Petar] veal) Pete) Gunrede roster es Sm Eee Romer ea) Ener Centr) ASCE iACHAPTER | GENERAL, ‘Table 1.5-1 Risk Category of Buildings and Other Structures for Flood, Wind, Snow, Earthquake, and Ice Loads Use or Occupancy of Buildings and Structures Risk Category Buildings and other structures that represent a low risk to human ife ia the eveat of failure T ‘All buildings and other structures excepe those listed in Risk Categories I, I, and 1V 1 Buildings and other structures the failure of which could pose a substantial risk to human lie 1 Buildings and other structures, not included in Risk Category IN, with potential to cause a substantial ‘economic impact and/or mass disrepion of day-to-day civilian life in the event of failure Buildings and other strsctres not included in Risk Category IV (including, but not limited to, facilities thet manufacture, process, handle, store, use, or dispose of such substances as hazardous fuels, hazardous ‘chemicals, hazantous wast, or explosives) containing toxic or explosive substances where thie quantity ‘exceeds threshold quantity established by the authority havin jurisdiction and is sufficient to pose a threat to the public if released, Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities. v [Buildings and other structures, the flue of which could pose a substantial hazard tothe community Buildings and other structures (including, but not limited to, facilities that manufactur, process, handle, store, use, or dispose of such substances as hazardous fuels, hazardous chemicals, or hazardous wast) containing suicient quantities of highly tox substances where the quantity exceeds a threshold quant established by tho authority having jarsdition to be dangerous to the publi if released and is sufficient to pose a threat to the public relesed.* Buildings and other strvctutes required to mints the functionality of other Risk Category IV stractures “Buildings and oer structures containing oxic highly tx, or explosive substances stall be eligible for lsieation 0 lower Risk Category ifit can be demoaseated to the satisfaction ofthe autos having jarietion by Rear asesment a esribed in Section 15.2 th» ‘lea of the rubstances i commensurate withthe ink snot with that Risk Category. exceed the member design strength (also called “load ‘and resistance factor design”). ‘TEMPORARY FACILITIES: Buildings or other structures that are t be in service for a limited time and have a limited exposure period for environ- ‘mental loadings. TOXIC SUBSTANCE: As defined in 29 CFR 1910.1200 Appendix A with Amendments as of February 1, 2000, 1.1.2 Symbols and Notations F, A minimum design lateral force applied to level xf the structure and used for purposes of evaluating structural integrity in accordance with Section 1.4.2 W, The portion of the total dead load of the struc- ture, D, located or assigned to Level x D_ Dead load. L Live load. L, Roof live load N Notional load used to evaluate conformance with minimum structural integrity criteria R Rain load, S Snow load, 1.3 BASIC REQUIREMENTS 1.3.1 Strength and Stiffness Buildings and other structures, and all pars thereof, shall be designed and constructed with adequate strength and stiffness to provide structural stability, protect nonstructural components and systems from unacceptable damage, and meet the serviceability requirements of Section 1.3.2. Acceptable strength shall be demonstrated using ‘one of more of the following procedures: the Strength Procedures of Section 1.3.1.1, D. the Allowable Stress Procedures of Section 1.3.1.2, €. subject tothe approval of the authority having jurisdiction for individual projects, the Performance-Based Procedures of Section 13.13.MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS for cach beam, girder, or truss either directly to its the purposes of applying flood, wind, snow, earth- supporting elements or to slabs designed to act as quake, and ice provisions. Each building or other diaphragms. Where the connection is through a structure shall be assigned to the highest applicable igphragm, the member’s supporting element shall risk category or categories. Minimum design loads for also be connected to the diaphragm. The connection structures shall incorporate the applicable importance shall have the strength to resist a force of 5 percent of _—_faciors given in Table 1.5-2, as required by other the unfuctored dead load plus live Toad reaction sections of this Standard. Assignment of a building or Imposed by the supported member on the supporting ‘other structure to multiple risk categories based on the member. type of load condition being evaluated (e.g., snow o seismic) shall be permitted. 1.4.5 Anchorage of Structural Walls ‘When the building code or other referenced Walls thet provide vertical load bearing or lateral standard specifies an Occupancy Category, the Risk shear resistance for @ portion ofthe structure shall be ‘Category shall not be taken as lower than the Occu- anchored to the roof and all floors and members that pancy Category specified therein, provide lateral support for the wall or that are supported by the wall. The anchorage shall provide 1.5.2 Multiple Risk Categories direct connection between the walls and the roof or ‘Where buildings or other structures are divided floor construction. The connections shall be capable {nto portions with independent structural systems, the of resisting a strength level horizontal force perpen- classification for each portion shall be permitted to be dicular to the plane of the wall equal to 0.2 times the determined independently. Where building systems, ‘weight of the wall tributary tothe connection, but not such as required egress, HVAC, or electrical power, less than 5 psf (0.24 kN/m) for a portion with a higher risk category pass through ‘or depend on other portions of the building or other 1.4.6 Extraordinary Loads and Events structure having @ lower risk category, those portions. ‘When considered, design for resistance to shall be assigned to the higher risk category. extraordinary loads and events shall be in accordance ‘with the procedures of Section 2.5 1.5.3 Toxic, Highly Toxic, and Explosive Substances Boildings and other structures containing toxic, highly toxic, or explosive substances are permitted to 15 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS AND be classified as Risk Category II structures if it can be OTHER STRUCTURES ‘demonstrated to the satisfaction of the authority having jurisdiction by a hazard assessment as part of 1.5.1 Risk Categorization an overall risk management plan (RMP) that a release Buildings and other structures shall be classified, of the toxic, highly toxic, ar explosive substances is based on the risk to human life, health, and welfare ‘not sufficient to pose a threat to the public. associated with their damage or failure by nature of ‘To qualify for this reduced classification, the their occupancy or use, according to Table 1.5-1 for ‘owner or operator ofthe buildings or other structures ‘Table 1.5-2 Importance Factors by Risk Category of Buildings and Other Structures for Snow, Iee, and ‘Earthquake Loads" Risk Category Snow Importance Ice Importance {ce Importance Seismic Importance from Factor, Factor—Thickness, Fecior—Wind, Factor, Table 15-1 i h he L T 080 080 1.00 100 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 110 Las 1.00 Las v 120 12s 1.00 180 “Tie componcat impportance factor, aplcale1o earthquake lous, sno inladed in this able becabe ie dependent on he importance of ‘he individual compencat rather tha ht ofthe buling aa whole, ots oecupancy. Refer to Section 131.3Chapter 2 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS 24 GENERAL. Buildings and other structures shall be designed using the provisions of either Section 2.3 or 2.4, Where elements of a structure are designed by a particular ‘material standard or specification, they shall be designed exclusively by either Section 2.3 or 2.4. 22 SYMBOLS load or load effect arising from extra ordinary event A D = dead load D;= weight of ice E = earthquake load load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights 100d load load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure, or pressure of bulk materials ive load oof live load R= rain load snow load Chapter 10 23 COMBINING FACTORED LOADS USING STRENGTH DESIGN 2.3.1 Applicability “The load combinations and load factors given in Section 2.3.2 shall be used only in those cases in which they are specifically authorized by the appli- cable material design standard. 2.3.2 Basic Combinations Structures, components, and foundations shall be ‘designed so that their design strength equals or ‘exceeds the effects of the factored loads in the following combinations: 14D 12D + 16L + O(L, oF S oF R) 1.2D + L6(L, oF S ot R) + (Lor 0.5) 12D + LOW +L + OSU, or S or R) 12D + 1.08 +L +025 09D + Low 7. 09D + LOE EXCEPTIONS: 1. The load factor on Lin combinations 3, 4, and 5 is permitted to equal 0.5 forall occupancies in which {in Table 4-1 is less than or equal to 100 psf, with the exception of garages or areas occupied as places of public assembly. 2. In combinations 2,4, and 5, the companion load $ shall be taken as ether the flat roof snow loed (p) or the sloped roof snow load (,). ‘Where fluid loads F are present, they shall be included with the same load factor as dead load D in combinations 1 through 5 and 7. ‘Where load Hare present, they shall be included 2s follows 1. where the effect of 1 adds to the primary variable load effect, include H with a load factor of 1.6; 2. where the effect of H resists the primary variable load effect, include H with a Toad factor of 0.9 ‘where the load is permanent or a load factor of © forall other conditions. Effects of one or more loads not acting shall be investigated. The most unfavorable effects from both wind and earthquake loads shall be investigated, where appropriate, but they need not be considered to act simultaneously Refer to Section 12.4 for specific definition of the earthquake load effect E.! Each relevant strength limit state shall be investigated 233 Load Combinations Including Flood Load ‘When a structure is located in a flood zone (Section 5.3.1), the following load combinations shall ‘be considered in addition to the basic combinations in Section 2.3.2: 1, In V-Zones or Coastal A-Zones, 1,0W in combina- ‘ons 4 and 6 shall be replaced by 1.0W + 2.07, 2, In noncoastal A-Zones, 1,0W in combinations 4 and 6 shall be replaced by 0.5W + 1.0, “ve sams fFom Sections 1. and 12.4 sed for both Sestins 253.2 and 24.1 Refer to he Chapter 11 Comment forthe Seiamic‘Table 4-1, shall be permitted to be reduced in accordance with the requirements of Sections 4.7.2 through 4.7.6. 4.722 Reduction in Uniform Live Loads ‘Subject to the limitations of Sections 4.7.3 through. 4.7.6, members for which a value of KuzAr is 400 f° 37.16 m?) or more are permitted to be designed for @ reduced live load in accordance with the following formula an Inst (cose _437 L=L,| 0.25+; (0°*Jecar } ane = reduced design live load per f (m*) of area supported by the member ‘unreduced design live load per f(m*) of area supported by the member (see Table 4-1) live load element factor (see Table 4-2) tributary area in f(m’) L shall not be less than 0.50L, for members supporting one floor and L. shall not be less than 0.402, for members supporting two or more floors. EXCEPTION: For structural members in one- and two-family dwellings supporting more than one floor load, the following floor live load reduction shall be permitted as an alternative to Eq. 47-1: 0.7 X (Lay + baa +) Lass Laas af the unreduced floor live loads appli ccable to each of multiple supported story levels regardless of tributary area. The reduced floor live Toad effect, L, shall not be less than that produced by the effect of the largest unreduced floor live load on a given story level acting alone, 4.7.3 Heavy Live Loads Live loads that exceed 100 lb/ft? (4.79 KN/m*) shall not be reduced, EXCEPTION: Live loads for members supporting two or more floors shall be permitted to be reduced by 20 percent. 4.7.4 Passenger Vehicle Garages ‘The live loads shall not be reduced in passenger vehicle garages. ‘MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS EXCEPTION: Live loads for members supporting two oF more floors shall be permitted to be reduced by 20 percent, 4.755 Assembly Uses Live loads shall not be reduced in assembly uses. 4.76 Limitations on One-Way Slabs ‘The tributary area, Ay, for one-way slabs shall not ‘exceed an area defined by the slab span times a width normal to the span of 1.5 times the slab span 48 REDUCTION IN ROOF LIVE LOADS 438.1 General ‘The minimum uniformly distibuted roof live loads, L, in Table 4-1, are permitted to be reduced in accor- dance with the requirements of Sections 4.8.2 and 483. 4.8.2 Flat, Pitched, and Curved Roofs Ordinary fat, pitched, and curved roofs, and awning and canopies other than those of fabric construction supported by a skeleton structure, are permitted to be designed for a reduced roof live load, as specified in Eq, 48-1 or other controlling combinations of loads, as specified in Chapter 2, whichever produces the ‘greater load effect, In structures such as greenhouses, ‘where special scaffolding is used as 2 work surface for workers and materials during maintenance and repair operations, a lower roof load than specified in Eq, 4.8-1 shall not be used unless approved by the authority having jurisdiction, On such structures, the ‘minimum roof live load shall be 12 pst (0.58 kN/m®) L=LRR where 12 Location If? ——KNIm? Location vf? NI bf? Nit iaak 30 14 Galena o 29 150 72 Anchorage 30 24 Gutkana 0 34 40 19 Angoon 0 34 Homer 40 19 50 24 Barrow 25 12 Juneas cy 29 25 12 Baner 35 7 Kensi 0 34 50 24 Bethel 40 19 Kodiak 30 4 0 58 Big Doha 50 24 Kotzebue o 29 30 24 Cold Bay 25 12 MeGrath 70 34 160 13 Cordova 100 48 Nenana 0 38 300 4a Feirbanks 0 29 Nome 0 34 oO 29 Fort Yukon 60 29 Palmer 50 24 150 72 ‘Table 7-2 Exposure Factor, C. Exposure of Root” ‘Terrain Category Fully Exposed Partilly Exposed Sheltered B (eee Section 267) 09 10 12 (see Section 26.7) 09 10 ul D (Gee Section 26.7) os, 09 10 Above the teeline in windswept mountainous areas. on os. NA In Alaska in areas where trees do not exist within a 2-mile (3k) radius of o7 08, NIA the ste The train eaegory and root exposure condition chosca shal be eepresenttv of he anlpsted conditions during the feof the suucewe. An exposure fair stl be dteitod for ec oof of star. “Denon: Partly Exposed: Al oofs except sini nthe following ext. Fully Expote: Roos exposed onal sdes wih no ste? afforded by erin, bihersewctares, res. Roos (hat contsn sever le pieces of mechanical equipment, parpet tha extend above te ight of he balanced snow a (ho ther obsructons are no inthis caepory.Sblleed: Roots laced ight in among conifers tht quay ‘obsmctons within «distance of 10k, provide “stele” whore hs dhe height of the obsrustion above the rot level. the ely obsuctons se. few deciduous es tht are leafless in wioter, he “fly exposed” etary shall be wed. Now that tes are eights above the wa. “Heights sed to establish the Exposure Category is Section 267 ae beights above the ground Table 7-3 Thermal Factor, C, Thermal Condtion™ G ‘Al sractures except as indicated below 10 Structures kept just above freezing and others with cold, ventilated roofs in which the thermal resistance (R-value) La between the ventilated space and the heated space exceeds 25 °F x h x f€/Buu (44 K x mW). heated and open sir structures 12 Structures intentionally kept below freezing 13 Continuously heated greenhouses" witha roof having a thermal resistance (R-value) less than 2.0 °F > > (8/8 as @4K xm) “Tues condions sal be representative ofthe ancipated conditions daring winters for th if ofthe stare "Geceabouses with 2 constaly mailined interior temperature of $0 °F (10 °C) or ore a sty point 3 f above the Roor level daring winters sad baving cer a mntnance attendant on duty at al nes ors temperature alarm system o provide waning inte event of «beating flu. 30CHAPTER 7 SNOW LOADS (Sebgttes ow eae teens cso 3 Eeematectniatcesarpesn aa ‘ose mag 0. muy 8047 IRE 7-1 Ground Snow Loads, P, for the United States (LW/Ft). 4MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS 4 ay ot : " 1 pL At & De pe Bree a Ff 4 + ie E as 31 F } A FIGURE 7-1. (Continued) 35Chapter 8 RAIN LOADS 8.1 SYMBOLS R= rain load on the undeflected roof, in If (kN/m?). When the phrase “undeflected root” is used, deflections from loads (including dead loads) shall not be considered when determining the amount of rain on the roof. 4d, = depth of water on the undeflected roof up to the inlet of the secondary drainage system when the primary drainage system is blocked (Le. the static head), in in. (eam). additional depth of water on the undeflected roof above the inlet of the secondary drainage system at its design flow (ie, the hydraulic head), in in, (om), 8.2 ROOF DRAINAGE Roof drainage systems shall be designed in accor- dance with the provisions of the code having jurisdic tion. The flow capacity of secondary (overflow) drains ‘or scuppers shall not be less than that of the primary drains or scuppers 83 DESIGN RAIN LOADS Bach portion of a roof shall be designed to sustain the Toad of all rainwater that will accumulate on it if the primary drainage system for that portion is blocked plus the uniform load caused by water that rises above the inlet of the secondary drainage system at its design flow, R= 52d, 4d) 3) In Sk: R = 0.0098(4, + 4.) Ifthe secondary drainage systems contain drain lines. such lines and their point of discharge shall be separate from the primary drain lines, 8.4 PONDING INSTABILITY “Ponding” refers to the retention of water due solely to the deflection of relatively flat roofs. Susceptible bays shall be investigated by structural analysis t© assure that they possess adequate stiffness to preclude progressive deflection (i.e, instability) as rain falls on them or meltwater is created from snow on them. Bays with a roof slope less than 1/4 inJ/ft, or on Which water is impounded upon them (in whole or in part) when the primary drain system is blocked, but the secondary drain system is functional, shall be designated as susceptible bays. Roof surfaces with a slope of at least 1/4 in, per ft (1.19%) towards points of free drainage need not be considered a susceptible bay. The larger of the snow load or the rain Toad equal to the design condition for a blocked primary drain system shall be used in this analysis, 85 CONTROLLED DRAINAGE Roofs equipped with hardware to control the rate of ‘drainage shall be equipped with a secondary drainage system ata higher elevation that limits accumulation ‘of ater on the roof above that elevation, Such roofs shall be designed to sustain the load of all rainwater that will accumulate on them to the elevation of the secondary drainage system plus the uniform load ‘caused by water that rises above the inlet of the secondary drainage system at its design flow (deter- ‘mined from Section 8.3). ‘Such roafs shall also be checked for ponding instability (determined from Section 8.4), 4a