductors feeding a single load, or each set of conductors feeding separate loads,
shall be permitted to be connected to a transformer secondary, without overcurrent
protection at the secondary, as specified in the following conditions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fuses and circuit breakers should be located or shielded so that people will not be
burned or otherwise injured by their operation. Handles or levers of circuit breakers and
similar parts that may move suddenly in such a way that persons in the vicinity are likely
to be injured by being struck by them shall be guarded or isolated.
Load
The current-carrying capacity (In, A) of the breaker should be higher than the
expected load in the circuit. MCCBs are available up to 4000A from Terasaki, but
become less cost-effective for very large ratings (2000A and above). The
advantage of MCCBs for very large ratings is their compact size. An ACB is
physically larger, but more cost-effective for higher ratings.
In a short circuit the contacts of Terasaki MCCBs open before the first peak of the
current waveform (within five milliseconds in a 50 Hz system). The fault current
flowing through the MCCB never reaches its peak, and the fault energy allowed
downstream is limited. This fault limitation protects sensitive equipment which is
not rated to withstand faults. ACBs are selected for their ability to withstand fault
current rather than limit it - (see Discrimination - Selectivity). A typical ACB will
open a short-circuit in between twenty-five and thirty milliseconds, allowing
between one and two cycles of fault current through before opening. The load
protected by an ACB (transformers, busbars for example) should be rated to
withstand fault current for a short duration.
Fault Limitation
In a short circuit the contacts of Terasaki MCCBs open before the first peak of the
current waveform (within five milliseconds in a 50 Hz system). The fault current
flowing through the MCCB never reaches its peak, and the fault energy allowed
downstream is limited. This fault limitation protects sensitive equipment which is
not rated to withstand faults. ACBs are selected for their ability to withstand fault
current rather than limit it - (see Discrimination - Selectivity). A typical ACB will
open a short-circuit in between twenty-five and thirty milliseconds, allowing
between one and two cycles of fault current through before opening. The load
2 x (concentrated staticload )
spanlength
Wind Loads Wind loads need to be determined for all outdoor cable tray
installations. Most outdoor cable trays are ladder type trays,
The location of splices in a continuous span cable tray system is also very
important. The splices should be located at points of minimum stress whenever
practical. NEMA standards FG-1 limits the use of splice plates as follows:
Unspliced straight